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Based on the use of Hevea brasiliensis in latex production, the species has a consolidated role in the Brazilian economy. However, at the end of the production cycle, which lasts from 25 to 30 years, resulting wood, in general, has no added value and is normally used for firewood, without further exploring its technological properties. Seeking to introduce this species into the pulp and paper industry, we aimed to determine the fiber quality of 20 commercial clones. Wood samples were collected from planted trees (11 to 12 years old) in the municipality of Selvíria - MS. We calculated wood quality indexes of H. brasiliensis for cellulose and paper, including Flexibility coefficient, Wall proportion, Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio (Aspect ratio), and Luce's Shape Factor. The fiber quality indexes that best indicate the potential use of wood from Hevea brasiliensis clones for cellulose and paper production were Wall Fraction, Runkel Ratio and Luce's Shape Factor, indicating that H. brasiliensis fibers, if used for proper industrial purposes, will give origin of a rigid paper with greater bonding contact on the surface. The clones that presented better results for fiber quality indexes were IAC 311, IAC 41, IAN 873, IAC 326, IAC 40 and RRIM 725. Enabling the use of wood after the latex exploratory cycle for pulp and paper will serve as a basis for genetic improvement of these clones and expansion of forest plantations for this purpose. Atribuido al uso de Hevea brasiliensis en la producción de látex, una especie tiene un papel consolidado en la economía brasileña. Sin embargo, al final del ciclo de producción, que dura de 25 a 30 años, la madera resultante, por lo general, no tiene valor agregado y se utiliza normalmente en la producción de leña, sin conocimiento de sus propiedades tecnológicas. Con el objetivo de introducir esta especie en la industria de la pulpa y el papel, nos propusimos determinar la calidad de la fibra de 20 clones comerciales. Se recolectaron muestras de madera de árboles plantados (de 11 a 12 años) en la ciudad de Selvíria - MS. Calculamos los índices de calidad de la madera de H. brasiliensis para pulpa y papel: coeficiente de flexibilidad, fracción de pared, índice de Runkel, relación de esbeltez (relación de aspecto), factor de forma Luce. Los índices de calidad de la fibra que mejor indican el uso potencial de madera de clones de Hevea brasiliensis para la producción de celulosa y papel fueron: Wall Fraction, Runkel Ratio y Luce Form Factor, lo que indica que las fibras de la especie son utilizadas por los orígenes diseñados por la industria. a un papel rígido, con mayor contacto de unión en la superficie. Los clones con los mejores índices de calidad de fibra fueron IAC 311, IAC 41, IAN 873, IAC 326, IAC 40 y RRIM 725. Habilitar el uso de madera después del ciclo exploratorio del látex para pulpa y papel y servir como base para la mejora genética de clones y expansión de plantaciones forestales para estos metales. Devido ao uso de Hevea brasiliensis na produção de látex, a espécie tem um papel consolidado na economia brasileira. No entanto, ao final do ciclo produtivo, que dura de 25 a 30 anos, a madeira resultante, em geral, não apresenta valor agregado e é normalmente utilizada na produção de lenha, sem conhecimento de suas propriedades tecnológicas. Buscando introduzir esta espécie na indústria de celulose e papel, objetivamos determinar a qualidade das fibras de 20 clones comerciais. Amostras de madeira foram coletadas de árvores plantadas (11 a 12 anos) no município de Selvíria – MS. Calculamos os índices de qualidade da madeira de H. brasiliensis para celulose e papel: coeficiente de flexibilidade, fração de parede, índice de Runkel, razão esbeltez (razão de aspecto), fator de forma de Luce. Os índices de qualidade das fibras que melhor indicam o potencial emprego da madeira dos clones de Hevea brasiliensis para a produção de celulose e papel foram: Fração Parede, Razão Runkel e Fator de Forma de Luce, indicando que as fibras da espécie se utilizadas pela indústria dará origem a um papel rígido, com maior contato de união na superfície. Os clones que apresentaram melhores índices de qualidade das fibras foram IAC 311, IAC 41, IAN 873, IAC 326, IAC 40 e RRIM 725. Possibilitando a utilização da madeira pós ciclo exploratório do latéx para a celulose e papel e servindo de base para melhoramento genético desses clones e ampliação dos plantios florestais para essa finalidade.

This study evaluates the efficacy of using textile waste blended with paper waste to form biodegradable seedling pots. A bio-composite blend of cotton (20% cotton, 40% newspaper, and 40% corrugated cardboard) and polycotton (20% polycotton, 40% newspaper, and 40% corrugated cardboard) with an optimum strength was formed into seedling pots. The appreciated seedling pots (untreated blends of cotton and polycotton) were compared with the commercial pots (cardboard seed starter pot and Jiffy pot) in terms of mechanical properties (tensile strength and compressive strength), biodegradability (soil burial test and anaerobic digestion), and seed germination. The untreated blends of cotton and polycotton pots demonstrated a comparable optimum strength, while the Jiffy pot and cardboard seed starter pot obtained the least tensile and compressive strengths, respectively. The anaerobic biodegradability assay suggests that the cotton blend pot, polycotton blend pot, and cardboard seed starter pot can degrade anaerobically because of high biogas and methane generation potential. A 100% seed germination was observed from the four seedling pots tested. Thus, the results demonstrate the efficacy of utilizing textile waste and paper waste to develop seedling pots with desirable strength and biodegradability compared to the commercial pots.

Cooperation among kin is common in animal societies. Kin groups may form by individuals directly discriminating relatives based on kin recognition cues, or form passively through natal philopatry and limited dispersal. We describe the genetic landscape for a primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes dominula, and ask whether individuals choose cooperative partners that are nearby and/or that are genetic relatives. Firstly, we genotyped an entire sub-population of 1361 wasps and found genetic structuring on an extremely fine scale: the probability of finding genetic relatives decreases exponentially within just a few meters of an individual’s nest. At the same time, however, we found a lack of genetic structuring between natural nest aggregations within the population. Secondly, in a separate dataset where ~2000 wasps were genotyped, we show that wasps forced experimentally to make a new nest choice tended to choose new nests near to their original nests, and that these nests tended to contain some full sisters. However, a significant fraction of wasps chose nests that did not contain sisters, despite sisters being present in nearby nests. Although we cannot rule out a role for direct kin recognition or natal nest-mate recognition, our data suggest that kin groups may form via a philopatric rule-of-thumb, whereby wasps simply select groups and nesting sites that are nearby. The result is that most subordinate helpers obtain indirect fitness benefits by breeding cooperatively.

Paper mulberry plantations are needed in Thailand due to Thailand’s high demand for paper manufacturing. In this paper, silvicultural systems were investigated to determine for attaining the optimum growth rate and yield. Paper mulberry from five sources (SS, UN, NN, RT and KZ) were planted in eight sites all over Thailand for a provenance trial, while two species (Broussonetia papyrifera and B. kazinoki) were planted at Wiang Sa district, Nan province for a species trial. Moreover, five spacings (1×1m, 2×1 m, 2×2 m, 2×4 m and 4×4 m) were used in RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) with three replicates in Wang Chin district, Phare Province for a spacing trial. Survival rate, growth rate, biomass and soil physical and chemical properties were recorded at every site. Paper mulberry can grow in various textures of soil as long as there is a good drainage. Soil fertility had a significant effect on growth and productivity. B. papyrifera had a higher biomass than B. kazinoki with the same growth rate. The number of trees (plant density) had an important effect on biomass. From these data, it is recommended that in paper mulberry plantation narrow spacing is used.

In his brilliant paper The Logic of Proportionality: Reasoning with Non-Numerical Magnitudes, Professor Sartor provides a multi-layered analysis of proportionality based on a model of teleological reasoning governed by value-norms, arguing that this kind of reasoning is quantitative but non-numerical, i.e., operates on magnitudes to which no symbolic numerals are assigned. The analysis pursued by Professor Sartor can be divided into three parts. In the first part, drawing on the theory of bounded rationality, Professor Sartor develops a model of teleological reasoning (of which proportionality reasoning is a special case) distinguishing its four stages: Value-adoption, goal-adoption, plan-adoption, and action-adoption. In the second part, he introduces and develops in great and illuminating detail a distinction between value-norms and action-norms. In the third—main—part, Professor Sartor makes the basic claim of his paper that proportionality reasoning (i.e., reasoning aimed at establishing whether a given legislative norm interfering with some constitutionally protected right is “proportional”), involving the assessment of the impact of choices upon relevant values, is quantitative but not based on numerical magnitudes, and develops a conceptual framework for reconstructing this reasoning and explicating its constituent elements (suitability, necessity, and balancing in the strict sense). Each of these parts abounds with valuable analyses and precious insights and would deserve a separate commentary, yet I shall confine myself mainly to the analysis of the third part, in which he develops his basic claim. I shall focus in the first place on two interpretive problems my reading of Professor Sartor's paper has given rise to, though some of my remarks will concern also more technical matters.

Organical material such as animal dung, husk ash, bran , and sawdust is often used in bocation production . In this study, the paper waste of printing company at Syiah Kuala University was enriched in the raw material of bocation production. This study was a imed to determine the proportion of paper waste that can be added and the duration of fermentation process in order to produce a good bocation. The method used was a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was the proportion of paper waste (K) with 4 level s : K1 = 15%, K2 = 25%, K3 = 35%, and K4 = 45%. The second factor was the fermentation duration (L) with 3 levels: L1 = 0 day, L2 = 10 days, and L3 = 15 days. Each treatment was repeated twice so that there were 24 experimental units. The analysis included: water content, total microorganisms, temperature, pH, C element, N element, C/N ratio, organoleptic (texture, aroma, color) and plant growth test. The result showed that additional paper waste with a proportion of up to 35% generally has a positive effect on the quality of the location in terms of water content, pH, nitrogen, texture, aroma, color, and plant growth. The longer the fermentation took place (up to 15 days) the better was the quality of the bocation produced, especially regarding C element, N element, C/N ratio, texture, aroma, color and plant growth. There were 3 interactions with the best plant height namely K 3 L 3 (112.5cm), K 3 L 2 (104 cm) and K 2 L 3 (104 cm). The K 3 L 3 bocation (35% paper waste proportion, 15 days fermentation) was better than the other two interactions in term of highest water content, N, and color value, and the lowest C/N ratio.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinales L. (Labiatae)) is one of the major economic crops in the world, and rosemary essential oil (REO) is one of the top products derived from rosemary and has excellent commercial prospects. Many factors affect the yield of REO extracted by hydrodistillation (HY). This study was proposed to identify and analyze these factors to maximize the yield of essential oils and reduce the cost. First, two different single‐factor extraction experiments were conducted, (1) adding NaCl and (2) using various organs of the plant, to determine the influence of each factor on the oil yield. Based on single‐factor experiments, the orthogonal experiments (L9, 33) were designed to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of rosemary oil. Meanwhile, the kinetic extraction analysis of the test data was carried out. The results revealed that the highest oil yield was achieved when rosemary leaves were crushed to 2 cm, the ratio of water to the material was 1:3, and NaCl concentration was 5%. A simple first‐order kinetic model has also proved to be an acceptable general choice and allows to predict the output of extraction operations overtime accurately and robustly in practice. This study provides a reference scheme for using hydrodistillation to extract rosemary essential oil., Using hydro distillation, the best processing conditions of rosemary essential oil extraction were determined by single‐factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, and the theoretical yield value under the best processing conditions was obtained by the first‐order kinetic model.

Euterpe oleracea Mart. known as acai, it is a palm of bacaceous fruit, distributed throughout Brazil in states such as Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Rondônia and Tocantins. The objective of this work was to produce an acid-base indicator strip from the hydroalcoholic extract of the pulp of Euterpe oleracea Mart. to determine acidity by colorimetric method, also seeking to develop in a simple, fast and low cost, being an alternative way to be used in teaching Chemistry in experimental practical classes with the subject covered in Inorganic Functions in Teaching: Elementary, Middle and Higher. The methodology used was carried out in stages: (i) obtaining the acai pulp from the fruits of the açaizeiro, (ii) obtaining the extract from the pulp of Euterpe oleracea Mart., (iii) building a pH scale (0- 14), (iv) obtaining a pH paper from the hydroalcoholic extract, (v) identification of acidic and basic substances in everyday use with both the extract and the pH indicator paper, (vi) determining the acetic acid content in commercial vinegars, and (vii) a comparison of the results obtained from% acetic acid, both with the synthetic indicator (phenolphthalein) and with the natural indicator. Through the tests with the tape and with the pulp extract of Euterpe oleracea Mart. satisfactory results were obtained. Thus, the pH tape and the Euterpe oleracea Mart. pulp extract identified the acidic, basic and neutral substances of everyday life, showing an alternative for teaching with practical experimental chemistry classes, being financially viable, and exploring an application of Euterpe oleracea Mart. pulp. as forest treasure for future industrial applications, such as the production of a pH indicator strip.

Abstract Keratinase is a robust enzyme that is produced in the presence of keratin substrates. This enzyme has been recognized for its applications in waste management, leather and detergent industries. Our group has isolated a potential keratinase producing strain of Bacillus aerius NSMk2 from poultry dump soil, and its hide dehairing and stain removal applications have been studied. Considering commercial applicability of keratinase, the present study reports the keratinase production in a stirred tank reactor (5 l). Central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effect of most influencing process variables, i.e., aeration (0.5–1.5 vvm), agitation (150–350 rpm) and incubation period (24–48 h) on keratinase production. The quadratic model predicted 15 experimental runs, and the influence of independent variables and their interaction on keratinase production were interpreted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test statistics. Coefficient of determination (R2) value close to 1 and Fisher F-value of 3743.77 showed good fit of experimental data to second-order polynomial equation. A reasonable agreement between experimental and predicted values showed the accuracy of deduced model. Applying the desirability function, aeration rate of 1.0 vvm, agitation rate of 276.88 rpm and incubation period of 33.68 h supported maximum keratinase production (318.38 U/ml). Confirmatory experiments were performed to evaluate the accuracy of desirability function. Maximum keratinase activity of 318.11 U/ml close to predicted value (318.38 U/ml) validates the model. The present study provides useful guidelines for large-scale production of keratinase that can be used for various commercial applications. Article highlights Keratinase production was optimized in a stirred tank reactor by RSM. The influence of aeration, agitation and incubation period on keratinase production was studied. A significant increase in keratinase production was observed at 1.0 vvm aeration and 276.88 rpm agitation after 33.68 h.

O Jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart) têm frutos com polpa de cor amarela pálida, sabor e aroma característicos, contendo altos teores de açúcar, sendo rica em carotenóides, polifenóis, vitamina C, além de apresentar quantidade significativa de fibras alimentares. A utilização do jatobá para fins econômicos pode ser potencializada por meio da metodologia estratégica de desenvolvimento de novo produto. Dessa maneira o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma bala dura, a partir da polpa do jatobá, e avaliar a aceitação do produto por meio de teste sensorial. Os frutos do jatobazeiro foram coletados no Campus Samambaia da Universidade Federal de Goiás no mês de setembro de 2017. Os ingredientes utilizados na formulação foram: açúcar cristal, xarope de glucose de milho, água, e ácido cítrico em pó. A análise sensorial foi realizada com 61 provadores não treinados, que avaliaram os parâmetros - sabor, textura, aroma e impressão global, utilizando escala hedônica de 9 pontos, na qual a nota 9 (nove) correspondia à “gostei muitíssimo” e 1 (um) à “desgostei muitíssimo”. A bala dura de jatobá foi bem aceita em relação a todos os atributos avaliados, o que pode ser reforçada com a intenção de compra, onde verificou-se que 52 % dos provadores disseram que comprariam a bala, caso a mesma estivesse a venda. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a bala de jatobá têm boa aceitação podendo ser uma boa alternativa para agregar valor ao fruto do jatobazeiro.

Commonly found in Mato-grossense Cerrado, the pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense Camb) produces a fruit called pequi, which is sold and consumed by the population where it is produced, in cream, candies, ice creams or in natura, as a typical regional side dish. It is a highly nutritious fruit and hence necessary to the population. The aim of this study was to proceed with the biometric and physical-chemical analysis of pequis collected in the north of the state of Mato Grosso, to contribute with a database to help identify good genoptypes for commercial and industry usage, to build a germplasm bank. Whole fruits from seven different matrixes of Caryocar brasiliense Camb were randomly collected in União do Sul-MT, seasons 2017 and 2019. The mass, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, volume and sphericity of fruits and pyrenes have been determined, as well as the number of pyrenes per fruit and pulp mass. The pulp was analyzed for its moisture, pH, total titratable acidity and soluble solids contents. The physical evaluation for fruits and pyrenes show that the observed matrixes had statistically significant differences in all parameters tested, especially on mass, volume and pulp mass. The pequis from matrix 7 have the best results for whole fruit and pyrenes mass, and also for pulp mass and pulp mass/whole fuit ratio. The results for moisture and physical-chemical analysis show that the observed matrixes presented statistically significant differences. The findings are similar to the ones detected in studies with pequis in other regions. Based on the results obtained, the fruits that have been analyzed may be regarded as of interest for business and industry, therefore may be considered to build a germplasm bank.

Vital gluten is a by-product of wheat starch production and commonly used in bread making, but its quality is difficult to predict. The most accurate method to determine vital gluten quality is the baking experiment, but this approach is time- and labor-intensive. Therefore, the aim was to identify faster and easier ways to predict vital gluten quality. Three different approaches, the gliadin/glutenin ratio, the gluten aggregation test and the microscale extension test, were assessed for their predictive value regarding the baking performance of 46 vital gluten samples using two recipes. Hierarchical clustering classified the vital gluten samples into 23 samples with good, 15 with medium and eight with poor quality. Protein-related parameters, such as the gliadin/glutenin ratio, were not reliable to predict gluten quality, because the correlations to the bread volumes were weak. The gluten aggregation test and the microscale extension test were reliable methods to predict vital gluten quality for use in baking based on a scoring system. Both methods need less material, time and labor compared to baking experiments. Especially, maximum torque, peak maximum time, the ratio between peak30 and peak180 as well as the corresponding distance at maximum resistance to extension seem to be suitable alternatives to predict vital gluten quality., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Vital gluten, a by-product of wheat starch production, is commonly used in foods • Its functionality is predicted using time- and labor-intensive baking tests • The gluten aggregation and microscale extension test were quality predictors • Maximum torque, peak maximum time, and specific peak area ratios were most useful

To investigate and compare the reliability of reactive strength index-modified (RSImod) and its associated variables (jump height [JH] and [time to take-off]) 20 combat fighters and 18 physically active men participated in this study. They visited the laboratory three times; firstly, for jump familiarization and two sessions for test-retest (2-7 days apart). For both groups, the between-day changes in performance were trivial to small (≤ 1.1%). The coefficient of variation (CV) comparisons (i.e. CV ratio) demonstrated that combat athletes had a lower test-retest variation for RSImod (0.87) and JH (0.80) than non-athletes. Combat athletes demonstrated a greater JH than physically active men (0.43 vs 0.37; p = 0.03, g = 0.73), but small and non-significant differences were observed for RSImod (0.60 vs 0.55; p = 0.24, g = 0.38) and TTT (0.70 vs 0.72; p = 0.32, g = 0.33). RSImod was more positively correlated with JH (r = 0.75-0.87; p < 0.001) than negatively correlated with TTT (r = 0.45-0.54; p < 0.001). This study suggests that RSImod is a reliable variable obtained during CMJ testing in combat athletes and physically active men, with scores being slightly better for combat athletes. In terms of performance, combat athletes jumped higher than physically active men, but no differences in RSImod or TTT were observed. Lastly, RSImod was more strongly related to JH than TTT, and this was more evident in athletes than nonathletes. This indicates that the combat athletes were able to better utilize their (equal) time spent jumping (higher), possibly via greater utilization of the stretch shortening cycle, faster or more optimal motor unit recruitment, or an array of other factors.

In this paper a kinetic study is performed on the drying process of beet pulp with additions of macro-elements (Ca2+, Mg 2+, PO42+) from hydrated lime, hydrated dolomite lime, phosphoric acid and microelements (Co2+, Zn 2+, Fe2+, Mn2+), with the purpose of obtaining premixes with substantially improved value for animal feed. The experimental measurements made served to elaborate the mathematical model by means of which the speed with which the drying process is carried out is described, thus being able to calculate the stationing time of the material in the dryer. The equations for calculating the stationary time of the material in the dryer can be used for designing dryers (sizing them).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inter-device reliability of three VERT devices (Mayfonk Athletic, Florida, USA) when worn on the waist (W), left-hip (LH), and right-hip (RH) during single- and double-leg counter movement jumps (CMJ) in collegiate athletes. Thirty-two female and twenty-eight male NCAA Division II athletes (n = 60) participated in the present study. Jump height (JH) values for double-leg CMJs were analyzed by each device using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA whereas a 2 (jump leg) x 3 (wear location) repeated measures ANOVA was employed to evaluate single-leg CMJs. Reliability of the VERT devices were based upon intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Double-leg CMJs revealed an excellent ICC between all three VERT devices (ICC = 0.969). However, JH for RH and LH (45.69 ± 9.84 and 45.82 ± 10.45 cm, respectively) were on average lower than W (50.44 ± 12.37cm; both p < 0.001). The ICCs were excellent for right- and left-leg CMJs (ICC = 0.939 and 0.941, respectively). However, an interaction was observed (p < 0.001). No differences existed for left- or right-leg when VERT was worn on the waist. However, JH was higher when VERT devices were worn on the opposite hip of the jump leg (i.e., LH>RH for right-leg CMJs; RH>LH for leftleg CMJs; all p < 0.001). Results suggest that LH and RH are interchangeable for double-leg CMJs, but not with waist despite excellent reliability. In addition, all wear locations provided excellent ICCs for single-leg CMJs. However, waist provides more consistent JH values for right- and left-leg CMJs while RH and LH show more variability.

Field experiments in two crops of papaya were conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research for four years during 2016-19 to standardise spacing with optimum soil volume wetting for drip irrigation. Narrowing the plant rows drastically reduced the plant height while leaf production affected significantly due to reduction in intra row spacing. The height at first fruiting was significantly lower with a spacing of 1.8 m x 1.5 m (56.4 cm) significantly differing from both 1.5 m x 1.5 m (60.9 cm) or 1.8 m x 1.8 m (66.8 cm). Significantly higher mean fruit yield (42.2 t/ha) was recorded with the spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5m as compared to either 1.8m x 1.5m (23.4 t/ha) or 1.8m x 1.8m (22.1 t/ha). Significantly higher water use efficiency (71.3 kg/ha.mm) was recorded in papaya by following closer spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m. Among the interactions, higher papaya yield (48.0 t/ha) was recorded with normal drip irrigation (80% soil volume wetting) under closer spacing (1.5 m. x 1.5 m). Further, higher water use efficiency (129 kg/ha. mm) could be obtained by scheduling the irrigation at 30% soil volume wetting especially by planting at 1.5 m. x 1.5 m. spacing suggesting its suitability for water scarcity areas.

A properly conducted vermicomposting process is an environmentally friendly technology used to transform selected organic waste into vermicompost. This organic fertilizer is increasingly used in agriculture and horticulture as an alternative to mineral fertilizers. Research has investigated the use of vermicompost made from the waste mass of sugar beet pulp as a soil additive in the cultivation of peas (Pisum sativum L.). Experimentally, five treatments consisted of: a heavy clay soil as control (SL), the same soil with 10, 25, and 50% substitution of vermicompost, (V10, V25, and V50, respectively), and a standard peat-based horticulture substrate (GS) for comparison. Analyzed pea characteristics and the content of macro and microelements in their biomass were most favorably influenced by 25 and 50% vermicompost addition, and the values obtained were similar to those in the GS treatment. The lowest values of analyzed traits for P. sativum were found in the SL group. Thus, appropriate addition of vermicompost in the construction of plant growing substrates can reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers and be an alternative to peat in the medium, contributing to reduced use of this valuable environmental resource.

Sweet cassava can be sold frozen, i.e., frozen food, to facilitate preparation and consumption. This study aimed to evaluate physical-chemical characteristics, cooking time, microbiological quality and sensory attributes regarding the varieties BRS Aipim Brasil and Eucalipto in frozen storage. The roots were washed in water, sanitized, cut into cylinders, peeled, sanitized, drained, packed in nylon/ low density polyethylene packages and stored at -18 °C, being evaluated every 30 days, approximately. The Eucalipto variety showed the lowest moisture (61.98%) and the highest pulp yield (71.41%) and starch content (33.45%). However, the BRS Aipim Brasil variety had lower color intensity (11.48) and greater color angle (97.45°) than Eucalipto. The two cassava genotypes showed no difference in terms of acidity, luminosity, soluble solids, total sugar content and pH. The Eucalipto variety showed the shortest cooking time (25 minutes) and moisture (62.92%) concerning the five storage times that were evaluated. This variety also had the highest starch content during storage, except at 31 days. The Eucalipto variety was more accepted for the color, aroma and overall impression attributes. Regarding flavor and texture, the two varieties were considered similar and were classified between the hedonic terms “like slightly” and “like moderately”. The sensory acceptance of the roots was not altered during storage and the grades attributed were above 6.0, which represents the minimum acceptance limit, for all evaluated attributes. Cassava frozen at -18 °C can be marketed for 120 days without microbiological risk, and without significant changes in its physical-chemical and sensory characteristics. Resumo A mandioca de mesa pode ser comercializada congelada para facilitar o preparo e o consumo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas, o tempo de cozimento, a qualidade microbiológica e os atributos sensoriais das variedades BRS Aipim Brasil e Eucalipto, durante o armazenamento sob congelamento. As raízes foram lavadas em água, sanitizadas, cortadas em cilindros, descascadas, sanitizadas, drenadas, acondicionadas em embalagens de nylon/ polietileno de baixa densidade e armazenadas a -18 °C, sendo avaliadas a cada 30 dias, aproximadamente. A variedade Eucalipto apresentou a menor umidade (61,98%) e os maiores rendimentos de polpa (71,41%) e teor de amido (33,45%). A variedade BRS Aipim Brasil apresentou menor intensidade de cor (11,48) e maior ângulo de cor (97,45°). Os dois genótipos de mandioca não apresentaram diferenças em termos de acidez, luminosidade, sólidos solúveis, teor de açúcar total e pH. A variedade Eucalipto apresentou o menor tempo de cozimento (25 minutos) e umidade (62,92%), para os cinco tempos de armazenamento avaliados. Essa variedade também apresentou o maior teor de amido durante o armazenamento, exceto aos 31 dias. A variedade Eucalipto foi mais aceita para os atributos cor, aroma e impressão global. Em relação ao sabor e à textura, as duas variedades foram consideradas semelhantes e foram classificadas entre os termos hedônicos “gostei ligeiramente” e “gostei moderadamente”. A aceitação sensorial das raízes não foi alterada ao longo do armazenamento e as notas atribuídas foram acima de 6,0, o que representa o limite mínimo de aceitação, para todos os atributos avaliados. A mandioca congelada a -18 °C pode ser comercializada por 120 dias com segurança microbiológica, sem que ocorram alterações significativas das suas características físico-químicas e sensoriais.

The seed by-products of pequi pulp processing have a kernel in its core which is not used due to the difficulty of its extraction from the spinous endocarp. However, this kernel has high quality oil which can be used for human consumption. Thus, the kernel and the oil composition as well as the conditions to obtain the kernel oil by hydraulic pressing were evaluated in this study. The kernel showed high lipid content (55.76%), therefore being a good source for obtaining oil. The oil extraction by hydraulic pressing presented a higher yield at 5.5 tons to 6.0 tons of force and 9% to 10% moisture. Oil recovery was 75%. The pequi kernel oil showed low acid (0.17 mg KOH/g) and peroxide (1.22 mEq O2/kg) values. The kernel oil also presented high levels of oleic acid (42.47%). The results indicate that the kernel oil extraction is an alternative form for using seeds to increase the producer/processor income and to decrease residue volumes in the pequi processing industry. Resumo Os caroços, subprodutos do processamento da polpa de pequi, têm em seu núcleo uma amêndoa que não é utilizada devido à dificuldade de sua extração a partir do endocarpo espinhoso. No entanto, essa amêndoa possui óleo de alta qualidade que pode ser usado para consumo humano. Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se a composição da amêndoa e do óleo, bem como as condições de obtenção do óleo da amêndoa por prensagem hidráulica. A amêndoa apresentou alto teor lipídico (55,76%), sendo boa fonte de obtenção de óleo. A extração de óleo por prensagem hidráulica apresentou maior rendimento nas faixas de 5,5 ton a 6,0 ton de força e 9% a 10% de umidade. A recuperação de óleo foi de 75%. O óleo de amêndoa de pequi apresentou baixos valores de índice de acidez (0,17 mg KOH / g) e peróxidos (1,22 mEq O2 / kg). Além disso, o óleo de amêndoa apresentou altos níveis de ácido oleico (42,47%). Esses resultados indicam que a extração de óleo de amêndoa é uma forma alternativa de utilização de caroços para aumentar a renda do produtor / processador e para diminuir o volume de resíduos no processamento de pequi.