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Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Vietnam, rural area is a region for living and working of a rural resident community, including mainly farmers. It is a region of agricultural production (by the general meaning). Besides, there are manufacturing activities and service, but priority is given to agriculture and rural community. Meanwhile, the rural density is lower than urban density. Vietnam introduced its development programme "Building new rural areas", which program aims at finding a concept of sustainable development in rural areas in order to emerge the role of sustainable development toward the National direction for local strategies and to ensure sustainable rural development. This paper is a work at the scope of reviews and literature available worldwide in development policies and programmes on sustainable rural development. It compares the dimensions of these policies and programmes on the basis of definitions, methodology and practical framework applied in order to identify a promotion for building new rural areas in disciplines, and especially supply a background for data analyses of the Vietnamese case in the National Target Programme "Building new rural areas during the period 2011-2015". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject: ●Expert by Experience participation in mental health services is embedded in mental health policy in many countries. The negative attitudes of nurses and other health professionals to consumer participation poses a significant obstacle to this policy goal.●Involving mental health Experts by Experience in the education of nursing students demonstrates positive attitudinal change. What the paper adds to existing knowledge: ●The paper presents perspectives from Experts by Experience about the unique knowledge and expertise they derive from their lived experience of mental distress and mental health service use. As a result, they can make a unique and essential contribution to mental health nursing education. They utilize this knowledge to create an interactive learning environment and encourage critical thinking.●The international focus of this research enriches understandings about how Experts by Experience might be perceived in a broader range of countries. What are the implications for practice: ●Mental health policy articulates the importance of service user involvement in all aspects of mental health service delivery. This goal will not be fully achieved without nurses having positive attitudes towards experts by experience as colleagues.●Positive attitudes are more likely to develop when nurses understand and value the contribution experts by experience bring by virtue of their unique knowledge and expertise. This paper provides some important insights to achieving this end. Introduction: Embedding lived experience in mental health nursing education is increasing, with research findings suggesting the impact is positive. To date, research has primarily targeted the perspectives of nursing students and academics from the health professions. Aim: To enhance understanding of the unique knowledge and expertise experts by experience contribute to mental health nursing education. Methods: Qualitative exploratory research methods were employed. In‐depth individual interviews were conducted with experts by experience who delivered a coproduced learning module to nursing students in Europe and Australia. Results: Participants described their unique and essential contribution to mental health nursing education under four main themes: critical thinking, beyond textbooks; interactive and open communication; understanding personal recovery; and mental health is health. Conclusions: These findings present an understanding of the unique knowledge and expertise Experts by Experience contribute to mental health education not previously addressed in the literature. Appreciating and respecting this, unique contribute is necessary as Expert by Experience contributions continue to develop. Implications for Practice: Mental health services purport to value service user involvement. Identifying and respecting and valuing the unique contribution they bring to services is essential. Without this understanding, tokenistic involvement may become a major barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aimed to access the changes that appeared between 2009 and 2018 in the context of progress in the spatial planning process at the local planning level. The study also attempts to classify communes in the metropolitan area due to the diversification of the degree of implementation in the spatial planning process. The research was conducted on the example of Poznań Metropolitan Area (PMA), which covers 45 communes. The analysis was based on data from the Local Data Bank of Statistics, Poland. The communes in PMA were classified into 12 groups. The most numerous group (almost half of the analysed units) are communes with small coverage of local spatial development plans and very low dynamics of issuing of decisions on building conditions. These are communes where the urbanisation pressure, due to the distance from Poznań, is lower than in the administrative units located near or in the immediate vicinity of Poznań. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a deeper first-hand understanding of the post-2010 collective action forms by proposing "repertoire" as an analytical tool. In doing so, it primarily aims to bring a critical perspective on normative and culture-focused approaches to the 21st-century activism that tend to take various aspects of mobilization processes for granted. By questioning how participants "remember" their movements from a critical insider point of view and relying on an ethnographic analysis of Istanbul's Gezi Park protests of 2013, this paper also sheds light on the ways in which the protest repertoires are adopted and performed in demonstrations spaces wherein they are first applied as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to present the current state and the need for development of sanitary infrastructure in the communes of Parczew District, in Lublin Voivodeship. Parczew District encompasses seven communes: Parczew, Dębowa Kłoda, Jabłoń, Milanów, Podedwórze, Siemień, and Sosnowica. The present paper uses the data from the surveys conducted in these communes in 2016. On average, 88% of the population used the water supply system in the communes surveyed, while 48% of the inhabitants were connected to a sewerage system. Parczew District had 12 collective mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants with a capacity exceeding 5 m³/d. The households which were not connected to the sewerage network discharged the wastewater mainly to non-return tanks. In the communes surveyed, 1,115 households had domestic wastewater treatment plants. All of them were systems with infiltration drainage, which do not ensure high efficiency of removing pollutions and may even contribute to the degradation of the groundwater quality. In order to solve the existing problems of sewage and water management in the communes of Parczew District, it is necessary to further develop the collective sewerage systems and equip the areas which have a dispersed development layout with highly efficient domestic treatment plants, such as constructed wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject: Expert by Experience (EBE) involvement in mental health nursing education has demonstrated benefits, including enhancing understanding of holistic and recovery‐focused practice and enhanced application of interpersonal skills.Structure and support for EBE involvement is lacking; often resulting in inadequate preparation and debriefing and tokenistic involvement.Service user involvement in mental health nursing education should be underpinned by lived experience perspectives. What the paper adds to existing knowledge: An exploration of EBE involvement in nursing education from the perspective of those with lived experience.The development of standards designed to provide structure to better support future EBEs involved in higher education.An exemplar for co‐production of standards between EBE and nurse academics which has applicability for other contexts. What are the implications for practice?: The standards could potentially strengthen EBE involvement in mental health nursing education, enhance their confidence and increase the retention of EBEs by creating an inclusive working culture.By increasing support for EBEs, the benefits to mental health nursing practice are likely to be maximized. Introduction: Involving people with lived experience of mental distress in mental health nursing education has gained considerable traction yet broader implementation remains ad hoc and tokenistic. Effective involvement requires curricula be informed by lived experience of service use. Aim: To develop standards to underpin expert by experience involvement in mental health nursing education based on lived experience of service use. Methods: Phase one used qualitative descriptive methods, involving focus groups with service users (n = 50) from six countries to explore perceptions of service user involvement in mental health nursing education. Phase two utilized these findings through consensus building to co‐produce standards to support Experts by Experience involvement in mental health nursing education. Results: Three themes emerged in Phase one: enablers and barriers, practical and informational support, and emotional and appraisal support. These themes underpinned development of the standards, which reflect nine processes: induction and orientation, external supervision, supportive teamwork, preparation for teaching and assessing, "intervision," mutual mentorship, pre‐ and post‐debriefing, role clarity and equitable payment. Conclusions: These standards form the framework entitled; Standards for Co‐production of Education (Mental Health Nursing) (SCo‐PE [MHN]). Implications for Practice: The standards aim to support implementation of Expert by Experience roles in mental health nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the status of water supply and sanitation infrastructure in the Kraśnik County. The description is based on the official statistical data and the data obtained in a survey carried out in 2016. The Kraśnik County is located in the Lublin Province and comprises 10 communes: one urban commune (the Municipality of Kraśnik), two urban-rural communes (Annopol and Urzędów), and seven rural communes (Dzierzkowice, Gościeradów, Kraśnik, Szastarka, Trzydnik Duży, Wilkołaz, and Zakrzówek). In 2016, an average of 90.9% of the County's inhabitants had the access to the mains water, but only 13.5% were connected to the mains sewerage. The County has six centralized wastewater treatment plants with a total capacity of approximately 14.164 m3/d. The survey data showed that the records of cesspools were kept in only four of the County's communes: the Municipality of Kraśnik, Urzędów, Wilkołaz, and Zakrzówek. The total number of cesspools in those communes was 4776. The Kraśnik County is in great demand for the construction of on-site domestic wastewater treatment plants, which are an excellent alternative to cesspools. The network of domestic wastewater treatment plants in the Kraśnik County is made up almost entirely of systems with a drainfield, which may pose a serious threat to the soil and water environment. The results of the present study suggest that Commune Offices must take decisive steps to eliminate the existing disproportion between the coverages of the sewerage and water supply systems in the County's communes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Development is influenced by various determinants whose strength, direction and range of influence change over time. Creative capital is considered to be a variable that affects the development of countries and cities. The concept of creative capital results from the theory of R. Florida, which defines them by presenting the assumptions of the creative class. Both technology, talent and tolerance are factors that affect local development but, according to the concept mentioned above, they also stimulate the development of creative capital. Aim: The purpose of the paper is to assess technology as determinants of the development of creative capital in the communes of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Results: The author's modification of Florida's methodology related to one of the criteria, i.e. technology is a novelty in the research approach is. It is also a new approach to technology analysis as determinants not only of local development but also of creative capital at the local level. Features indicating technology assessed using statistical data place the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in a lower position compared to the whole country. Only the share of newly registered creative sector entities is close to the result for Poland. The assessment, which applied indirect measures, shows that technological conditions in municipalities to the largest extent describe the ability of people to use specialized knowledge in the municipality in their work and personal life. Technology, which determines development, and also indicates the advancement of society, is important at the global level but also at the local level as evidenced by responses regarding openness to new technologies. The comparison of both groups of respondents shows that the possibilities of developing creative capital through the lens of features describing technology were rated by residents of municipalities rather than officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the collapse of the socialist regime, the urban system of Romania has changed significantly in a very short period of time: in a few years 60 rural settlements gained the town status, mostly without matching the quantitative and qualitative conditions set by the law. This paper examines those 17 indicators necessary to become a town, and compares the values of 2004 (the year, when a "mass declaration" was conducted which resulted in 38 new towns) with the values of 2014 (the latest available statistical data) in order to see the extent and direction in which the new towns developed (or not) in ten years after becoming urban. The paper discusses also the question of whether urbanization and development can be made via political decisions or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the engagement of self-governments in Polish communes in the creation of and support for functioning of legal forms of environmental protection. Its empirical part contains the presentation of the results of a questionnaire survey carried out on a group of 52 commune heads managing communes within the territory of the Lubelskie Voivodship situated in the south-eastern part of Poland. The conclusions drawn on the basis of said results make it possible to identify selected problems associated with the engagement of local communities in this essential, in terms of protection of natural values, field of activities and to supplement the relatively small, as far, number of previously published studies devoted to this issue. From the conducted analysis, it appears, among others, that very few protected objects have been launched by commune authorities in the period of last ten years. Additionally, attention has been paid to some unfavourable phenomena contributing to this situation and particularly to the insufficient level of financing of protection forms, unsatisfactory level of knowledge possessed by the staff of officials, generally insufficient identification of the potential of the natural environment resulting from long overdue or lacking stocktaking or from frequent omissions in the scope of the assessments of projects with an impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of development means all forms and methods of socio-economic development, and it is based on ensuring a balance between these socio-economic systems and the elements of natural capital. Călăraşi county is situated in the South-East part of the country and of the Romanian Plain, on the left shore of the Danube. It has a surface of 5088 square km and it occupies 2.1% of Romania surface. The relief is mainly represented by fields. The county depends on agriculture and economy in the rural area. In the rural area of Călăraşi county 49.1% of the total population in the country lives, most involved in agricultural activities or activities related to it. Communes are the most important category of administrative units, both numerically and in terms of population. The present paper presents aspects regarding the potential of sustainable rural development of Vâlcelele commune in Călăraşi county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Increasingly, experts as deemed by personal experience or mental health service use, are involved in the education of nurses; however, accompanying research is limited and focuses primarily on opinions of nurse educators and students. The aim of this study was to develop an understanding of the potential contribution to mental health nursing education by those with experience of mental health service use. The research was part of the international COMMUNE (Co‐production of Mental Health Nursing Education) project, established to develop and evaluate co‐produced mental health content for undergraduate nursing students. A qualitative descriptive design was adopted with data collected through focus group interviews in seven sites across Europe and Australia. Experts by experience (people with experience of distress, service use, and recovery) co‐produced the project in partnership with nursing academics. Co‐production enriched the process of data collection and facilitated the analysis of data from multiple perspectives. Two themes are presented in this paper. The first focuses on how experts by experience can enhance students’ understanding of recovery by seeing the strengths inherent in the ‘human’ behind the diagnostic label. The second highlights the importance of communication and self‐reflection on personal values, where students can explore their own thoughts and feelings about mental distress alongside those with lived experience. Interacting with experts by experience in the classroom can assist in challenging stigmatizing attitudes prior to nursing placements. These findings can be used to inform international nursing curricula by increasing the focus on nursing skills valued by those who use the services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of development means all forms and methods of socio-economic development, and it is based first of all on ensuring a balance between these socio-economic systems and the elements of natural capital. Călăraşi county is situated in the South-East part of the country and of the Romanian Plain, on the left shore of the Danube. It has a surface of 5088 sqkm and it occupies 2.1% of Romania surface. The relief is mainly represented by fields. The county depends on agriculture and economy in the rural area. In the rural area of Călăraşi county 49.1% of the total population in the country lives, most involved in agricultural activities or activities related to it. Communes are the most important category of administrative units, both numerically and in terms of population. The proposed paper presents aspects regarding the potential of sustainable development of Stefan Voda commune in Călăraşi county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of development means all forms and methods of socio-economic development, and it is based first of all on ensuring a balance between these socio-economic systems and the elements of natural capital. Calarasi county is situated in the South-East part of the country and of the Romanian Plain, on the left shore of the Danube. It has a surface of 5088 sqkm and it occupies 2.1% of Romania surface. The relief is mainly represented by fields. The county depends on agriculture and economy in the rural area. In the rural area of Calarasi county 49.1% of the total population in the country lives, most involved in agricultural activities or activities related to it. The proposed paper presents aspects regarding the potential of sustainable development of Independenta commune in Calarasi county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of development means all forms and methods of socio-economic development, and it is based on ensuring a balance between these socio-economic systems and the elements of natural capital. Călăraşi county is situated in the South-East part of the country and of the Romanian Plain, on the left shore of the Danube. It has a surface of 5088 square km and it occupies 2.1% of Romania surface. The relief is mainly represented by fields. The county depends on agriculture and economy in the rural area. In the rural area of Călăraşi county 49.1% of the total population in the country lives, most involved in agricultural activities or activities related to it. Communes are the most important category of administrative units, both numerically and in terms of population. The present paper presents aspects regarding the potential of sustainable rural development of Vâlcelele commune in Călăraşi county.

It has been 17 years since Beskidy Euroregion was established. This is enough time to make a first assessment concerning the level of development of communes situated in this Euroregion. Most of them are rural communes, therefore they were chosen as an object of analysis. It is a well-known fact that every organization needs financial supply to create conditions for development, that is why the most important purpose of the paper is analyzing selected Silesian rural communes form Euroregion Beskidy with respect to different sources of revenue and comparing the obtained values with the national average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

America's legendary documentary filmmaker Frederick Wiseman shot Essene50 years ago at the height of the commune movement in the United States. Unlike his previous institutional films which showcase an insane asylum, a public high school, an inner city police force, a hospital, and a military training school, Essene's canvas is the far less turbulent terrain of a serene and austere Benedictine monastery devoted to the love and service of God and the divine spirit. This paper undertakes a close textual and hermeneutic analysis of Essene alongside an appraisal of Wiseman's working methodology, his cinematic portrayals of character and dramaturgy, and his discursive construction of a central thesis. The film is analyzed from the tripartite perspective of the central Benedictine tenets of study, prayer, and work, alongside an application of Goffman's dramaturgical insights into the performance of social interaction within institutions. What does Wiseman's time capsule tell us about the glue that binds, and the tensions that fray intentional communities?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concept of development means all forms and methods of socio-economic development, and it is based first of all on ensuring a balance between these socio-economic systems and the elements of natural capital. Călăraşi county is situated in the South-East part of the country and of the Romanian Plain, on the left shore of the Danube. It has a surface of 5088 sqkm and it occupies 2.1% of Romania surface. The relief is mainly represented by fields. The county depends on agriculture and economy in the rural area. In the rural area of Călăraşi county 49.1% of the total population in the country lives, most involved in agricultural activities or activities related to it. Communes are the most important category of administrative units, both numerically and in terms of population. The proposed paper presents aspects regarding the potential of sustainable development of Stefan Voda commune in Călăraşi county.

The concept of development means all forms and methods of socio-economic development, and it is based first of all on ensuring a balance between these socio-economic systems and the elements of natural capital. Călăraşi county is situated in the South-East part of the country and of the Romanian Plain, on the left shore of the Danube. It has a surface of 5088 sqkm and it occupies 2.1% of Romania surface. The relief is mainly represented by fields. The county depends on agriculture and economy in the rural area. In the rural area of Călăraşi county 49.1% of the total population in the country lives, most involved in agricultural activities or activities related to it. The proposed paper presents aspects regarding the potential of sustainable development of Independenţa commune in Călăraşi county.

The Act of 27 August 2009 on public finance – which entered into force on 1 January 2010 – and its later amendments have brought about significant changes in the scope of public services performed by the commune’s self-governments through budgetary establishments. The key change has been the limitation of these services, which triggered the necessity to implement new organizational methods and new financing solutions for public services hitherto carried out by budgetary establishments. Local government authorities were forced to choose between three organizational forms and three different ways of financing of the said services. At present, public services in a commune can be carried out through: a budgetary unit (a form most closely linked to the commune’s budget), a budgetary establishment (a form indirectly linked to the commune’s budget) and a municipal corporation (a form that in fact assumes full commercialization of public services). The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate relevant legislation, judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers, as well as the doctrine of local government law and public finance law regarding the scope of public services that can be financed through budgetary establishments. The hypothesis that the legislator’s implementation of new legal regulations since 2010 has led to implementation of more effective management methods with regard to public services and management of public finance allocated to these services was proven to be right. The legislator’s act of giving local government authorities relative freedom as to the choice of organizational and legal forms through which public services will be performed is tantamount to expecting that the authorities shall perform their tasks rationally. The leading method applied in the paper was the dogmatic and legal method, supported by the empirical and analytical method (in particular with regard to the judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers).

The Act of 27 August 2009 on public finance, which has been in effect in Poland since the beginning of 2010, has changed the rules regarding the keeping of designated income accounts by a commune’s budgetary units. The Act limited the possibility to create designated income accounts within a commune budgetary units. The right to create such accounts is restricted only to budgetary units which perform educational tasks and is an exception from the principle of full budgeting, a principle meaning that a commune’s budgetary units have to transfer all their income to the commune’s budget, and all expenses of budgetary units are covered from the commune’s budgets. In case of educational services, these public tasks are performed by the commune’s budgetary units as organizational units that are most closely linked with the commune’s budget. An exception here, which is an option at the discretion of the Commune’s Council, is to create a designated income account within the commune’s budgetary unit. The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate relevant legislation, judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers, as well as the doctrine of administrative law, in particular, educational law and public finance law regarding the scope of applicability of designated income accounts for a commune’s budgetary units that perform educational tasks. The hypothesis that the financing of such expenses through a designated income account is a special form of redistribution of public financial resources in a commune was proven correct. The implementation of this form of funding is justified by the nature of public educational services and allows for more efficient management of this part of public finance. The leading method applied in the paper was the dogmatic and legal method, supported by the empirical and analytical method (in particular with regard to the judicial practice of courts and regional accounting chambers).

The public participation is seen as a political principle or as a public practice, and it is also recognized as a right of the citizens, with the aim at facilitating the involvement of the segment of citizens affected or interested in a public decision. The citizen’s participation in making decisions regarding the community where he lives is an indicator of how everyone socializes, is involved in making decisions that concern him directly, regarding a new project of the local authorities. As the human resource is extremely dynamic, it is the one that highlights the other types of resources: economic, social and cultural, we elaborated a survey in four rural localities in Călăraşi county to capture the degree of citizens’ participation/involvement from the rural area in the development decisions at the level of the community in which they live. The research was achieved using on the questionnaire-based survey method and the data were processed by the analysis and comparison method, using also the χ ² test. The surveyquestionnaire was used with a number of 7 items, to survey the opinion of the population, to which a number of 377 persons answered. The questions were structured on 2 levels, respectively, filter questions and grid questions. The answers in the questionnaire were analyzed according to 5 criteria, namely: by locality, by respondents’ age, by level of education, by gender and by social status. The differences in the conception of participation in the decisionmaking act are different between the analyzed communes, even if overall 58.27% answered that the group participation is the best. The group activities are appreciated to the detriment of the individual activities, by those aged between 30 and 60 years old, by those with high school education, farmers, employees, without status and pensioners. From the analysis of the citizens’ participation in the respective decision-making in a current way, occasionally or not at all, there is a significant and very significant differentiation at the commune level, age, studies and social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to present the current state and the need for development of sanitary infrastructure in the communes of Parczew District, in Lublin Voivodeship. Parczew District encompasses seven communes: Parczew, Dębowa Kłoda, Jabłoń, Milanów, Podedwórze, Siemień, and Sosnowica. The present paper uses data from surveys conducted in these communes in 2016. On average, 88% of the population used the water supply system in the communes surveyed, while 48% of the inhabitants were connected to a sewerage system. Parczew District had 12 collective mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants with a capacity exceeding 5 m3/d. The households which were not connected to the sewerage network discharged wastewater mainly to non-return tanks. In the communes surveyed, 1,115 households had domestic wastewater treatment plants. All of them were systems with infiltration drainage, which do not ensure high efficiency of removing pollutions and may even contribute to the degradation of the quality of groundwater. In order to solve the existing problems of sewage and water management in the communes of Parczew District, it is necessary to further develop collective sewerage systems and equip the areas which have a dispersed development layout with highly efficient domestic treatment plants, such as constructed wetlands.

This study attempts to analyse and provide details about the phenomenon of energy poverty in Poland and Polish, especially by characterizing the issue from a factual and legal point of view. Therefore, it focuses both on the meaning of energy poverty existing in research and its reflection in the legal system by linking it with the concepts of energy safety and the right to energy and power resources. The suitability of the normative separation of the phenomenon of energy poverty shows its interrelation with the public interest, which makes it the responsibility of administrative authorities, especially the self-government in communes, to counteract the issue. It also determines a new role of communes and extends the scope of tools introduced to rectify the situation of residents suffering from energy poverty. At the same time, it also burdens communes with new responsibilities (i.e., providing financial support to residents and balancing the need to combat energy poverty with other values and obligations, such as environmental protection). It also aggravates the existing multi-faceted nature of energy poverty and its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike other countries belonging to the European Community, where the territorial grid was arranged in the matrix provided by the territorial units for statistics (NUTS) on five distinct hierarchical levels: macro-regions, regions, departments (districts), intercommunity associations (microregions) and communes, in Romania, we currently operate only with taxa 1, 3 and 5; regions and microregions are non-existent from the legal point of view. If regions are now put into question at various levels, microregions are still left at the will of ad-hoc initiatives. Hence, numerous confusions and distortions occur in the absence of their clearly defined status. The present paper reviews a series of situations in which the subject has been debated and the scientific framework in which it should be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of openness of public administration is one of the basic principles in a democratic state. The openness of public administration is also regarded as its fundamental value. It defines the standards of administrative activity, access to information and the controlling functions of citizens, and builds trust in a public authority. The aim of the article is to present legal regulations concerning the openness of the commune in its financial administration. The paper presents the principle of openness of public administration, the dimensions of openness in the practice of communes, the relevant standards arising from the substantive law regulations, as well as selected international experience in this area. Therefore, the choice of the subject of the analysis was dictated by a gap in the legal literature. This is an additional premise that justifies undertaking the indicated research tasks. Against the background of the applicable legal provisions, it should be considered whether the actions taken by the legislator allowed for the creation of a properly functioning model of transparency in the financial management of a commune. Over the years, it has undergone some transformations, which may cause freedom or lack of the possibility of a logically correct, functional, and systemically consistent interpretation. The set goals determined the choice of the layout of the study and research methods. The work assumes methodological pluralism. The two main research methods used in the work are the dogmatic-legal method and the theoretical-legal method. The historical-legal method and legal functionalism were used as an auxiliary, which allowed to present the subject of research from the point of view of its evolution, and thus obtain a full picture of the discussed issues.

This issue brings together papers that tackle a series of problematics which are formulated around the concepts of common, commune, community, and communism, and which engage with the field of critical Marxism. The discussions include the critique of property and commodity fetishism; the relation between 'modes of production' and 'modes of subjectivity'; the rupture with a bourgeois political imaginary circumscribed by the relation between public and private; and the antagonistic nature of class as a process or composition. While an organizing aspiration has been to stage an encounter between operaismo and Althusserian Marxism, contributors complicate this divide by drawing from different philosophical sources and bringing into existence a broader intellectual plane within which these problematics can be situated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion among activists, artists, and scholars to center communalism as a political process and methodology in and across geographical and cultural political "Souths." One of the central questions that this article raises is how to create diverse and heterogeneous strategies for the sustainability and creation of the collective spirit during the conjunctural and structural crises of the Global South and the exhaustion that it produces among those living there. Among themes in the discussion are art, culture, and spirituality as decolonial practices with a historical and ethnic perspective of Black communalism of the South in the context of the United States and Venezuela based on collective life existing before and beyond the European legacies of the commune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyamory means having a sexual and/or intimate relationship with more than one person at a time. In this study, we use in-depth interviews with 22 persons in Sweden who have experience of polyamorous or non-monogamous relationships to explore how polyamory can include imagining utopian relationships and spaces. Thematic analysis was done which indicated narratives of politically invested attempts to create communal living or societal change that resists capitalist and heteronormative nuclear-family arrangements as well as stories of everyday events that do not explicitly involve political ambitions. The range of utopian dreams and practices of the non-monogamous participants in our study, we argue, are examples of what Muñoz calls concrete utopias, filled with joy and laden with disappointment in the face of potentiality and reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airports, as a component of air transport, combine air transport with other modes of transport to strengthen the transportation accessibility of a place in space, attract investors, and stimulate the development of the area. Taking into account that these issues are less exposed in relation to their immediate surroundings, research was undertaken to determine how representatives of the authorities and residents of communes (taking into account the nature of the communes and the size and location of the airport) perceive airports, located within their communes, in the context of their impact on the socio-economic situation in the communes. This was achieved by analysing the communes' strategic documents and data on the operation of communes and airports from 2016 to 2021. These data were obtained from the Civil Aviation Authority, the Central Statistical Office, the International Air Transport Association, and the International Airports Council. In an effort to better understand the relationship between the airport and the commune in which it is located, poll research was carried out using survey and interview techniques. The research focused on 10 airports spread across Poland. A total of 1,200 surveys were conducted among residents of communes, and 10 interviews were conducted with representatives of local governments and the port. To analyse the collected data and present the results, Statistica v.13.3 and R/RStudio software were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania’s Youngest Towns – How Urban Are They? After the collapse of the socialist regime, the urban system of Romania has changed significantly in a very short period of time: in a few years 60 rural settlements gained the town status, mostly without matching the quantitative and qualitative conditions set by the law. This paper examines those 17 indicators necessary to become a town, and compares the values of 2004 (the year, when a “mass declaration” was conducted which resulted in 38 new towns) with the values of 2014 (the latest available statistical data) in order to see the extent and direction in which the new towns developed (or not) in ten years after becoming urban. The paper discusses also the question of whether urbanization and development can be made via political decisions or not.

This paper has the objective to identify the main causes of unschooling and its incidence by sex, age in the commune 5, 6, 8 and 9 of the District of Santa Marta in 2011. To meet this objective a census was applied in the study area, a characterization of unschooling was conducted and a logistic regression model was applied to identify the variables that affect the probability of being unschooled. Found among the reasons most frequently presented as a cause of unschooling are the problems at home, pregnancy, parenthood, the need to work , changing family home, among others presented in this paper. Finally, these results allow to point out the need to develop strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of unschooling in different age groups and differentially for each of the sexes. KEYWORDS: Unschooled, causes of unschooling, school enrollment, truancy, school attendance rates, lack of school places, commune.

Sustainable development and success of rural tourism and agrotourism not depends only by attractive tourist facilities and landscape, depends to an extent more or less equal competitive and quality service. Tourism, being known as one of the world's most competitive activities require commitment, professionalism, understanding, organization and not least an effective strategy for human resource development. The materials we will present the method used in the study was a questionable applied in Olt county, in the 9th joint distributed three forms of relief: Meadow: Gura Padinii, Gârcov and Orlea, Plain: Călui, Curtişoara, Pleșoiu and hill Leleasca, Oboga and Sâmbureşti, in order to analyze and agro tourism potential, to develop strategy and promote recovery. In evaluating the survey data used to test the association, (Chi, Hi or χ2 theoretically) test allows highlighting the existence / non-existence of a link between the association created under local segmentation variables studied.

Saint Martin is a very popular character in the Christian tradition. His life and deeds have had a considerable impact on successive generations of Christians, beginning with the Middle Ages and he is still present in the minds of believers. The popularity of this saint in Poland and Europe is reflected in many names of churches, parishes, chapels, altars as well as in art, names and heraldry. This paper presents selected local self-government coats of arms displaying an image of St. Martin or attributes associated with him. The full figure of St. Martin in Polish local self-government heraldry can be found on the coats of arms of five rural communes (the communes of Biskupice, Drużbice, Granowo, Mochowo and Wiśniowa), the coats of arms of two urban communes (the commune of Jawor, the town and commune of Pacanów) and the coat of arms of an urban quarter (Słocina – currently a quarter of Rzeszów, earlier – until 1954 – a commune). Only one of these, i.e. the coat of arms of the commune of Poświętne, refers to St. Martin by objects associated with him. Heraldic representations of Martin of Tours can be found, for example, in Germany, especially in Hesse, Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz, but also in Czechia, Austria, Slovakia, Finland and Ukraine.

In order to analyze the inhabitants' perception in the rural area on aspects of sustainable development, starting from the realities of the socio-economical and technical-urban analysis of the rural area in Călăraşi county, 3 specific research methods were used: the dynami, deductive and quantitative economic analysis; SWOT analysis; the economic survey or participatory research involves collecting information from the territory using as research techniques "the questionnaire" and "the interview". The research recorded the population opinions and attitudes in 10 communes of Călăraşi county, regarding: the respondents awareness on the concept of sustainable development; cleanliness and care of the communes; prioritization of urgent investments in the studied area; the perception of changes and development potential of the area; assessing the social position of the respondents family; assessments on the quality of life in the rural area. The questionnaire, containing 13 questions, was applied on a total of 595 respondents from the 10 communes included in the study. The starting point in elaborating the questionnaire was the analysis of the social, economic and institutional situations which led to the identification of the key issues facing the localities and the potential for development. All 10 communes have common points on the population interest for the development of the local business sector; the local business sector accesed funds from various sources; there is a large available workforce, and potential for the socio economic development of the communes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article aims to assess the impact of the pandemic on the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate resource of the City of Poznan. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the research goal was based on the assumption that the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic impacted the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate resource of the City of Poznan. In order to assess the analysed phenomenon, the analysis covered the sale of real estate, conducted in the form of a tender during the two years preceding the pandemic and the two years of the pandemic. The analyses were carried out using a list of tenders conducted by the City of Poznan in 2018-2021 and information on the state of the municipal property prepared during this period. The study considered statutory changes relating to the disposal process of municipal real estate. The assumed goal was implemented based on the classic review of the literature, supported by the analysis of legal acts and materials of the studied unit. Findings: The pandemic resulted in significant changes in the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate stock of the City of Poznan. We can distinguish three characteristic periods, with the dynamics of change being the highest in the first year of the pandemic. We note the change in preferences of real estate market participants and the need to update the regulations on the sale of municipal real estate so that they take into account the opportunities for developing digital technologies. Social implications: The article may influence public policy by drawing attention to the importance of adapting legal requirements to the current situation and strategic thinking in managing the communal real estate resource, considering future crises. Originality/value: The article deals with the current and essential topic of the impact of the pandemic on the sale of real estate from the communal real estate resource, which is the research gap. The literature on the subject shows that this issue is analysed in the context of the commercial sector, while there are no analyses in relation to the municipal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rural areas remain a major part of Europe's land area. For several reasons, the EU wants to see sustainable development. Several European funds are therefore intended to support activities, particularly economic activities, in rural areas. Thus, motivated by such a European policy, we considered it appropriate to carry out research at the level of a communewith an important level of living and economic development. We focused our attention on the commune of Cenad in Timis county, a commune on the western border with Hungary. In the methodological approach we used different types of documents and a range of research methods (participatory observation, case study, document analysis, interviews) to highlight the level of economic and social development achieved by the community of Cenad. Even if the inhabitants are mostly satisfied with what has been achieved in their community, even if unemployment is very low and does not put pressure on the social welfare system, we have nevertheless identified certain directions of sustainable development of the locality and implicitly of the community that can be beneficial for all, inhabitants, or tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of P. A. Stolypin, who was burdened by the task of agrarian changes in the country, still remains the object of the “arguments of the parties”. As a rule, one of the arguments ‘for’ or ‘against’ Stolypin’s agrarian policy is drawn from the content of L. Tolstoy’s letters of 1907-1909 to the reformer and his only reply. All these letters date to the most intense period of the land “revolution” in the sovereign state, which only started half a century after serfdom had been abolished. The current epistolary situation is really indicative because it reveals the views and aspirations of the two most prominent fi gures of the beginning of the 20th century, who had diff erent opinions on the solutions of the most signifi cant issue for Russia – the one of the land. The author of the present paper has a goal to study the epistolary sources anew, to sort through the essence of the program attitudes of each of the participants of the epistolary communication, and, where practicable, fi gure out the history of how these attitudes had been formed; reveal the ethical, psychological and intonation texture of the letters, which should facilitate the recreation of the more precise idea of the personalities of the writer and the politician, as well as the atmosphere of the epoch. Equally wishing well-being to their compatriots, separately L. N. Tolstoy and P. A. Stolypin were convinced that the way off ered by each of them was the only way to achieve this well-being, which is demonstrated in the letters, as well as the speeches of the Prime Minister at the State Duma. The confrontation of the sender and the addressee was supported by the opponents and advocates of Stolypin’s reforms. L. Tolstoy, arguing for the abolition of land ownership, for the introduction of the “single tax”, by the strength of his infl uence on the contemporaries objectively hindered the historically reasonable innovations, proposed by the head of the government, who considered it necessary to discontinue the commune and to encourage the working peasant, by making him the owner of the land. The letter refl ects the dramatic intensity of the reform implementation process and the dramatic state of their initiator and leader.

There is great debate over how to measure progress towards ecological sustainability, and a number of approaches deployed by various groups to try and achieve it. One of these is the "ecovillage," a form of communal living—the primary purpose of which is to enable a reduction in consumption through the collectivization of resources. This paper presents a case study of an ecovillage named Dancing Rabbit, which stands as an example counter to mainstream discourses on progress through the relatively successful approach to ecological sustainability. In the dwellings they have built, their resource consumption patterns, and the diverse attitudes towards technology use that they express, the ecovillagers in this study demonstrate narratives of progress which center an ecological motive over one of profitable innovation. Rather than rely on modernist assumptions of engineering our way to sustainable living through advanced technology or embrace primitivist notions of rejecting it all together, the case study of Dancing Rabbit presents an approach functioning as an alternative to that prevailing dichotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]