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Insulating paper is the key material utilized in ultra-high voltage (UHV) projects, and it affects the safe and stable operation of the whole power system. Cellulose fiber-based insulating paper, having the advantages of low price and environmental friendliness, has been widely used as the preferred insulating material for certain transformers. Bamboo, as a fast-growing raw material, has a favorable fiber length and its carbon sequestration is better than that of wood. Bamboo can be potentially used as a new raw material for insulating paper, thus promoting the green development of the power and paper industry. This article mainly discusses the challenges and potentials of bamboo fiber-based insulating paper and the opportunities of bamboo fiber-based paper materials.

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is one of the key negative emission technologies (NETs). Large-scale implementation of BECCS has been criticized of the associated increase in land use. The existing large Nordic pulp and paper production units enable BECCS deployment without additional land use, as they currently release large amounts of bio-based carbon dioxide (CO2). The application of BECCS in pulp mills has been found technically feasible in earlier studies. This study explores key factors that affect the propensity to invest in BECCS in different types of existing European pulp and paper mills. The results give fresh understanding on the effects of BECCS on the market price of pulp and paper products and the required level of incentives. Based on statistical data, the marginal carbon dioxide credit (€ per ton CO2) to make BECCS profitable was derived. The results show that the required level of credit greatly depends on the mill type and details and that the feasibility of BECCS does not clearly correlate with the economic performance or the measured efficiency of the mill. The most promising mill type, a market kraft pulp mill, would find BECCS profitable with a credit in the range of 62–70 €/tCO2 and a credit of 80 €/tCO2 would decrease pulp production costs by 15 €/tproduct on average if 50% of CO2 emissions was captured. The EU Emission Trading System (ETS) is the main policy instrument to achieve the climate targets related to fossil energy use, but does not yet contemplate bio-based emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation has emerged as a formidable challenge for urban policymakers, reaching unparalleled heights and unsettling the ecological equilibrium of the cities. Urban areas now grapple with many issues encompassing climate change, resource depletion, population surges and increased pollution levels. Many planned cities have planted trees and other vegetation within the urban sectors to enhance air quality, mitigate climate effects and provide valuable ecosystem services. This study assessed tree species diversity and their potential for carbon sequestration in Panjab University Campus, Chandigarh. We established 188 plots, each comprising randomly selected quadrats measuring 10 m × 10 m, encompassing areas with varying levels of vegetation, ranging from low to moderate and high density. We used four different allometric equations to estimate tree biomass and carbon stock. Our findings revealed that 92 tree species belong to 72 genera and 35 families, with a total tree density of 975 ha -1 . The total CO 2 sequestration in form of carbon stock was 18,769.46 Mg C ha -1 , with Manilkara hexandra (1239.20 Mg C ha -1 ), Ficus benghalensis (1072.24 Mg C ha -1 ), Kigelia pinnata (989.89 Mg C ha -1 ) and Lagerstroemia floribunda (716.88 Mg C ha -1 ) being the top contributors. Specifically, the equation of Chave et al. (2005) without tree height yielded the highest biomass and carbon stock estimates than other equations. The present study underscores the vital role of trees on the campus as potent carbon reservoirs meet to maintain an aesthetic sense for biotic components and alleviate rising levels of CO 2 in the atmospheric environment. By emphasising the role of urban trees as potent carbon reservoirs, the study underscores the importance of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning strategies. Furthermore, it offers valuable guidance for urban planners. It suggests that strategic tree planting and maintenance can enhance green spaces, regulate temperatures and ultimately support regional and global climate change mitigation goals. Incorporating these findings into urban planning processes can aid policymakers in developing resilient, ecologically sustainable cities worldwide., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

In this work, a techno-economic assessment of carbon dioxide capture from limekiln flue gas of a pulp and paper mill (Mill A) and a linerboard mill (Mill B) using a Monoethanolamine (MEA) absorption desorption process was carried out. We coupled the ASPEN Plus simulator with a derivative-free optimization (DFO) tool to identify the optimal configuration for minimizing the total capture cost. The capture costs were calculated using CAPCOST, a modular program for equipment cost estimation, and appropriate coefficients. Eight degrees of freedom, the direct contact cooler stages, the absorber stages, the stripper stages, the solvent lean loading, the solvent weight concentration, the stripper inlet temperature, the flue gas inlet temperature, and the amount of CO2 captured, were selected for process and flowsheet optimization. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of steam integration and Sect. 45Q of the existing federal tax credit for carbon capture and sequestration on CO2 capture costs. The total capture costs per tonne of CO2 were $64.9 for Mill A and $69.7 for Mill B. When steam integration and Sect. 45Q are considered, the costs dropped to − $2.5 and $2.6 for Mill A and Mill B, respectively. The sensitivity of CO2 capture cost to changes in the inlet flue gas flowrate, flue gas CO2 mol%, and the electricity and MEA prices were investigated. The sensitivity analysis results revealed that the capture costs vary from − $5.9 to $5.9 per tonne of CO2 captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper is considered to be the fourth most energy-intensive industry (EII) worldwide. However, as most of the CO 2 emissions are of biomass origin, this sector has the potential to become a carbon-negative industry. This study proposes a new concept for conversion of the pulp and paper industry to carbon negative that relies on the inherent CO 2 capture capability of the Kraft process. The techno-economic performance of the proposed carbon-negative system, based on calcium looping (CaL) retrofitted to a pulp and paper plant, was evaluated. The effect of CaL design specifications and cost assumptions on the thermodynamic and economic performance were evaluated. Under the initial design assumptions, the reference pulp and paper plant was shown to turn from electricity importer to electricity exporter with the cost of CO 2 avoided equal to 39.0 €/tCO 2. The parametric study showed that an increase in the fresh limestone make-up rate resulted in a linear increase of the specific primary energy consumption for CO 2 avoided (SPECCA) and a reduction in the amount of electricity exported to the electric grid. This translates into an increase in the price of pulp and newsprint, and the cost of CO 2 avoided. This study has also demonstrated that the pulp and paper industry has high potential to become carbon negative. It has been shown that carbon capture and storage would become economically viable in this industry if the negative CO 2 emissions are recognised and a negative CO 2 emissions credit of at least 41.8 €/tCO 2 is implemented. • Concept of the Kraft process with inherent CO 2 capture. • Calcium looping for CO 2 capture is integrated in the lime cycle. • Reference pulp and paper plant turns from importer to exporter of electricity. • Pulp and paper industry has a high potential to become carbon negative. • Economic feasibility needs the inclusion of biogenic emissions in emission trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical secondary forests sequester carbon up to 20 times faster than old-growth forests. This rate does not capture spatial regrowth patterns due to environmental and disturbance drivers. Here we quantify the influence of such drivers on the rate and spatial patterns of regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon using satellite data. Carbon sequestration rates of young secondary forests (<20 years) in the west are ~60% higher (3.0 ± 1.0 Mg C ha -1  yr -1 ) compared to those in the east (1.3 ± 0.3 Mg C ha -1  yr -1 ). Disturbances reduce regrowth rates by 8-55%. The 2017 secondary forest carbon stock, of 294 Tg C, could be 8% higher by avoiding fires and repeated deforestation. Maintaining the 2017 secondary forest area has the potential to accumulate ~19.0 Tg C yr -1 until 2030, contributing ~5.5% to Brazil's 2030 net emissions reduction target. Implementing legal mechanisms to protect and expand secondary forests whilst supporting old-growth conservation is, therefore, key to realising their potential as a nature-based climate solution.

The globally important carbon sink of intact, old-growth tropical humid forests is declining because of climate change, deforestation and degradation from fire and logging 1-3 . Recovering tropical secondary and degraded forests now cover about 10% of the tropical forest area 4 , but how much carbon they accumulate remains uncertain. Here we quantify the aboveground carbon (AGC) sink of recovering forests across three main continuous tropical humid regions: the Amazon, Borneo and Central Africa 5,6 . On the basis of satellite data products 4,7 , our analysis encompasses the heterogeneous spatial and temporal patterns of growth in degraded and secondary forests, influenced by key environmental and anthropogenic drivers. In the first 20 years of recovery, regrowth rates in Borneo were up to 45% and 58% higher than in Central Africa and the Amazon, respectively. This is due to variables such as temperature, water deficit and disturbance regimes. We find that regrowing degraded and secondary forests accumulated 107 Tg C year -1 (90-130 Tg C year -1 ) between 1984 and 2018, counterbalancing 26% (21-34%) of carbon emissions from humid tropical forest loss during the same period. Protecting old-growth forests is therefore a priority. Furthermore, we estimate that conserving recovering degraded and secondary forests can have a feasible future carbon sink potential of 53 Tg C year -1 (44-62 Tg C year -1 ) across the main tropical regions studied., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

The capture and use of carbon dioxide to create valuable products might lower the net costs of reducing emissions or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Here we review ten pathways for the utilization of carbon dioxide. Pathways that involve chemicals, fuels and microalgae might reduce emissions of carbon dioxide but have limited potential for its removal, whereas pathways that involve construction materials can both utilize and remove carbon dioxide. Land-based pathways can increase agricultural output and remove carbon dioxide. Our assessment suggests that each pathway could scale to over 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide utilization annually. However, barriers to implementation remain substantial and resource constraints prevent the simultaneous deployment of all pathways.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is among the main available options to cut CO2 emissions from the industry and energy production sectors, but the high costs of current CCS technology still limit their large-scale applicability. For this reason, there is increasing interest in alternative absorbents with the potential to lower the energy and environmental impact of carbon capture. The estimation of costs, as well as process design and optimization, require accurate, reliable, and stable thermodynamic models. This article presents the development and testing of an ELECNRTL model in Aspen Plus for the characterization of HS3, an innovative blend made up of a primary (3-amino-1-propanol) and a tertiary (1-(2-hydroxyethyl) pyrrolidine) amine studied in the H2020-funded Realise project. The vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) model is fitted to in-house experimental data covering a wide range of loadings and operating temperatures. A plot for the system speciation in the liquid phase is obtained. Moreover, a comparison between the heat of absorption data and model prediction is also included. The proposed VLE model shows good accuracy and numerical stability in the whole temperatures and loading ranges of interest for industrial CO2 capture applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean's ability to sequester carbon away from the atmosphere exerts an important control on global climate. The biological pump drives carbon storage in the deep ocean and is thought to function via gravitational settling of organic particles from surface waters. However, the settling flux alone is often insufficient to balance mesopelagic carbon budgets or to meet the demands of subsurface biota. Here we review additional biological and physical mechanisms that inject suspended and sinking particles to depth. We propose that these 'particle injection pumps' probably sequester as much carbon as the gravitational pump, helping to close the carbon budget and motivating further investigation into their environmental control.

• Concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric ozone (O3) are rising concurrently in the atmosphere, with potentially antagonistic effects on forest net primary production (NPP) and implications for terrestrial carbon sequestration. • Using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, we exposed north-temperate forest communities to concentrations of CO2 and O3 predicted for the year 2050 for the first 7 yr of stand development. Site-specific allometric equations were applied to annual nondestructive growth measurements to estimate above- and below-ground biomass and NPP for each year of the experiment. • Relative to the control, elevated CO2 increased total biomass 25, 45 and 60% in the aspen, aspen–birch and aspen–maple communities, respectively. Tropospheric O3 caused 23, 13 and 14% reductions in total biomass relative to the control in the respective communities. Combined fumigation resulted in total biomass response of −7.8, +8.4 and +24.3% relative to the control in the aspen, aspen–birch and aspen–sugar maple communities, respectively. • These results indicate that exposure to even moderate levels of O3 significantly reduce the capacity of NPP to respond to elevated CO2 in some forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies for changing the conductivity of Li 2 CO 3 is introduced into the fabrication of Li-CO 2 battery. Benefitting from the favorable hierarchical architecture constructed (CPM-MnO 2), facile charge transfer occurs between catalytic surface and Li 2 CO 3 by –OH⋯O hydrogen bonds improves the metallicity of Li 2 CO 3 , facilitating the formation/decomposition of Li 2 CO 3 and bestowing an ultra-long-term stability of 1087 cycles (4348 h). Taking into account its simplicity, scalable character and outstanding performance, this hierarchical composite electrode paves an effective trajectory for the future development of highly efficient cathodes for durable metal-CO 2 batteries. [Display omitted] • Excellent hierarchical structure of MXene and MnO 2 on carbon paper was fabricated. • Enriched charge transfer occurred on MXene and the MnO 2 by OH⋯O hydrogen bonding. • The prepared batteries showed an ultra-long cycle lifetime and low overpotential. • The optimized electronic structure can improve the metallicity of Li 2 CO 3. • The accelerated decomposition of discharge products promoted CRR and CER kinetics. Lithium-CO 2 batteries are recognized as an essential strategy for efficient carbon sequestration and energy storage to achieve carbon neutrality. Their cycle-ability and polarization voltage, however, are hindered by high decomposition voltage (≈4.3–4.5 V) of insulating Li 2 CO 3. Herein, we report a significant advance toward the rational design of self-supporting and ultra-long cycle lifetime cathode for Li-CO 2 batteries, dependence on a favorable hierarchical architecture and rich charge transfer constructed by homogeneously distributed MnO 2 nanoplates rooted in the MXene surface supported by carbon paper. Detailedly, it exhibits impressive ultra-long-term stability of 1087 cycles (4348 h) with a low polarization gap (≈ 0.47 V) at a high current of 200 μA cm−2, which is outperformed by all the liquid electrolyte-based Li-CO2 batteries reported previously. Electronic structure analysis reveals that facile charge transfer occurs between catalytic surface and Li 2 CO 3 , springing from the –OH functional group (in MXene) to MnO 2 by –OH⋯O hydrogen bonds, which acts as charge transfer channels, improving the metallicity of Li 2 CO 3 and facilitating its decomposition and extending battery cyclability. This work paves an effective trajectory for the future development of highly efficient cathodes for durable metal-CO 2 batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen Economy and Cyclic Economy are advocated, together with the use of perennial (solar, wind, hydro, geo-power, SWHG) and renewable (biomass) energy sources, for defossilizing anthropic activities and mitigating climate change. Each option has intrinsic limits that prevent a stand-alone success in reaching the target. Humans have recycled goods (metals, water, paper, and now plastics) to a different extent since very long time. Recycling carbon (which is already performed at the industrial level in the form of CO 2 utilization and with recycling paper and plastics) is a key point for the future. The conversion of CO 2 into chemicals and materials is carried out since the late 1800s (Solvay process) and is today performed at scale of 230 Mt/y. It is time to implement on a scale of several Gt/y the conversion of CO 2 into energy products, possibly mimicking Nature which does not use hydrogen. In the short term, a few conditions must be met to make operative on a large scale the production of fuels from recycled-C, namely the availability of low-cost: i. abundant, pure concentrated streams of CO 2 , ii. non-fossil primary energy sources, and iii. non-fossil-hydrogen. The large-scale production of hydrogen by Methane Steam Reforming with CO 2 capture (Blue-H 2) seems to be a realistic and sustainable solution. Green-H 2 could in principle be produced on a large scale through the electrolysis of water powered by perennial primary sources, but hurdles such as the availability of materials for the construction of long-living, robust electrochemical cells (membranes, electrodes) must be abated for a substantial scale-up with respect to existing capacity. The actual political situation makes difficult to rely on external supplies. Supposed that cheap hydrogen will be available, its direct use in energy production can be confronted with the indirect use that implies the hydrogenation of CO 2 into fuels (E-fuels), an almost ready technology. The two strategies have both pros and cons and can be integrated. E-Fuels can also represent an option for storing the energy of intermittent sources. In the medium-long term, the direct co-processing of CO 2 and water via co-electrolysis may avoid the production/transport/ use of hydrogen. In the long term, coprocessing of CO 2 and H 2 O to fuels via photochemical or photoelectrochemical processes can become a strategic technology. • Hydrogen Economy and Cyclic Economy are discussed as an option for defossilizing anthropic activities and mitigating climate change. • In the short term, a few conditions must be met to make operative on a large scale the production of fuels from recycled-C. • In the medium-long term, the direct co-processing of CO 2 and water via co-electrolysis may avoid the production/transport/ use of hydrogen. • In the long term, coprocessing of CO 2 and H 2 O to fuels via photochemical or photoelectrochemical processes can become a strategic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO 2 ) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth 1-5 , thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration 6 . Although evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO 2 fertilization effect on biomass growth 3-5 , it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO 2 in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands 7-10 , photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO 2 without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO 2 unclear 4,5,7-11 . Here using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responded to four years of eCO 2 exposure. We show that, although the eCO 2 treatment of +150 parts per million (+38 per cent) above ambient levels induced a 12 per cent (+247 grams of carbon per square metre per year) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone accounting for half of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO 2 , and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on ubiquitous CO 2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in global forests.

Structurally intact tropical forests sequestered about half of the global terrestrial carbon uptake over the 1990s and early 2000s, removing about 15 per cent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions 1-3 . Climate-driven vegetation models typically predict that this tropical forest 'carbon sink' will continue for decades 4,5 . Here we assess trends in the carbon sink using 244 structurally intact African tropical forests spanning 11 countries, compare them with 321 published plots from Amazonia and investigate the underlying drivers of the trends. The carbon sink in live aboveground biomass in intact African tropical forests has been stable for the three decades to 2015, at 0.66 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year (95 per cent confidence interval 0.53-0.79), in contrast to the long-term decline in Amazonian forests 6 . Therefore the carbon sink responses of Earth's two largest expanses of tropical forest have diverged. The difference is largely driven by carbon losses from tree mortality, with no detectable multi-decadal trend in Africa and a long-term increase in Amazonia. Both continents show increasing tree growth, consistent with the expected net effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and air temperature 7-9 . Despite the past stability of the African carbon sink, our most intensively monitored plots suggest a post-2010 increase in carbon losses, delayed compared to Amazonia, indicating asynchronous carbon sink saturation on the two continents. A statistical model including carbon dioxide, temperature, drought and forest dynamics accounts for the observed trends and indicates a long-term future decline in the African sink, whereas the Amazonian sink continues to weaken rapidly. Overall, the uptake of carbon into Earth's intact tropical forests peaked in the 1990s. Given that the global terrestrial carbon sink is increasing in size, independent observations indicating greater recent carbon uptake into the Northern Hemisphere landmass 10 reinforce our conclusion that the intact tropical forest carbon sink has already peaked. This saturation and ongoing decline of the tropical forest carbon sink has consequences for policies intended to stabilize Earth's climate.

• Concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric ozone (O3) are rising concurrently in the atmosphere, with potentially antagonistic effects on forest net primary production (NPP) and implications for terrestrial carbon sequestration. • Using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, we exposed north-temperate forest communities to concentrations of CO2 and O3 predicted for the year 2050 for the first 7 yr of stand development. Site-specific allometric equations were applied to annual nondestructive growth measurements to estimate above- and below-ground biomass and NPP for each year of the experiment. • Relative to the control, elevated CO2 increased total biomass 25, 45 and 60% in the aspen, aspen–birch and aspen–maple communities, respectively. Tropospheric O3 caused 23, 13 and 14% reductions in total biomass relative to the control in the respective communities. Combined fumigation resulted in total biomass response of −7.8, +8.4 and +24.3% relative to the control in the aspen, aspen–birch and aspen–sugar maple communities, respectively. • These results indicate that exposure to even moderate levels of O3 significantly reduce the capacity of NPP to respond to elevated CO2 in some forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the efforts to combat climate change and the biodiversity crisis, an interest in nature-based solutions (NbS) has been growing. Although there have been diverse discussions on NbS, it is still insufficient to find a quantitative evaluation of the global research trends in which field and to what extent NbS has been studied. In this regard, this study employed latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling and keyword analysis to quantitatively evaluate the research trends of NbS. Among research papers on NbS searched on SCOPUS, 2,625 studies (2009-2022) were analyzed by LDA. As a result, NbS-related articles were classified into seven topics (i.e., Urban governance, Urban green infrastructure, Wastewater treatment, Coastal protection, Flood mitigation, Carbon sequestration, and Sustainable agriculture). Of these, the urban and water-related topics accounted for the largest proportion. In contrast, the carbon sequestration and sustainable agriculture topics accounted for a smaller proportion, but the proportion significantly increased over time. As a result of keyword analysis, the frequency of urban and water keywords remained high. In contrast, the frequency of climate change and carbon keywords was low and has recently increased. In the keyword network, the co-occurrence frequency and connection of urban and water keywords were initially high. Still, over time, keywords related to climate change and carbon increased similarly to those related to urban and water. The findings of this study imply that NbS has mainly focused on urban and water-related researches. Still, climate change and carbon-related researches may also be actively handled in relation to NbS in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security is a main challenge in today's economies [[1]]. Bielowicz in the paper entitled "Petrographic Characteristics of Coal Gasification and Combustion By-Products from High Volatile Bituminous Coal" showed the benefits of coal gasification in a fluidized bed reactor with CO SB 2 sb as a gasifying agent at the temperature 889-980 °C [[18]]. Among the clean coal technologies, the new, innovative thermochemical conversion of coal technologies such a (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrogenation) and co-gasification with biomass/biowaste/sewage sludge will be discussed. In this special issue "The effectiveness of clean coal technologies in global carbon dioxide mitigation", seven research papers were published as examples of recent developments in widely understand area of clean thermochemical conversion of fossil fuels with maximization of CO SB 2 sb emission reduction. [Extracted from the article]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil have many positive effects on growth, nutrient acquisition, and stress tolerance of host plants, as well as soil fertility, soil structure, and soil ecology. Glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) are a mixture of humic substances and heat-stable glycoproteins, primarily of AMF origin. GRSP are as an important component of soil organic carbon (C) pools, which can stabilize and sequestrate C, thus reducing soil C emissions for slowing down global warming. Based on the CiteSpace software and the core collection of Web of Science as the database, this study made a visual analysis of GRSP's literature in the C field published from 1999 to 2022, including the number of publications, countries, institutions, co-cited literature, keywords, top cited papers, etc. The study regarding the GRSP in the C field could be divided into the initial stage (1999–2009), the steady stage (2010–2018), and the explosive stage (2019–2022). The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the organization with the most publications, and the United States, China, and India are the three leading nations in the C field of GRSP. However, there was little collaboration among the participating countries and the study's institutions. The focus of the research has shifted from the composition and content of GRSP in C to the question of whether C in GRSP affects soil properties. Future research was also prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental element of global carbon storage, the storage carbon in terrestrial ecosystem is significant for climate change mitigation. Land use/cover change (LUCC) is a main impact element of ecosystems' carbon storage. Evaluating the relation between land use change and carbon storage is vital for lowering global carbon emissions. Taking Hainan Island as an example, this paper employs the InVEST as well as the CA-Markov models to assess and predict how different land use affects carbon storage in various situations from 2000 to 2020 and from 2030 to 2050 on Hainan Island. The influence factors, together with driving mechanisms of carbon storage spatial distribution are quantitatively analyzed as well in this paper. The results demonstrate that, from 2000 to 2020, Hainan Island's net increase in built land was 605.49 km2, representing a growth rate of 77.05%. Over the last 20 years, Hainan Island's carbon storage and density have decreased by 5.90 Tg and 1.75 Mg/hm2, respectively. The sharp rise in built land mainly makes the carbon storage decline. From 2030 to 2050, land use changes on Hainan Island are expected to result in differing degrees of carbon storage loss in various scenarios. In 2050, Hainan Island's carbon storage will decline by 17.36 Tg in the Natural Development Scenario (NDS), 13.61 Tg in the Farmland Protection Scenario (FPS), and 8.06 Tg in the Ecological Protection Scenario (EPS) compared to 2020. The EPS can efficiently maintain carbon sequestration capability, but it cannot effectively prevent cropland area loss. Regarding the carbon storage's spatial distribution, Hainan Island generally exhibits a pattern of high carbon storages in the low and middle carbon storages in the surrounding areas. Areas with high value are primarily located in Hainan Island's central and southern mountainous areas, whereas areas with low value are primarily located in surrounding areas with lower elevations, primarily encompassing built land and cropland. Geographic detection presented the spatial differentiation of carbon storage in Hainan Island is mainly influenced by factors like slope, land use intensity, and DEM, as well as its interaction with other factors is significantly strengthened (p < 0.05). Under the strategic framework of the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goal and the national ecological civilization pilot zone, it is imperative to carefully consider scenarios for ecological protection and farmland protection, adopt ecological regulation models with spatial differentiation, and implement land use policies to improve ecosystem stability, which will contribute to carbon storage loss reduction and ensure food and ecological security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) stands as one of the effective means to reduce carbon emissions and serves as a crucial technical pillar for achieving experimental carbon neutrality. CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) represents the foremost method for CO2 utilization. CO2-EOR represents a favorable technical means of efficiently developing extra-low-permeability reservoirs. Nevertheless, the process known as the direct injection of CO2 is highly susceptible to gas scrambling, which reduces the exposure time and contact area between CO2 and the extra-low-permeability oil matrix, making it challenging to utilize CO2 molecular diffusion effectively. In this paper, a comprehensive study involving the application of a CO2 nanobubble system in extra-low-permeability reservoirs is presented. A modified nano-SiO2 particle with pro-CO2 properties was designed using the Pickering emulsion template method and employed as a CO2 nanobubble stabilizer. The suitability of the CO2 nanobubbles for use in extra-low-permeability reservoirs was evaluated in terms of their temperature resistance, oil resistance, dimensional stability, interfacial properties, and wetting-reversal properties. The enhanced oil recovery (EOR) effect of the CO2 nanobubble system was evaluated through core experiments. The results indicate that the CO2 nanobubble system can suppress the phenomena of channeling and gravity overlap in the formation. Additionally, the system can alter the wettability, thereby improving interfacial activity. Furthermore, the system can reduce the interfacial tension, thus expanding the wave efficiency of the repellent phase fluids. The system can also improve the ability of CO2 to displace the crude oil or water in the pore space. The CO2 nanobubble system can take advantage of its size and high mass transfer efficiency, among other advantages. Injection of the gas into the extra-low-permeability reservoir can be used to block high-gas-capacity channels. The injected gas is forced to enter the low-permeability layer or matrix, with the results of core simulation experiments indicating a recovery rate of 66.28%. Nanobubble technology, the subject of this paper, has significant practical implications for enhancing the efficiency of CO2-EOR and geologic sequestration, as well as providing an environmentally friendly method as part of larger CCUS-EOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, clothing has been produced and disposed of in large quantities. It is also known that each process, from the procurement of raw materials to production, transportation, sales, laundry, and disposal, has a significant environmental impact. According to the Global Fashion Agenda, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the fashion industry account for 4% of the global total. Therefore, apparel makers are shifting from a linear economy to a circular economy. For example, the Japanese start-up Curelabo Co., Ltd. (Okinawa, Japan) developed jeans (bagasse washi jeans) made from bagasse, which is a residual material derived from sugarcane after the extraction of cane juice. Furthermore, the use of improved dyeing reduces boiler fuel consumption and eliminates the need for detergents and acid. For disposal, the used jeans and their production waste are processed into biochar for carbon sequestration. In this study, we attempted to calculate GHG emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) for the circular economy model developed by Curelabo Co., Ltd. GHG emissions from the production of bagasse washi jeans were 1.09 × 101 kg-CO2e. Dyeing, bleaching, and fabric finishing, known as the wet processes, were found to contribute a large proportion of GHG emissions due to their high energy consumption. Furthermore, the entire lifecycle of GHG emissions from bagasse washi jeans, including transport, sales, laundry, and disposal, were 1.53 × 101 kg-CO2e. First, the use of bagasse washi yarn for the weft reduced by 2.99 × 10−1 kg-CO2e compared with the use of conventional 100% bleached cotton yarn. Second, compared with conventional dyeing, GHG emissions from the improved dyeing process were reduced by 2.78 kg-CO2e. Third, the disposal of the used jeans and their production waste into biochar reduced GHG emissions by 9.01 × 10−1 kg-CO2e. Additionally, GHG emissions can be reduced by re-inputting waste in the paper-making process and by using liquefied natural gas as boiler fuel in the dyeing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of "Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutral" goals, carbon sequestration projects are increasing in China. The integrity of cement sheaths, as an important factor affecting carbon sequestration projects, has also received more attention and research. When CO2 is injected into the subsurface from sequestration wells, the cement sheath may mechanically fail due to the pressure accumulated inside the casing, which leads to the sealing of the cement sheath failing. The elasticity and strength parameters of the cement sheath are considered in this paper. The critical bottom-hole injection pressures of inclined well sections under anisotropic formation stresses at different depths were calculated for actual carbon-sealing wells in the X block—the CO2 sequestration target block. The sensitivity factors of the critical bottom-hole injection pressure were also analyzed. It was found that the cement sheath damage criterion was tensile damage. The Young's modulus and tensile strength of the cement sheath are the main factors affecting the mechanical failure of the cement sheath, with Poisson's ratio having the second highest influence. An increase in the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and tensile strength of the cement sheath can help to improve the mechanical stability of cement sheaths in CO2 sequestration wells. This model can be used for the design and evaluation of cement in carbon sequestration wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use the literature to help us better understand carbon capture costs and how these estimates fare against those of avoided costs, focusing on bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS), carbon capture and storage (CCS), as well as direct air capture technologies. We approach these questions from a meta-analysis perspective. The analysis uses meta-analysis tools while applying them to numerical rather than statistical studies. Our analysis shows that avoided costs are, on average, 17.4% higher than capture costs and that the carbon intensity of the feedstock matters: the estimates for coal-based electricity generation capture costs are statistically smaller than those for natural gas or air. From a policy perspective, the literature suggests that the costs of CCS are like the 45Q subsidy of USD 50 per metric ton of carbon captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions are critical to climate change, and land-use change is an essential source of growth in carbon emissions. Research on land-use carbon emissions has become one of the hotspots in academic research. To explore the research hotspots and development trends of land-use carbon emissions in the last 20 years, CiteSpace software was used to conduct a quantitative analysis of relevant literature. This paper was based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WoS) database literature on land-use carbon emissions from 2001 to 2020. The scientific research cooperation network CiteSpace software, with keyword co-occurrence, clustering, and burst word detection, was used to systematically analyze the main research strengths, hotspots and frontiers and clarify the research progress. The research results are as follows: (1) the amount of literature and the depth of research on land-use carbon emissions have increased yearly. However, there is little cooperation between research institutions and scholars, and there is still a lack of large-scale and stable research teams. (2) At the research hotspot level, the English literature focuses on building models and theoretical frameworks to study the internal mechanisms and driving factors of carbon emissions and climate change. The Chinese literature focuses on achieving regional carbon emissions reductions and carbon cycle goals and optimizing a low-carbon economy, transportation and land-use structure. (3) Research frontiers and trends show that the English literature first explored carbon sequestration, organic carbon, and carbon accounting. In China, the research frontiers are gradually becoming focused on influencing factors, decoupling analysis, and the built environment. The study will strengthen the intensity and depth of global carbon emission research and provide a reference for improving global climate change, protecting ecology and balancing economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an urgent international challenge, the sudden change in climate due to global warming needs to be addressed in the near future. This can be achieved through a reduction in fossil fuel utilization and through carbon sequestration, which reduces the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. In this study, a self-sustainable impact sensor is proposed through implementing a triboelectric nanogenerator with a CaCO3 contact layer fabricated via a CO2 absorption method. The triboelectric polarity of CaCO3 with the location between the polyimide and the paper and the effects of varying the crystal structure are investigated first. The impact sensing characteristics are then confirmed at various input frequencies and under applied forces. Further, the high mechanical strength and strong adherence of CaCO3 on the surface of the device are demonstrated through enhanced durability compared to the unmodified device. For the intended application, the as-fabricated sensor is used to detect the turning state of the paper Ddakji in a slap match game using a supervised learning algorithm based on a support vector machine presenting a high classification accuracy of 95.8%. The robust CaCO3-based triboelectric device can provide an eco-friendly advantage due to its self-powered characteristics for impact sensing and carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the topic of CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS), which involves capturing carbon dioxide from sources such as fossil fuel power plants and storing it in suitable media. Various technologies can be used for CO2 capture, and there are different methods for CO2 sequestration, including geological sequestration, oceanic storage, and solid-phase reactions. The article also highlights the recent trends and developments in CCS through a special issue of Clean Technologies, which includes papers on topics such as CCS project development, corrosion in geological formations, carbon storage efficiency, deep eutectic solvents for carbon capture, and the synthesis of value-added chemicals using captured CO2. Mathematical modeling and techno-economic costing of CCS projects are also discussed. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of CCS research and highlights the importance of addressing various challenges in this field. [Extracted from the article]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) derived refractory organic matter, mainly in glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), stores globally significant amounts of carbon, attracting wide attention in response to climatic change. However, there is no synthesis review has been done so far to reveal global research progresses on GRSP, especially its ecological role for climate mitigation. Here,we conducted a bibliometric analysis of the papers on GRSP research from 1998 to 2021, based on the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection.We collected a total of 634 papers and analyzed the characteristics of publication outputs in various countries and institutions. In addition, keywords analysis was conducted to reveal the main research directions and hot trends in the field of GRSP. We confirmed that 1) the number of papers published per year has gradually increased since 2010, and increased sharply in 2019; 2) the United States was the earliest country to conduct GRSP research, while China currently has the largest number of publications; 3) relevant studies focus on the role from AMF and GRSP in soil health and plant health; 4) the contribution of GRSP to soil carbon and its ecological function in mitigating climate change are the hotspot of research. The benefits of GRSP have become a consensus, however, the nature of glomalin and the mechanisms of GRSP-associated benefits still need to explore. As an important soil recalcitrant organic carbon, further studies are need to elucidate the land-ocean biogeochemical processes of GRSP and its contribution to global blue carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usability and correctness of the internal pressure values as calculated by Ghaedi et al. (2017) are critically discussed. The comparison with the data based on thermodynamic relationships shows that their results are misleading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies, such as direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), will be critical in limiting the rise of the average global temperature over the next century. Scaling up DACCS technologies requires the support of a complex array of policies and infrastructure across multiple overlapping policy areas, such as climate, energy, technology innovation and resource management. While the literature on DACCS and other CDR technologies acknowledges the path-dependent nature of policy development, it has tended to focus on abstract policy prescriptions that are not rooted in the specific political, social and physical (infrastructural) context of the implementing state. To address this gap, this paper provides a country-level study of the emerging DACCS policy regime in Canada. Drawing on the existing literature that identifies idealized (acontextual) policy objectives that support DACCS development and effective regulation, we identify the actionable policy objectives across six issue domains: general climate mitigation strategies; energy and resource constraints; carbon storage and transport regulation and infrastructure; financing scale-up and supporting innovation; removal and capture technology availability and regulation; and addressing social acceptability and public interest. Using a database of Canadian climate policies (n = 457), we identify policies within the Canadian (federal and provincial) policy environment that map to the idealized policy objectives within each of these domains. This exercise allows us to analyze how key policy objectives for DACCS development are represented within the Canadian system, and enables us to identify potential niches, and landscape influences within the system, as well as gaps and potential barriers to the system transition process. This paper contributes to our understanding of national DACCS policy development by providing a framework for identifying components of the DAC system and linking those components to desired policy outcomes and may provide a basis for future cross-country comparisons of national-level DACCS policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the policy background and advocacy of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), CO2-EOR has become a promising direction in the shale oil reservoir industry. The multi-scale pore structure distribution and fracture structure lead to complex multiphase flow, comprehensively considering multiple mechanisms is crucial for development and CO2 storage in fractured shale reservoirs. In this paper, a multi-mechanism coupled model is developed by MATLAB. Compared to the traditional Eclipse 300 and MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST), this model considers the impact of pore structure on fluid phase behavior by the modified PengeRobinson equation of state (PR-EOS), and the effect simultaneously radiate to MaxwelleStefan (MeS) diffusion, stress sensitivity, the nano-confinement (NC) effect. Moreover, a modified embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) is used to model the complex fractures, which optimizes connection types and half-transmissibility calculation approaches between non-neighboring connections (NNCs). The full implicit equation adopts the finite volume method (FVM) and NewtoneRaphson iteration for discretization and solution. The model verification with the Eclipse 300 and MRST is satisfactory. The results show that the interaction between the mechanisms significantly affects the production performance and storage characteristics. The effect of molecular diffusion may be overestimated in oil-dominated (liquid-dominated) shale reservoirs. The well spacing and injection gas rate are the most crucial factors affecting the production by sensitivity analysis. Moreover, the potential gas invasion risk is mentioned. This model provides a reliable theoretical basis for CO2-EOR and sequestration in shale oil reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the shortage of fossil energy and the increasingly serious environmental problems, renewable energy based on wind and solar power generation has been gradually developed. For the problem of wind power uncertainty and the low-carbon economic optimization problem of an integrated energy system with power to gas (P2G) and carbon capture and storage (CCS), this paper proposes an economic optimization scheduling strategy of an integrated energy system considering wind power uncertainty and P2G-CCS technology. Firstly, the mathematical model of the park integrated energy system with P2G-CCS technology is established. Secondly, to address the wind power uncertainty problem, Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is used to generate a large number of wind power scenarios, and the fast antecedent elimination technique is used to reduce the scenarios. Then, to establish a mixed integer linear programming model, the branch and bound algorithm is employed to develop an economic optimal scheduling model with the lowest operating cost of the system as the optimization objective, taking into account the ladder-type carbon trading mechanism, and the sensitivity of the scale parameters of P2G-CCS construction is analyzed. Finally, the scheduling scheme is introduced into a typical industrial park model for simulation. The simulation result shows that the consideration of the wind uncertainty problem can further reduce the system's operating cost, and the introduction of P2G-CCS can effectively help the park's integrated energy system to reduce carbon emissions and solve the problem of wind and solar power consumption. Moreover, it can more effectively reduce the system's operating costs and improve the economic benefits of the park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is an inevitable byproduct of wastewater treatment, with increasing amounts year by year worldwide. The development of environmentally and economically acceptable methods for the sustainable management of MSS is a major environmental challenge. Nowadays, sludge management practices, besides the commonly used stabilization methods, focus attention on alternative sludge-disposal pathways, which encompass enhanced energy and valuable-resource recovery. This review presents the recent advances in the recovery of selected value-added products from sludge. Because of the high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, waste MSS can be a nutrient source (e.g., struvite). This paper discusses the conditions of and advances in the technology of struvite recovery. As in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) of biological sludge, alginate-like exopolymers (ALEs) are present in MSS systems that treat municipal wastewater. The yields, dynamics in content, and characterization of ALEs and their possible applications were analyzed. MSS is an important source of humic substances. Their occurrence, characterization, and yields in various types of MSS (e.g., untreated, composted, and digested sludge) and main methods of application are presented. The important aspects and trends of MSS pyrolysis, including the thermochemical conversion to biochar, are discussed in this review. The characterization of biochar derived from MSS and the assessment of the environmental risks are also covered. This paper explores the potential use of biochar derived from MSS in various applications, including soil amendment, carbon sequestration, and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delivers an examination of relative permeability hysteresis in porous media in the field of petroleum engineering, encompassing mathematical modeling, experimental studies, and their practical implications. It explores two-phase and three-phase models, elucidating the generation of scanning curves and their applications in various porous materials. Building on the research of traditional relative permeability hysteresis models, we have incorporated literature on forward calculations of relative permeability based on digital rock core models. This offers a new perspective for studying the hysteresis effect in relative permeability. Additionally, it compiles insights from direct relative permeability and flow-through experiments, accentuating the methodologies and key findings. With a focus on enhanced oil recovery (EOR), carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS), and hydrogen storage applications, the paper identifies existing research voids and proposes avenues for future inquiry, laying the groundwork for advancing recovery techniques in oil and gas sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the carbon dioxide sequestration potential in the saline aquifers of the South Qiongdongnan–Yinggehai Basin. By using a hierarchical evaluation method, the assessment is divided into five stages: the basin level, the zone level, the target level, the site level, and the injection level. The study primarily focuses on evaluating the sequestration potential of and identifying favorable zones of saline aquifers at the basin and zone levels. The optimized volumetric method is adopted, based on the integration of multi-source data such as regional geological maps, seismic data, core porosity, and permeability. The results show that the estimated potential of the Yinggehai Basin is 60.6 billion tons at the basin level and 54.6 billion tons at the zone level. Additionally, the estimated potential of the South Qiongdongnan Basin is 261.5 billion tons at the basin level and 234.8 billion tons at the zone level. The suitability evaluation indicates that the Yinggehai Basin is moderately suitable overall, the northern depression of the South Qiongdongnan Basin is suitable, the central uplift is moderately suitable, and the central depression is not suitable. This study provides a scientific foundation for carbon dioxide sequestration in marine basins and introduces novel ideas and methods for future similar research. This is highly significant for subsequent engineering applications and decision-making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global ecosystem, wetlands are vital carbon sinks, playing a crucial role in absorbing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and mitigating global warming. Accurate estimation of wetland carbon content is essential for research on wetland carbon sinks. However, the carbon cycle of wetlands is complex, and the carbon sinking of wetlands is affected by climate, topography, water level conditions, vegetation types, soil types, and other factors. This has caused significant challenges in the estimation of wetland carbon sinks. In current studies, most research has focused on the impact of individual factors on wetland carbon sinks, often ignoring the interaction between various factors, which further leads to uncertainty in wetland carbon measurements. This paper aims to elucidate the process of the wetland carbon cycle, summarize the factors affecting wetland carbon sinks, and explore the interplay between various factors and their influence on wetland carbon sinks, aiming to provide theoretical support for the study of wetland carbon sinks. Additionally, this paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of current wetland carbon measurement methods, proposes research directions for combining machine learning methods, identifies existing difficulties in current wetland carbon measurement, and offers suggestions to serve as a reference for future wetland carbon sink estimation and wetland management.Highlights: The potential and significance of wetland carbon sinks are explained. The advantages and disadvantages of current wetland carbon measurement techniques are summarized. The prospective method for integrating machine learning into integrated wetland carbon measurement is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a crucial challenge in urban areas characterized by high energy consumption and reduced exposure to nature. In this context, the urban green system could play a pivotal role. In the literature, scholars have analyzed both the ability of species-specific and layout-specific green infrastructure to increase carbon sequestration and the best location sites for new green infrastructure to increase the provision of overall ecosystem services. There is a lack of studies helping green urban planners and designers choose where and which green infrastructure to implement based on vegetation species-specific performance and the local carbon emissions of city components. This paper uses tree inventory data from a medium-sized city in central Italy (Perugia) to develop a spatial analysis of urban park performance in carbon sequestration. Then, the method evaluates the carbon emission of a public city building to generate a spatialized balance between building demand and tree supply to support local decisions about the best locations for new green infrastructure and the choice between species. The paper contributes to GIS-based tools that vary the recommended location sites and species for new green infrastructure based on the demanded ecosystem service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of the value of ecological products has led to an economic means for reducing carbon emissions in China. Tea is one of the most important cash crops and one of the most popular beverages in the world. Due to the complex the tea industrial chain, it is considered to be an industry with high carbon emissions. Ecological tea products with low-carbon attributes can be considered a linkage of ecology, economy, and society. Based on this, this paper presents research on low-carbon ecological tea (LCT). Herein, we construct the formational logic of low-carbon ecological products, explore the connotations of LCT, and form a conceptual pathway for realizing LCT to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper starts from the upstream, midstream, and downstream of the industrial chain; it establishes three value realization pathways that keep, as a priority, the promotion of ecological industrialization, focus on restoration to improve the ecology of the industrial chain, and innovate technology to expand the industrial chain. The pathways are a set of low-emission production solutions that use techniques to enhance carbon sequestration in soil, reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and help shift to clean energy from low-emission sources in the stages of plantation, processing, and distribution. In the process of realizing LCT, the government plays an important role, and its support and guidance are needed. Based on stakeholder theory, this paper builds an implementation mechanism that focuses on the micro perspective (users, organizations), integrates the mesoscopic perspective (industry), and relies on the macro perspective (government). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the critical role of tax credits, specifically Sections 45Q and 45V, in the financing and economic feasibility of low-carbon-intensity hydrogen projects, with a focus on natural-gas-based hydrogen production plants integrated with carbon capture and storage (CCS). This study covers the current clean energy landscape, underscoring the importance of low-carbon hydrogen as a key component in the transition to a sustainable energy future, and then explicates the mechanics of the 45Q and 45V tax credits, illustrating their direct impact on enhancing the economic attractiveness of such projects through a detailed net present value (NPV) model analysis. Our analysis reveals that the application of 45Q and 45V tax credits significantly reduces the levelized cost of hydrogen production, with scenarios indicating a reduction in cost ranging from USD 0.41/kg to USD 0.81/kg of hydrogen. Specifically, the 45Q tax credit demonstrates a slightly more advantageous impact on reducing costs compared to the 45V tax credit, underpinning the critical role of these fiscal measures in enhancing project returns and feasibility. Furthermore, this paper addresses the inherent limitations of utilizing tax credits, primarily the challenge posed by the mismatch between the scale of tax credits and the tax liability of the project developers. The concept and role of tax equity investments are discussed in response to this challenge. These findings contribute to the broader dialogue on the financing of sustainable energy projects, providing valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and developers in the hydrogen energy sector. By quantifying the economic benefits of tax credits and elucidating the role of tax equity investments, our research supports informed decision-making and strategic planning in the pursuit of a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity loss and forest degradation have received increasing attention worldwide, and their effects on forest biomass carbon storage and stability have not yet been well defined. This study examined 1275 tree plots using the field survey method to quantify the effects of tree diversity, tree sizes, and mycorrhizal symbiont abundance on biomass carbon storages (C s ) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)-based ecosystem stability (standard deviation/mean NDVI = NDVI&#95;S) during the field survey period from 2008 to 2018. Our data showed C s and NDVI&#95;S averaged at 31-108 t ha -1 and 32.04-49.28, respectively, and positive relations between C s and NDVI&#95;S were observed (p < 0.05). Large forest-type and regional variations were found in these two parameters. Broadleaf forests had 74% of C s (p < 0.05) of the conifer forests, but no differences were in NDVI&#95;S. Cold regions at high latitudes had 71% of NDVI&#95;S in the warm regions at low latitudes, while no differences were in C s . Moist regions at high longitudes had 2.04 and 1.28-fold higher C s and NDVI&#95;S (p < 0.05). The >700 m a.s.l. regions had 1.24-fold higher C s (p < 0.01) than the <700 m a.s.l. regions, but similar NDVI&#95;S (p > 0.05). Nature Reserves had 1.94-fold higher C s but 30% lower NDVI&#95;S than outside Reserves (p < 0.001). > 40-year-old forests had 1.3- and 2-fold higher C s and NDVI&#95;S than the young forests. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical partitioning revealed the driving paths responsible for these variations. Tree richness was positively associated with C s and ecosystem stability, contributing 21.6%-30.6% to the total effects on them; tree sizes significantly promoted the C s , but had negligible impacts on NDVI&#95;S. MAT's total effects on NDVI&#95;S of conifer forests were 40% higher than that of broadleaf forests, MAP's total effects on C s varied with forest types; arbuscular mycorrhizal tree dominance exhibited a smaller positive impact on C s and ecosystem stability in comparison to other factors. Our findings underscore that the significance of climatic-adapted forest management, diversity conservation, and big-sized tree protections can support the achievement of carbon neutrality in China from biomass carbon sequestration and ecosystem stability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Carbon sequestration is vital to maintaining carbon neutrality and mitigating climate change's impact on humans and the environment. As the government's role in eco-advocacy is primarily designed to safeguard the environment, this paper discusses the impact of government environmental regulations on carbon sequestration. By analyzing 286 cities from 2000 to 2019 in China, we propose that government environmental regulation can lead to a 0.77% increase in carbon sequestration. Additionally, industrial agglomeration and industrial structure advancement are regarded as viable channels. As a result of the differences in city types, government intervention, and public concern across different cities, the impact is likely to vary as well., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Increased ecological land (IEL) such as forests and grasslands can greatly enhance ecosystem carbon sinks. Understanding the mechanisms for the magnitude of IEL-induced ecosystem carbon sinks is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality. We estimated the impact of IEL, specifically the increase in forests and grasslands, as well as global changes including atmospheric CO 2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, and climate change on net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in National Key Ecological Function Zones (NKEFZs) in China using a calibrated ecological process model. The NEP in NKEFZs in China was calculated to be 119.4 Tg C yr -1 , showing an increase of 42.6 Tg C yr -1 from 2001 to 2021. Compared to the slight contributions of climate change (-8.0%), nitrogen deposition (11.5%), and reduction in ecological land (-3.5%), the increase in NEP was primarily attributed to CO 2 (66.5%) and IEL (33.5%). Moreover, the effect of IEL (14.8 Tg C yr -1 ) surpassed that of global change (13.1 Tg C yr -1 ) in the land use change zone. The IEL-induced NEP is significantly associated with CO 2 fertilization, regulated by precipitation and nitrogen deposition. The high values of IEL-induced NEP occurred in areas with precipitation exceeding 800 mm and nitrogen deposition exceeding 25 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . We recommend prioritizing the expansion of ecological land in areas with sufficient water and nutrients to enhance CO 2 fertilization, while avoiding increasing ecological land in regions facing unfavorable climate change conditions. This study serves as a foundation for comprehending the NEP response to ecological restoration and global change., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Oleaginous forests provide diverse ecosystem services, including timber, seed yield (a vital feedstock for biodiesel production), and substantial carbon savings. These carbon savings encompass carbon sequestration related to timber growth and carbon savings resulting from substituting fossil fuel with biodiesel. However, oleaginous forests are vulnerable to seed wasp attacks (disservice), which significantly threaten both seed yield and carbon savings. Using an integrated ecological-economic model that includes Faustmann's Land Expectation Value model and a pest damage control model, we aim to understand the intricate relationship among multiple ecosystem services and disservices of oleaginous forests. The results reveal four distinct phases contingent on varying pesticide application rates: the pesticide under-use phase, substitution phase, complementary phase, and over-use phase. Notably, a potential avenue to minimize pest damage is identified during the complementary phase by reducing the optimal rotation age at the expense of decreased carbon sequestration and bioenergy provision, posing a challenge to climate change mitigation. These findings have implications for formulating policies to manage conflicting ecosystem services of energy forests, offering valuable insights into the intersection of sustainable forest management and climate policy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Effective municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a crucial component for sustainable cities, as inefficient waste disposal contributes to the release of about a billion tons of CO 2 -eq in greenhouse gases (GHG) annually. With escalating global waste generation, there is an untapped opportunity to integrate carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies into existing MSW management processes. This review explores current research on utilizing MSW for CDR, emphasizing its potential for both energy generation and carbon sequestration. The investigation covers three waste management practices: landfilling, waste-to-energy (WtE), and biochar production, revealing two paths for carbon sequestration. First, MSW serves as a feedstock in bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), acting as a carbon-neutral resource that avoids fossil fuel and energy crop use, reducing GHG emissions and generating value through energy production. Second, direct storage of organic MSW and its derivatives, like biochar, in various carbon sinks allows for extended sequestration, offering a comprehensive approach to address the challenges of waste management and climate change mitigation. Moreover, this review advocates for an extended exploration into several subjects including in-depth analysis of waste, research on MSW-derived biochar recalcitrance across different carbon sinks, and understanding the symbiotic connections with GHG-emitting sectors like agriculture and energy. Finally, this review emphasizes the necessity of conducting life-cycle assessment studies to fully discern the benefits and assess the impacts of any future endeavors exploring the role of MSW in carbon sequestration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)