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We present extended point spread function (PSF) models for the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program Public Data Release 3 (HSC-SSP PDR3) in all g, r, i, Z , and Y -bands. Due to its 8.2 m primary mirror and long exposure periods, HSC combines deep images with wide-field coverage. Both properties make HSC one of the most suitable observing facilities for low-surface brightness (LSB) studies, which are particularly sensitive to the PSF. By applying a median stacking technique of point-like sources with different brightness, we show how to construct the HSC-SSP PDR3 PSF models to an extent of R ∼ 5.6 arcmin. These models are appropriate for the HSC-PDR3 intermediate-state data which do not have applied the final aggressive background subtraction. The intermediate-state data is especially stored for users interested in large extended objects, where our new PSFs provide them with a crucial tool to characterise LSB properties at large angles. We demonstrate that our HSC PSFs behave reasonably in two scenarios. In the first one, we generate 2D models of a bright star, showing no evidence of residual structures across the five bands. In the second scenario, we recreate the PSF-scattered light on mock images with special consideration of the effect of this additional flux on LSB measurements. Despite the well-behaved nature of the HSC-PDR3 PSFs, there is a non-negligible impact on the faint light present in the mock images. This impact could lead to incorrect LSB measurements if a proper star subtraction is not applied. The PSF models are publicly available to the astronomical community at github.com/luciagarate/HSC_PSFs (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11273118). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a novel technique to mitigate the adverse effects of atmospheric turbulence on astronomical imaging. Utilizing a video-to-image neural network trained on simulated data, our method processes a sliding sequence of short-exposure (∼0.2 s) stellar field images to reconstruct an image devoid of both turbulence and noise. We demonstrate the method with simulated and observed stellar fields, and show that the brief exposure sequence allows the network to accurately associate speckles to their originating stars and effectively disentangle light from adjacent sources across a range of seeing conditions, all while preserving flux to a lower signal-to-noise ratio than an average stack. This approach results in a marked improvement in angular resolution without compromising the astrometric stability of the final image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiplicative noise removal is a challenging image processing problem. In this paper, we study a fractional-order nonlinear cross-diffusion system to denoise images corrupted by multiplicative Gamma noise. The system is coupled by two nonlinear, partial differential equations and gray level information, fractional derivative operator is considered in diffusion process to remove high level noise effectively while preserve structure details for texture images and SAR images. We prove the existence of weak solutions and other theoretical properties of the fractional-order cross-diffusion system under some hypotheses. In the numerical aspect, the model is implemented by virtue of the discrete fractional Fourier transform in the frequency domain. Experimental results show that the new system has a good compromise between multiplicative noise removal and structure preservation when compared to other well-known denoising methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in computer image recognition have significantly impacted many industries, including healthcare, security and autonomous systems. This paper aims to explore the potential of improving image algorithms to enhance computer image recognition. Specifically, we will focus on regression methods as a means to improve the accuracy and efficiency of identifying images. In this study, we will analyze various regression techniques and their applications in computer image recognition, as well as the resulting performance improvements through detailed examples and data analysis. This paper deals with the problems related to visual image processing in outdoor unstructured environment. Finally, the heterogeneous patterns are converted into the same pattern, and the heterogeneous patterns are extracted from the fusion features of data modes. The simulation results show that the perception ability and recognition ability of outdoor image recognition in complex environment are improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns regarding microplastic (MP) contamination in aquatic ecosystems and its impact on seafood require a better understanding of human dietary MP exposure including extensive monitoring. While conventional techniques for MP analysis like infrared or Raman microspectroscopy provide detailed particle information, they are limited by low sample throughput, particularly when dealing with high particle numbers in seafood due to matrix-related residues. Consequently, more rapid techniques need to be developed to meet the requirements of large-scale monitoring. This study focused on semi-automated fluorescence imaging analysis after Nile red staining for rapid MP screening in seafood. By implementing RGB-based fluorescence threshold values, the need for high operator expertise to prevent misclassification was addressed. Food-relevant MP was identified with over 95% probability and differentiated from natural polymers with a 1% error rate. Comparison with laser direct infrared imaging (LDIR), a state-of-the-art method for rapid MP analysis, showed similar particle counts, indicating plausible results. However, highly variable recovery rates attributed to inhomogeneous particle spiking experiments highlight the need for future development of certified reference material including sample preparation. The proposed method demonstrated suitability of high throughput analysis for seafood samples, requiring 0.02–0.06 h/cm2 filter surface compared to 4.5–14.7 h/cm with LDIR analysis. Overall, the method holds promise as a screening tool for more accurate yet resource-intensive MP analysis methods such as spectroscopic or thermoanalytical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of vehicles presents notable challenges within the domain of image processing. Traditional models suffer from inefficiency, prolonged training times for datasets, intricate feature extraction, and variable assignment complexities for classification. Conventional methods applied to categorize vehicles from extensive datasets often lead to errors, misclassifications, and unproductive outcomes. Consequently, leveraging machine learning techniques emerges as a promising solution to tackle these challenges. This study adopts a machine learning approach to alleviate image misclassifications and manage large quantities of vehicle images effectively. Specifically, a contrast enhancement technique is employed in the pre-processing stage to highlight pixel values in vehicle images. In the feature segmentation stage, Mask-R-CNN is utilized to categorize pixels into predefined classes. VGG16 is then employed to extract features from vehicle images, while an autoencoder aids in selecting features by learning non-linear input features and compressing representation features. Finally, the CatBoost (CB) algorithm is implemented for vehicle classification (VC) in diverse critical environments, such as inclement weather, twilight, and instances of vehicle blockage. Extensive experiments are conducted using different large-scale datasets with various machine learning platforms. The findings indicate that CB (presumably a specific method or algorithm) attains the highest level of performance on the large-scale dataset named UFPR-ALPR, with an accuracy rate of 98.89%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Achieving a consensus on a definition for different aspects of radiomics workflows to support their translation into clinical usage. Furthermore, to assess the perspective of experts on important challenges for a successful clinical workflow implementation. Materials and methods: The consensus was achieved by a multi-stage process. Stage 1 comprised a definition screening, a retrospective analysis with semantic mapping of terms found in 22 workflow definitions, and the compilation of an initial baseline definition. Stages 2 and 3 consisted of a Delphi process with over 45 experts hailing from sites participating in the German Research Foundation (DFG) Priority Program 2177. Stage 2 aimed to achieve a broad consensus for a definition proposal, while stage 3 identified the importance of translational challenges. Results: Workflow definitions from 22 publications (published 2012–2020) were analyzed. Sixty-nine definition terms were extracted, mapped, and semantic ambiguities (e.g., homonymous and synonymous terms) were identified and resolved. The consensus definition was developed via a Delphi process. The final definition comprising seven phases and 37 aspects reached a high overall consensus (> 89% of experts "agree" or "strongly agree"). Two aspects reached no strong consensus. In addition, the Delphi process identified and characterized from the participating experts' perspective the ten most important challenges in radiomics workflows. Conclusion: To overcome semantic inconsistencies between existing definitions and offer a well-defined, broad, referenceable terminology, a consensus workflow definition for radiomics-based setups and a terms mapping to existing literature was compiled. Moreover, the most relevant challenges towards clinical application were characterized. Critical relevance statement: Lack of standardization represents one major obstacle to successful clinical translation of radiomics. Here, we report a consensus workflow definition on different aspects of radiomics studies and highlight important challenges to advance the clinical adoption of radiomics. Key Points: Published radiomics workflow terminologies are inconsistent, hindering standardization and translation. A consensus radiomics workflow definition proposal with high agreement was developed. Publicly available result resources for further exploitation by the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of smart conurbations entails an efficient system design for managing all the crowds in public places. Multitude controlling procedures are carried out for controlling compact areas where more number of peoples is present at several groups. Therefore for controlling purpose the proposed method aims to design a pictorial representation using Internet of Things (IoT). The process is carried out by taking images and then organizing it using switching techniques in the presence of square boxes where entire populace is identified on real time experimentations. For processing and controlling the occurrence a separate architecture is designed with analytical equivalences where all data set is stored in cloud platform. Further the incorporation of system model is carried out using Switching Based Algorithm (SBA) which adds more number of columns even for high population cases. In order to verify the effectiveness of proposed model five scenarios are considered with performance evaluation metrics for SBA and all the test results provides best optimal results. Moreover the projected model is improved with an average percentage of 83 as compared to existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of the mechanisms of soil liquefaction using imaging techniques from a mesoscopic perspective is essential for thorough characterization and quantification. However, the scope of this research has been limited by the growing knowledge of the mechanisms behind soil meso-liquefaction. Several approaches to soil meso-observation are currently available, but important issues such as the creation of an appropriate scheme, the determination of key meso-parameters, and the completion of quantitative studies remain unresolved. This article reviews the main roles and applications of meso-observation techniques, including meso-imaging systems, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT), in soil investigations. The evolution of soil particle meso-contact, changes in pore size and classification, long axis particle orientation and the influence of meso-parameters such as mean fractal dimension and directional probability entropy are highlighted. Finally, the paper analyses the challenges and development directions of soil meso-liquefaction observation methods and soil meso-liquefaction mechanism research. Soil meso-liquefaction mechanisms can be studied better with the help of a summary of the meso-observation techniques used in most liquefaction experiments. In order to acquire the necessary study parameters for the obtained image, the corresponding image processing methodologies were summarized. The current state of the study of the meso-liquifaction mechanism, used structural meso-parameters of the soil, provides a basis for choosing future research and a useful idea for further study of the meso-liquifaction mechanism of soil in order to better understand and control liquidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, low‐light image enhancement has become increasingly active. However, in underground mine environments, acquiring high‐quality images is still challenging due to low light, low contrast, and occlusion. To address this problem, this study proposes a low‐light image enhancement method for underground mine based on generative adversarial networks (UM‐GAN), which aims to take full advantage of the ability of GAN to achieve the restoration of details, the reduction of noise, and the improvement of overall image quality. The model proposed in this paper is divided into three main parts. Initially, a generator network adopting an encoder–decoder structure is developed. Subsequently, a novel strategy is introduced to merge information by utilizing inverted greyscale images and low‐light images as inputs. Further image quality enhancement is achieved by incorporating a noise reduction module employing the diffusion model. To ascertain the efficacy of the UM‐GAN method, evaluations are conducted on diverse real‐world and synthetic datasets, juxtaposing the approach against superior methods. Through qualitative and quantitative comparative experiments, the method showcases noteworthy advancements through qualitative and quantitative comparative experiments, substantiating its effectiveness. This research provides new ideas and methods for overcoming image quality problems in underground mine environments and contributes to the development of underground mine image processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface quality of steel strip is a critical indicator of the quality of hot‐rolled strip, so accurate inspection of its surface is essential. However, the complex texture of steel strip surface defects makes the detection challenging. Here, a multi‐scale feature fusion and attention based YOLOv5 (MFFA‐YOLOv5) model is proposed. Specifically, the bottom layer features are up‐sampled and fused not only with the middle layer features, but also with the top layer features, so that the model better captures the surface texture information of the steel strip. Secondly, an improved attention mechanism module is introduced to deal with the global and local information of the steel strip surface by introducing down‐sampling and up‐sampling paths based on Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM). Meanwhile, a self‐attention mechanism path is added to improve the capability of feature representation. Experimental results on the NEU‐DET dataset show that the MFFA‐YOLOv5 model significantly outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmentation is crucial in diagnosing retinal diseases by accurately identifiying retinal vessels. This paper addresses the complexity of segmenting retinal vessels, highlighting the need for precise analysis of blood vessel structures. Despite the progress made by convolutional neural networsks (CNNs) in image segmentation, their limitations in capturing the global structure of retinal vsessels and maintaining segmentation continuity present challenges. To tackle these issues, our proposed network integrates graph convolutional networks (GCNs) and attention mechansims. This allows the model to consider pixel relationships and learn vessel graphical structures, significantly improving segmentation accuracy. Additionally, the attentional feature fusion module, including pixel‐wise and channel‐wise attention mechansims within the U‐Net architecture, refines the model's focus on relevant features. This paper emphasizes the importance of continuty preservation, ensuring an accurate representation of pixel‐level information and structural details during sefmentation. Therefore, our method performs as an effective solution to overcome challenges in retinal vessel segmentation. The proposed method outperformed the state‐of‐the‐art approaches on DRIVE (Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction) and STARE (Structed Analysis of the Retina) datasets with accuracies of 0.12% and 0.14%, respecttively. Importantly, our proposed approach excelled in delineating slender and diminutive blood vessels, crucial for diagnosing vascular‐related diseases. Implementation is accessible on https://github.com/CVLab‐SHUT/VGA‐Net. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for less complex and more accurate architectures has always been a priority since the broad usage of computer vision in everyday life, like auto‐drive cars, portable applications, augmented reality systems, medical image analysis etc. There are a lot of methods that have been developed to improve the accuracy and complexity of object detection, like the generations of R‐CNNs and YOLOs. However, these methods are not the most efficient architectures, and there is always room to improve. In this study, the 5th version of YOLO is employed and the improved architecture, Inception‐YOLO, is presented. The model significantly outperforms the SOTA YOLO family. Specifically, the improvements can be summarised as follows: impressive improvement of floating point operations (FLOPs) and number of parameters, as well as improvement in accuracy compared to the models with fewer FLOPs. All our presented approaches, like the optimized inception module, proposed structures for CSP and SPPF, and the improved loss function used in this research, work together to incrementally improve detection results, accuracy, demanded memory, and FLOPs simultaneously. For a glimpse of performance, the Inception‐YOLO‐S model hits 38.7% AP with 5.9M parameters and 11.5 BFLOPs and outperforms YOLOv5‐S with 37.4% AP, 7.2M parameters, and 16.5 BFLOPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of video salient object detection (VSOD), the majority of research has traditionally been centered on third‐person perspective videos. However, this focus overlooks the unique requirements of certain first‐person tasks, such as autonomous driving or robot vision. To bridge this gap, a novel dataset and a camera‐based VSOD model, CaMSD, specifically designed for egocentric videos, is introduced. First, the SalEgo dataset, comprising 17,400 fully annotated frames for video salient object detection, is presented. Second, a computational model that incorporates a camera movement module is proposed, designed to emulate the patterns observed when humans view videos. Additionally, to achieve precise segmentation of a single salient object during switches between salient objects, as opposed to simultaneously segmenting two objects, a saliency enhancement module based on the Squeeze and Excitation Block is incorporated. Experimental results show that the approach outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art methods in egocentric video salient object detection tasks. Dataset and codes can be found at https://github.com/hzhang1999/SalEgo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slug flow processes draw much attention in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing thanks to their ability to eliminate downtime costs and batch‐to‐batch variation. Using in‐line video can monitor the current process status and improve the stability of the slug flow. However, there are no effective image processing methods aiming at such videos from chemical experiments due to limited training sample size and the variety of experimental settings. The paper proposes a training‐free method to automatically detect and measure the slugs from in‐line videos. Multiple image features are fused to identify the slug shapes under various lighting conditions, a six‐point model is fitted to achieve better volume estimation, and a consistency score is estimated to quantify the detection uncertainty. The proposed algorithm achieves similar results to manual labeling for various types of slug flow processes, improving the accuracy of slug column estimation by a large margin compared to the existing automatic methods. Finally, using it to monitor the slug flow process's stability and the change of the slug volume in an injection point are demonstrated. The method not only shows that handcrafted image features have the capability for detection and segmentation from chemical experiment images but also paves the road for a training‐based algorithm for the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐light image enhancement is a longstanding challenge in low‐level vision, as images captured in low‐light conditions often suffer from significant aesthetic quality flaws. Recent methods based on deep neural networks have made impressive progress in this area. In contrast to mainstream convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based methods, an effective solution inspired by the transformer, which has shown impressive performance in various tasks, is proposed. This solution is centred around two key components. The first is an image synthesis pipeline, and the second is a powerful transformer‐based pre‐trained model, known as the low‐light image enhancement transformer (LIET). The image synthesis pipeline includes illumination simulation and realistic noise simulation, enabling the generation of more life‐like low‐light images to overcome the issue of data scarcity. LIET combines streamlined CNN‐based encoder‐decoders with a transformer body, efficiently extracting global and local contextual features at a relatively low computational cost. The extensive experiments show that this approach is highly competitive with current state‐of‐the‐art methods. The codes have been released and are available at LIET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the occurrence of information loss and distortion in image style transfer, a method is proposed for researching and designing image style transfer technology based on multi‐scale convolutional neural networks (CNNs) feature fusion. Initially, the VGG19 model is designed for coarse and fine‐scale networks to achieve multi‐scale CNN feature extraction of target image information. Subsequently, while setting the corresponding feature loss function, an additional least‐squares penalty parameter is introduced to balance the optimal total loss function. Finally, leveraging the characteristics of stochastic gradient descent iteration, image features are fused and reconstructed to obtain better style transfer images. Experimental evaluations utilize peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), information entropy (IE), and mean squared error (MSE) as metrics for assessing the transferred images, comparing them with three typical image style transfer methods. Results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves optimal performance across all metrics, realizing superior image style transfer effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phisically-based thermal infrared images rendering chain for artificial satellite targets. • Assessment and comparison of most relevant pixel-level VIS-TIR image fusion techniques. • Fused noisy image processing within the context of uncooperative space-craft relative navigation. State-of-the-art techniques for vision-based relative navigation rely on images acquired in the visible spectral band. Consequently, the accuracy and robustness of the navigation is strongly influenced by the illumination conditions. The exploitation of thermal-infrared images for navigation purposes is studied in the present paper, as a possible solution to improve navigation in close proximity with a target spacecraft. Thermal-infrared images depend on the thermal radiation emitted by the target, hence, they are independent from light conditions; however, they suffer from a poorer texture and a lower contrast with respect to visible ones. This paper proposes pixel-level image fusion to overcome the limitations of the two types of images. The two source images are merged into a more informative one, retaining the strengths of the distinguished sensing modalities. The contribution of this work is twofold: firstly, a realistic thermal infrared images rendering tool for artificial targets is implemented; secondly, different pixel-level visible-thermal infrared images fusion techniques are assessed through qualitative and quantitative performance metrics to ease and improve the subsequent image processing step. The work presents a comprehensive evaluation of the best fusion techniques for on-board implementation, paving the way to the development of a multispectral end-to-end navigation chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited resources for edge computing platforms in airborne and spaceborne imaging payloads prevent using complex image processing models. Model pruning can eliminate redundant parameters and reduce the computational load, enhancing processing efficiency on edge computing platforms. Current challenges in model pruning for remote-sensing object detection include the risk of losing target features, particularly during sparse training and pruning, and difficulties in maintaining channel correspondence for residual structures, often resulting in retaining redundant features that compromise the balance between model size and accuracy. To address these challenges, we propose the L1 reweighted regularization (L1RR) pruning method. Leveraging dynamic and self-adaptive sparse modules, we optimize L1 sparsity regularization, preserving the model's target feature information using a feature attention loss mechanism to determine appropriate pruning ratios. Additionally, we propose a residual reconstruction procedure, which removes redundant feature channels from residual structures while maintaining the residual inference structure through output channel recombination and input channel recombination, achieving a balance between model size and accuracy. Validation on two remote-sensing datasets demonstrates significant reductions in parameters and floating point operations (FLOPs) of 77.54% and 65%, respectively, and a 48.5% increase in the inference speed on the Jetson TX2 platform. This framework optimally maintains target features and effectively distinguishes feature channel importance compared to other methods, significantly enhancing feature channel robustness for difficult targets and expanding pruning applicability to less difficult targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real-time tracking of moving objects has extensive applications in various domains. Existing tracking methods typically utilize video image processing, but their performance is limited due to the high information throughput and computational requirements associated with processing continuous images. Additionally, imaging in certain spectral bands can be costly. This paper proposes a non-imaging real-time three-dimensional tracking technique for distant moving targets using single-pixel LiDAR. This novel approach involves compressing scene information from three-dimensional to one-dimensional space using spatial encoding modulation and then obtaining this information through single-pixel detection. A LiDAR system is constructed based on this method, where the peak position of the detected full-path one-dimensional echo signal is used to obtain the target distance, while the peak intensity is used to obtain the azimuth and pitch information of the moving target. The entire process requires minimal data collection and a low computational load, making it feasible for the real-time three-dimensional tracking of single or multiple moving targets. Outdoor experiments confirmed the efficacy of the proposed technology, achieving a distance accuracy of 0.45 m and an azimuth and pitch angle accuracy of approximately 0.03° in localizing and tracking a flying target at a distance of 3 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmenting small infrared targets presents a significant challenge for traditional image processing architectures due to the inherent lack of texture, minimal shape information, and their sparse pixel representation within images. The conventional UNet architecture, while proficient in general segmentation tasks, inadequately addresses the nuances of small infrared target segmentation due to its reliance on downsampling operations, such as pooling, which often results in the loss of critical target information. This paper introduces the Channel Spatial Attention Nested UNet (CSAN-UNet), an innovative architecture designed specifically to enhance the detection and segmentation of small infrared targets. Central to CSAN-UNet's design is the Cascaded Channel and Spatial Convolutional Attention Module (CSCAM), a novel component that adaptively enhances multi-level features and mitigates the loss of target information attributable to downsampling processes. Additionally, the Channel-priority and Spatial Attention Cascade Module (CPSAM) represents another pivotal advancement within CSAN-UNet, prioritizing channel-level adjustments alongside spatial attention mechanisms to efficiently extract deep semantic information pertinent to small infrared targets. Empirical validation conducted on two public datasets confirms that CSAN-UNet surpasses existing state-of-the-art algorithms in segmentation performance, while simultaneously reducing computational overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel method for 3D data cube denoising, where the 3D data cube is corrupted by noise with spatially varying noise levels. We perform 3D dual tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) to the 3D data cube, and then conduct wavelet-based thresholding based on three scales of dependency in wavelet coefficients. Instead of using the global noise level, we estimate the noise levels locally, which improve the denoising results substantially. We conduct inverse DTCWT to obtain the noise reduced data cubes. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms block matching and 3D filtering, video block matching and 3D filtering, 2D bivariate shrinkage, and 3D bivariate shrinkage significantly for noise reduction of 3D data cubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximate multipliers are widely used in image processing and multimedia signal processing applications for the reduction in area, computation time, and power consumption. 4:2 compressors play a key role in multipliers for efficient addition of partial product bits. In this paper, an inexact 4:2 compressor is proposed, where a major portion of the logic associated with the generation of Carry and Sum are shared to reduce the logic/circuit complexity. During the design time overestimates are balanced with the underestimates so as to reduce the total error distance. The proposed compressor is used for the addition of partial products of the Baugh-Wooley multiplier. A novel algorithm is proposed for the placement of inexact 4:2 compressors in the partial product bit array, based on the minimum peak signal-to-noise ratio requirement of the application. The approximate multipliers thus obtained are used for edge detection using Sobel operator. It is observed from the Pareto analysis that the proposed design offers significant saving in area, computation time, and power consumption over the design with nearly the same error performance. Besides, the proposed design is more error tolerant compared with the design with nearly the same area-delay trade-off and power-delay trade-off. Moreover, the proposed inexact 4:2 compressor-based Baugh-Wooley multiplier is found to offer better accuracy-area trade-off compared to the state-of-the-art 4:2 compressors in convolutional neural network-based classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decomposing an image into meaningful components is an effective way for image processing. Making full use of cartoon features and texture features with deep neural networks may further achieve the stable noise cancellation performance for low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) denoising. However, the performance of conventional deep neural networks is limited by their black-box nature. To overcome this drawback, we proposed an algorithm unrolling approach for LDCT denoising, namely, the cartoon-texture features guided network (CTFG-Net). The CTFG-Net integrates a cartoon sub-network, a texture sub-network, and a fusion sub-network into an end-to-end convolutional neural network model. A cartoon decomposition algorithm and a texture decomposition algorithm were unrolled to the cartoon sub-network and the texture sub-network, respectively. These two sub-networks were employed to decompose a LDCT image into its cartoon components and texture components. During the process of image decomposition, these two sub-networks exploited cartoon features and texture features to greatly suppress noise and remove artifacts in the corresponding components. At last, the final denoised results were yielded through a data fusion of the denoised cartoon components and the denoised texture components. The proposed model was tested with three datasets, Mayo dataset, Piglet dataset, and AbdomenCT-1K dataset. Qualitative results show that the CTFG-Net achieved better denoising effects for LDCT images than the competing algorithms. Compared to the competing algorithms, the proposed CTFG-Net also improved the peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index measure, and visual information fidelity by (0.3994 dB and 0.7692 dB), (0.0115 and 0.0056), and (0.0751 and 0.0433) with Mayo dataset and Piglet dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple-picking robot can promote the development of smart agriculture, and accurate object recognition in complex natural environments using deep learning algorithms is critical. However, research has shown that changes in illumination and object occlusion remain significant challenges for recognition. In order to improve the accuracy of apple apple-picking robot’s identification and positioning of apples in natural environment, a method using YOLOv5 (You Only Look Once, YOLO) combined with fast-guided filter is proposed. By introducing a fast-guided filtering module, the ability to extract image features is improved, and the problem of inaccurate occlusion targets and edge detection is solved; K-means clustering algorithm is introduced in improving YOLOv5, which can realize automatic adjustment of image size and step size; BiFPN structure is introduced in Neck network to add weighted feature fusion to highlight the detailed features. The results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can well remove noise information such as occlusion edge blurring in apple images in a natural light environment. In the real orchard environment, the apple recognition accuracy rate reached 97.8%, the recall rate was 97.3% and the recognition rate was about 26.84fps. The results show that this research based on YOLOv5 and fast-guided filtering can realize fast and accurate identification of apple fruits in natural environment, and meet the practical application requirements of real-time target detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The scapholunate interosseous ligament is pivotal for wrist stability, and its impairment can result in instability and joint degeneration. This study explores the application of real-time MRI for dynamic assessment of the scapholunate joint during wrist motion with the objective of determining its diagnostic value in efficacy in contrast to static imaging modalities. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy participants underwent real-time MRI scans during wrist ab/adduction and fist-clenching maneuvers. Measurements were obtained at proximal, medial, and distal landmarks on both dynamic and static images with statistical analyses conducted to evaluate the reliability of measurements at each landmark and the concordance between dynamic measurements and established static images. Additionally, inter- and intraobserver variabilities were evaluated. Results: Measurements of the medial landmarks demonstrated the closest agreement with static images and exhibited the least scatter. Distal landmark measurements showed a similar level of agreement but with increased scatter. Proximal landmark measurements displayed substantial deviation, which was accompanied by an even greater degree of scatter. Although no significant differences were observed between the ab/adduction and fist-clenching maneuvers, both inter- and intraobserver variabilities were significant across all measurements. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of real-time MRI in the dynamic assessment of the scapholunate joint particularly at the medial landmark. Despite promising results, challenges such as measurement variability need to be addressed. Standardization and integration with advanced image processing methods could significantly enhance the accuracy and reliability of real-time MRI, paving the way for its clinical implementation in dynamic wrist imaging studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock strength parameters such as uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity are crucial parameters in designing rock engineering structures. Owing to the importance of the aforementioned parameters, in this paper, image processing technique is coupled with artificial neural network (ANN) method for assessing the uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of sandstones. For this reason, 102 core sandstone samples were prepared. Subsequently petrographic analyses and imaging operation for 102 images were performed. Principal component analysis was then conducted for feature reduction purposes. At last, an ANN model, which received its input data from image processing technique, was constructed for assessing the UCS and E of sandstone samples. Overall, the best performance of the network was obtained when 10 hidden nodes were used. The correlation coefficient (R) values of 0.9722 and 0.97062 for UCS and E, respectively, suggest the feasibility of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventing fluid penetration poses a challenging reliability concern in the context of power electronics, which is usually caused by unforeseen microfractures along the sealing joints. A better and more reliable product design heavily depends on the understanding of the dynamic wetting processes happening inside these complex microfractures, i.e. microchannels. A novel automated image processing procedure is proposed in this work for analyzing the moving interface and the dynamic contact angle in microchannels. In particular, the developed method is advantageous for experiments involving non-transparent samples, where extracting the fluid interface geometry poses a significant challenge. The developed method is validated with theoretical values and manual measurements and exhibits high accuracy. The implementation is made publicly available. The developed method is validated and applied to experimental investigations of forced wetting with two working fluids (water and 50 wt% glycerin/water mixture) in four distinct microchannels characterized by different dimensions and curvature. The comparison between the experimental results and molecular kinetic theory (MKT) reveals that the dynamic wetting behavior can be described well by MKT, even in highly curved microchannels. The dynamic wetting behavior shows a strong dependency on the channel geometry and curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile devices and handheld systems, such as the smartphones and tablets universally extended, are becoming increasingly powerful. Their basic hardware configuration is usually state-of-the-art heterogeneous architectures consisting of multi-core processors and some kind of accelerator such as GPUs or DSPs. Specific code adapted to the architecture is mandatory if high-performance computation is required and low-level libraries and parallelism are needed, which constitutes an important barrier for the usual developer in such devices. In this context, we propose the FancyJCL framework. It provides a high-level abstraction layer that hides implementation details and allows to develop parallel programs for mobile devices. The target platform for FancyJCL is mainly Android and Java developers due to their high market penetration. A very simple, seemingly sequential encoding results in parallel efficient OpenCL code. FancyJCL is itself based on the Fancier framework, which enables optimal memory management across memory spaces on unified memory systems. Benchmarks of FancyJCL code developed for a wide range of image processing algorithms show good performance with low development effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional image processing and machine learning based on handcrafted features struggle to meet the real time and high-accuracy requirements for industrial defect detection in complex, sensitive, and dynamic environments. To address this issue, this paper proposes AENet, a novel real-time defect detection network based on an encoder-decoder model, which achieves high detection accuracy and efficiency while demonstrating excellent convergence and generalization. Firstly, a spatial channel attention module in the encoding network is designed to exploit both spatial attention and channel attention using a multi-head 3D self-attention mechanism. This improves parallelism and detection efficiency. Secondly, the decoding network of AENet incorporates the cross-level attention fusion module, which fuses input features from different layers. Combined with multi-level upsampling design, the decoder enhances the representation of defect details. Furthermore, we insert a simplified aggregator into the encoder-decoder network to extract feature information at different scales with low computational cost. This aggregation process aids in training and inference on industrial defect datasets by incorporating contextual information. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that AENet outperforms other segmentation models in accomplishing defect recognition and segmentation in challenging optical environments. It exhibits a faster convergence than other networks and a balance between accuracy and speed. It achieves a recognition accuracy of over 96% for almost all types of defects in the actual industrial environment on the NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the drum mixing of particulate polymers, segregation may occur. By measuring the mixing status in real time, it is possible to implement corrective measures to prevent separation and improve the efficiency of the process. This study aims to develop and validate a real-time vision system designed to monitor the mixing process of polymeric particles in a rotary drum mixer, employing a novel centroid-based model for determining the mixing index. The proposed centroid-based model is capable of addressing the radial particle segregation issue without the need for extra image-processing procedures like image subdivision or pixel randomization. This innovative approach greatly improves computational efficiency by processing over 68 image frames per second. The new processing method is 2.8 times faster than the gray-level co-occurrence matrix method and 21.6 times faster than the Lacey index approach. This significantly improves real-time monitoring capabilities and enables real-time image processing using only affordable single-board computers and webcams. The proposed vision-based system for monitoring rotary drum mixing has undergone validation via cross-validation using discrete element method simulations, ensuring its accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiking neural membrane systems (SN P systems) are a class of bio-inspired models inspired by the activities and connectivity of neurons. Extensive studies have been made on SN P systems with synchronization-based communication, while further efforts are needed for the systems with rhythm-based communication. In this work, we design an asynchronous SN P system with resonant connections where all the enabled neurons in the same group connected by resonant connections should instantly produce spikes with the same rhythm. In the designed system, each of the three modules implements one type of the three operations associated with the edge detection of digital images, and they collaborate each other through the resonant connections. An algorithm called EDSNP for edge detection is proposed to simulate the working of the designed asynchronous SN P system. A quantitative analysis of EDSNP and the related methods for edge detection had been conducted to evaluate the performance of EDSNP. The performance of the EDSNP in processing the testing images is superior to the compared methods, based on the quantitative metrics of accuracy, error rate, mean square error, peak signal-to-noise ratio and true positive rate. The results indicate the potential of the temporal firing and the proper neuronal connections in the SN P system to achieve good performance in edge detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a guest editorial from the journal IET Computer Vision, discussing the topic of advanced image restoration and enhancement. The editorial highlights the challenges faced in this field, such as the complexity of degradation models for real-world low-quality images and the difficulty of acquiring paired data. It also introduces a special issue of the journal that includes five accepted papers, which focus on video reconstruction and image super-resolution. The editorial concludes by providing brief summaries of each accepted paper. The guest editors of the special issue are also mentioned, along with their research interests and affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, many methods for image super‐resolution (SR) have relied on pairs of low‐resolution (LR) and high‐resolution (HR) images for training, where the degradation process is predefined by bicubic downsampling. While such approaches perform well in standard benchmark tests, they often fail to accurately replicate the complexity of real‐world image degradation. To address this challenge, researchers have proposed the use of unpaired image training to implicitly model the degradation process. However, there is a significant domain gap between the real‐world LR and the synthetic LR images from HR, which severely degrades the SR performance. A novel unsupervised image‐blind super‐resolution method that exploits degradation feature‐based learning for real‐image super‐resolution reconstruction (RDFL) is proposed. Their approach learns the degradation process from HR to LR using a generative adversarial network (GAN) and constrains the data distribution of the synthetic LR with real degraded images. The authors then encode the degraded features into a Transformer‐based SR network for image super‐resolution reconstruction through degradation representation learning. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the RDFL method, which achieves visually pleasing reconstruction results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perception systems in autonomous vehicles need to accurately detect and classify objects within their surrounding environments. Numerous types of sensors are deployed on these vehicles, and the combination of such multimodal data streams can significantly boost performance. The authors introduce a novel sensor fusion framework using deep convolutional neural networks. The framework employs both camera and LiDAR sensors in a multimodal, multiview configuration. The authors leverage both data types by introducing two new innovative fusion mechanisms: element‐wise multiplication and multimodal factorised bilinear pooling. The methods improve the bird's eye view moderate average precision score by +4.97% and +8.35% on the KITTI dataset when compared to traditional fusion operators like element‐wise addition and feature map concatenation. An in‐depth analysis of key design choices impacting performance, such as data augmentation, multi‐task learning, and convolutional architecture design is offered. The study aims to pave the way for the development of more robust multimodal machine vision systems. The authors conclude the paper with qualitative results, discussing both successful and problematic cases, along with potential ways to mitigate the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in deep convolutional neural networks have shown improved performance in face super‐resolution through joint training with other tasks such as face analysis and landmark prediction. However, these methods have certain limitations. One major limitation is the requirement for manual marking information on the dataset for multi‐task joint learning. This additional marking process increases the computational cost of the network model. Additionally, since prior information is often estimated from low‐quality faces, the obtained guidance information tends to be inaccurate. To address these challenges, a novel Decoder Structure Guided CNN‐Transformer Network (DCTNet) is introduced, which utilises the newly proposed Global‐Local Feature Extraction Unit (GLFEU) for effective embedding. Specifically, the proposed GLFEU is composed of an attention branch and a Transformer branch, to simultaneously restore global facial structure and local texture details. Additionally, a Multi‐Stage Feature Fusion Module is incorporated to fuse features from different network stages, further improving the quality of the restored face images. Compared with previous methods, DCTNet improves Peak Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio by 0.23 and 0.19 dB on the CelebA and Helen datasets, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the designed DCTNet offers a simple yet powerful solution to recover detailed facial structures from low‐quality images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very high-resolution remote sensing images hold promising applications in ground observation tasks, paving the way for highly competitive solutions using image processing techniques for land cover classification. To address the challenges faced by convolutional neural network (CNNs) in exploring contextual information in remote sensing image land cover classification and the limitations of vision transformer (ViT) series in effectively capturing local details and spatial information, we propose a local feature acquisition and global context understanding network (LFAGCU). Specifically, we design a multidimensional and multichannel convolutional module to construct a local feature extractor aimed at capturing local information and spatial relationships within images. Simultaneously, we introduce a global feature learning module that utilizes multiple sets of multi-head attention mechanisms for modeling global semantic information, abstracting the overall feature representation of remote sensing images. Validation, comparative analyses, and ablation experiments conducted on three different scales of publicly available datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization capability of the LFAGCU method. Results show its effectiveness in locating category attribute information related to remote sensing areas and its exceptional generalization capability. Code is available at https://github.com/lzp-lkd/LFAGCU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many algorithms for image processing do not require particularly high precision, but they rely on complicated arithmetic operations for every pixel in an image. The Bernsen algorithm is a typical local thresholding algorithm for solving the problem of uneven lighting. However, this algorithm requires a significant computing overhead and is extremely sensitive to noise. In this work, two stochastic computing architectures are proposed for implementing the Bernsen algorithm by using, respectively, uncorrelated and correlated input bitstreams. Experimental results show that both designs, especially the one using correlated bitstreams, present high fault tolerance of soft errors and low hardware cost in comparison with its conventional binary implementation. However, SC logic with uncorrelated inputs is not always superior to its corresponding binary circuit in energy consumption, especially the circuit that needs long input bitstreams. That means that a reasonable use of correlation can further optimize the SC circuit design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the fabric of soil can significantly influence its behaviour, the effect of varying fabric parameters on the subgrade shear response is still not well understood. This study creates soil specimens with different fabrics which are then captured through X-ray microscopic-computed tomography scanning and quantified by image processing techniques. A comprehensive laboratory investigation is conducted to understand how the soil fabric affects its monotonic and cyclic shear behaviour. The results indicate that the consolidation method creates a more homogeneous fabric with mainly small-to-medium interconnected pores, whereas the compaction technique creates significantly large and mostly inter-aggregate pores with lower connectivity. In this regard, the consolidated specimens exhibit an elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour, while the compacted specimens show strain-hardening transformation during isotropic monotonic shearing. Under anisotropic conditions, the compacted specimens exhibit a greater strain softening response and excess pore pressure than the consolidated specimens because they have a weaker fabric. Furthermore, the compacted specimens show a smaller threshold strain at a lower critical number of cycles due to the collapse of large pores. These current findings prove the decisive role that soil fabric plays in determining the shear response and failure of subgrade soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minor bodies exhibit considerable variability in shape and surface morphology, posing challenges for spacecraft operations, which are further compounded by highly non-linear dynamics and limited communication windows with Earth. Additionally, uncertainties persist in the shape and surface morphology of minor bodies due to errors in ground-based estimation techniques. The growing need for autonomy underscores the importance of robust image processing and visual-based navigation methods. To address this demand, it is essential to conduct tests on a variety of body shapes and with different surface morphological features. This work introduces the procedural Minor bOdy geNErator Tool (MONET), implemented using an open-source 3D computer graphics software. The starting point of MONET is the three-dimensional mesh of a generic minor body, which is procedurally modified by introducing craters, boulders, and surface roughness, resulting in a photorealistic model. MONET offers the flexibility to generate a diverse range of shapes and surface morphological features, aiding in the recreation of various minor bodies. Users can fine-tune relevant parameters to create the desired conditions based on the specific application requirements. The tool offers the capability to generate two default families of models: rubble-pile, characterized by numerous different-sized boulders, and comet-like, reflecting the typical morphology of comets. MONET serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers involved in minor body exploration missions and related projects, providing insights into the adaptability and effectiveness of guidance and navigation techniques across a wide range of morphological scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new method for recognizing, extracting, and processing Phase-Resolved Partial Discharge (PRPD) patterns from two-dimensional plots to identify specific defect types affecting electrical equipment without human intervention while retaining the principals that make PRPD analysis an effective diagnostic technique. The proposed method does not rely on training complex deep learning algorithms which demand substantial computational resources and extensive datasets that can pose significant hurdles for the application of on-line partial discharge monitoring. Instead, the developed Cosine Cluster Net (CCNet) model, which is an image processing pipeline, can extract and process patterns from any two-dimensional PRPD plot before employing the cosine similarity function to measure the likeness of the patterns to predefined templates of known defect types. The PRPD pattern recognition capabilities of the model were tested using several manually classified PRPD images available in the existing literature. The model consistently produced similarity scores that identified the same defect type as the one from the manual classification. The successful defect type reporting from the initial trials of the CCNet model together with the speed of the identification, which typically does not exceed four seconds, indicates potential for real-time applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of deep learning, the Super-Resolution (SR) reconstruction of microscopic images has improved significantly. However, the scarcity of microscopic images for training, the underutilization of hierarchical features in original Low-Resolution (LR) images, and the high-frequency noise unrelated with the image structure generated during the reconstruction process are still challenges in the Single Image Super-Resolution (SISR) field. Faced with these issues, we first collected sufficient microscopic images through Motic, a company engaged in the design and production of optical and digital microscopes, to establish a dataset. Secondly, we proposed a Residual Dense Attention Generative Adversarial Network (RDAGAN). The network comprises a generator, an image discriminator, and a feature discriminator. The generator includes a Residual Dense Block (RDB) and a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), focusing on extracting the hierarchical features of the original LR image. Simultaneously, the added feature discriminator enables the network to generate high-frequency features pertinent to the image's structure. Finally, we conducted experimental analysis and compared our model with six classic models. Compared with the best model, our model improved PSNR and SSIM by about 1.5 dB and 0.2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an innovative laser 3D-scanning technology is proposed to scan pipe inner walls in order to solve the problems of the exorbitant expenses and operational complexities of the current equipment for the 3D data acquisition of the pipe inner wall, and the difficulty of both the efficiency and accuracy of traditional light stripe-center extraction methods. The core of this technology is the monocular-structured light 3D scanner, the image processing strategy based on tracking speckles, and the improved gray barycenter method. The experimental results demonstrate a 52% reduction in the average standard error of the improved gray barycenter method when compared to the traditional gray barycenter method, along with an 83% decrease in the operation time when compared to the Steger method. In addition, the size data of the inner wall of the pipe obtained using this technology is accurate, and the average deviation of the inner diameter and length of the pipe is less than 0.13 mm and 0.41 mm, respectively. In general, it not only reduces the cost, but also ensures high efficiency and high precision, providing a new and efficient method for the 3D data acquisition of the inner wall of the pipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of incomplete dehazing, color distortion, and loss of detail and edge information encountered by existing algorithms when processing images of underground coal mines, an image dehazing algorithm for underground coal mines, named CAB CA DSConv Fusion gUNet (CCDF-gUNet), is proposed. First, Dynamic Snake Convolution (DSConv) is introduced to replace traditional convolutions, enhancing the feature extraction capability. Second, residual attention convolution blocks are constructed to simultaneously focus on both local and global information in images. Additionally, the Coordinate Attention (CA) module is utilized to learn the coordinate information of features so that the model can better capture the key information in images. Furthermore, to simultaneously focus on the detail and structural consistency of images, a fusion loss function is introduced. Finally, based on the test verification of the public dataset Haze-4K, the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity (SSIM), and Mean Squared Error (MSE) are 30.72 dB, 0.976, and 55.04, respectively, and on a self-made underground coal mine dataset, they are 31.18 dB, 0.971, and 49.66, respectively. The experimental results show that the algorithm performs well in dehazing, effectively avoids color distortion, and retains image details and edge information, providing some theoretical references for image processing in coal mine surveillance videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to introduce a novel approach to identifying flow regimes and void fractions in microchannel flow boiling, which is based on binary image segmentation using digital image processing and deep learning. The proposed image processing pipeline uses adaptive thresholding, blurring, gamma correction, contour detection, and histogram comparison to separate vapor from liquid areas, while the deep learning method uses a customized version of a convolutional neural network (CNN) called U-net to extract meaningful features from video frames. Both approaches enabled the automatic detection of flow boiling conditions, such as bubbly, slug, and annular flow, as well as automatic void fraction calculation. Especially CNN demonstrated its ability to deliver fast and dependable results, presenting an appealing substitute to manual feature extraction. The U-net-based CNN was able to segment flow boiling images with a Dice score of 99.1% and classify the above flow regimes with an overall classification accuracy of 91%. In addition, the neural network was able to predict resistance sensor readings from image data and assign them to a flow state with a mean squared error (MSE) < 10−6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plants are known to be infected by a wide range of pathogenic microbes. To study plant diseases caused by microbes, it is imperative to be able to monitor disease symptoms and microbial colonization in a quantitative and objective manner. In contrast to more traditional measures that use manual assignments of disease categories, image processing provides a more accurate and objective quantification of plant disease symptoms. Besides monitoring disease symptoms, computational image processing provides additional information on the spatial localization of pathogenic microbes in different plant tissues. Results: Here we report on an image analysis tool called ScAnalyzer to monitor disease symptoms and bacterial spread in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Thereto, detached leaves are assembled in a grid and scanned, which enables automated separation of individual samples. A pixel color threshold is used to segment healthy (green) from chlorotic (yellow) leaf areas. The spread of luminescence-tagged bacteria is monitored via light-sensitive films, which are processed in a similar manner as the leaf scans. We show that this tool is able to capture previously identified differences in susceptibility of the model plant A. thaliana to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Moreover, we show that the ScAnalyzer pipeline provides a more detailed assessment of bacterial spread within plant leaves than previously used methods. Finally, by combining the disease symptom values with bacterial spread values from the same leaves, we show that bacterial spread precedes visual disease symptoms. Conclusion: Taken together, we present an automated script to monitor plant disease symptoms and microbial spread in A. thaliana leaves. The freely available software (https://github.com/MolPlantPathology/ScAnalyzer) has the potential to standardize the analysis of disease assays between different groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional photography can only provide a two-dimensional image of the scene, whereas emerging imaging modalities such as light field enable the representation of higher dimensional visual information by capturing light rays from different directions. Light fields provide immersive experiences, a sense of presence in the scene, and can enhance different vision tasks. Hence, research into light field processing methods has become increasingly popular. It does, however, come at the cost of higher data volume and computational complexity. With the growing deployment of machine-learning and deep architectures in image processing applications, a paradigm shift toward learning-based approaches has also been observed in the design of light field processing methods. Various learning-based approaches are developed to process the high volume of light field data efficiently for different vision tasks while improving performance. Taking into account the diversity of light field vision tasks and the deployed learning-based frameworks, it is necessary to survey the scattered learning-based works in the domain to gain insight into the current trends and challenges. This paper aims to review the existing learning-based solutions for light field imaging and to summarize the most promising frameworks. Moreover, evaluation methods and available light field datasets are highlighted. Lastly, the review concludes with a brief outlook for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores advanced image processing techniques for pigment discrimination in rock art paintings, emphasizing color separation using RGB (red, green, blue) and LHCUv (Luminance, Hue, Chroma) imagery. It highlights the use of dimensionality reduction methods such as Principal Components Analisys PCA and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), with a focus on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) for probabilistic classification of image elements. This approach, applied to the Chomache archaeological site on the northernmost coast of the Atacama Desert in Chile, reveals previously undetected motifs and details, offering a nuanced perspective in rock art documentation and analysis. This proposal reinforces the value of rock art panel not only as a finished product but as a process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]