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Objective: Previous studies have shown unilateral posterior crossbite is associated with mandibular asymmetry in morphology and position. However, it remains unclear whether unilateral Brodie bite plays a similar role in mandibular development. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the morphological and positional symmetry of mandibles in patients with unilateral Brodie bite by three‐dimensional anaylsis. Methods: Fourteen patients with unilateral Brodie bite (mean age 18.43 ± 4.24 years) and fourteen sex‐ and age‐matched patients with normal occlusion (mean age 18.07 ± 5.48 years) underwent cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. 3D surface mesh models of their mandibles were established using Mimics Research 19.0. The surface matching percentage was compared between the original and mirrored mandible by Geomagic Control X software. Furthermore, the dimension and position of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were determined for both groups using InVivoDental 5.0. Results: For surface‐to‐surface deviation analysis, the percentage of mismatch in patients with unilateral Brodie bite was significantly higher than the control group at ±0.50 mm, ±0.75 mm, and ±1.00 mm tolerance (P <.001). In patients with unilateral Brodie syndrome, the condyles on the scissors‐bite side showed a significantly more anterior position (P =.03), greater medial inclination (P <.01), and larger posterior TMJ space (P =.01) than the non‐scissors‐bite side. Conclusion: Patients with unilateral Brodie bite exhibit a more asymmetrical mandibular morphology, with a greater anterior condylar position and posterior joint space on the scissors‐bite side, indicating that early diagnosis and treatment may be necessary for patients with unilateral Brodie bite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was carried out at the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station near Pontotoc to evaluate the synergistic impacts of broiler litter (BL) and inorganic fertilizer nitrogen (N) with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and lignite in the presence of winter cover crops (WCCs) on dryland no‐till corn (Zea mays L.) in Falkner silt loam soil. The experimental design was a split‐plot randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were WCC and winter fallow (WF), and the subplots were fertilization treatments. Fertilization treatments included BL, inorganic fertilizer N, FGD gypsum and lignite with BL, FGD gypsum and lignite with inorganic fertilizer N, and an unfertilized control. BL, FGD gypsum, and lignite were applied at the rates of 13.4, 3.4, and 3.4 Mg ha−1, respectively. Inorganic fertilizer N was applied to corn at 168 kg N ha−1. BL increased soil carbon (C), soil infiltration, and resulted in higher corn grain yield compared to both inorganic fertilizer N and unfertilized control in 2020 and 2022. Averaged across fertilization treatments, WCC improved soil moisture, soil C, and soil infiltration by 16%, 19%, and 25% at the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth, respectively, and increased corn grain yield by 25% as compared to WF in 2022. Cover crops boosted corn grain yield during drier years. The combination of FGD gypsum and lignite with BL increased corn grain yield by 15% in 2020 and 13% in 2022 compared to BL alone. This approach can be considered to promote the sustainability of agroecosystems. Core Ideas: Implementing cover crops in dryland no‐till corn systems provides numerous benefits.Integration of flue gas desulfurization gypsum and lignite with broiler litter enhances corn productivity.Cover crop residues improve corn grain yield in drier environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface temperature anomalies can be linked to changes in local surface energy balance, although the relationship between surface temperature variability and individual radiative processes remains unclear. In this paper, we quantify the contributions of surface radiative effects and non‐radiative heat fluxes to the variance of monthly land surface temperature using European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 data and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 simulations. The surface energy budget equation is used to link changes in surface radiation, surface heat fluxes and land surface temperature. Subsequently, surface radiation is decomposed into the radiative effects of clouds, air temperature, surface albedo and relative humidity using radiative kernels. The contributions of these radiative processes, including their coupling effects, are quantified using covariance matrices. The results reveal the air temperature radiative effect to be the most significant contributor to the variability of land surface temperature. In addition, the covariance terms reveal important coupling effects. For example, the contribution from the cloud radiative effect is found to be substantially dampened by its coupling with surface heat fluxes. The air temperature radiative effect is further decomposed into a forcing component and a feedback component using different regression methods, in an attempt to separate the air temperature radiative effect as the driver of the surface temperature variability. The cloud radiative effect becomes the primary contributor to the variance of surface temperature after separating the air temperature feedback, while the contribution of the air temperature radiative forcing remains important. Plain Language Summary: Land surface temperature is critical environmental variable. Through a statistical analysis of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 data and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 multi‐model simulations, we have explained the land surface temperature variability in relation to the surface energy fluxes. Specifically, we have attributed the variability of monthly surface radiation to the effects of different meteorological variables such as clouds, air temperature, surface albedo and relative humidity. Our findings suggest that the radiative effect of air temperature is the primary contributor to the variance of land surface temperature in most regions, although this effect includes a strong feedback effect of air temperature to surface temperature changes. After separating this feedback effect, the cloud radiative effect becomes the primary contributor. On the other hand, the contribution from cloud radiative effect is significantly counteracted by its coupling with surface heat fluxes. Key Points: The variance of land surface temperature is decomposed to contributions from surface radiative effects and heat fluxesThe radiative effect of air temperature is found to contribute the most to surface temperature variabilityThe cloud radiative effect is found to be the primary contributor after decoupling the air and surface temperature variations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large satellite discrepancies and model biases in representing precipitation over the Southern Ocean (SO) are related directly to the region's limited surface observations of precipitation. To help address this knowledge gap, the study investigated the precipitation characteristics and rain rate retrievals over the remote SO using ship‐borne data of the Ocean Rainfall And Ice‐phase precipitation measurement Network disdrometer (OceanRAIN) and dual‐polarimetric C‐band radar (OceanPOL) aboard the Research Vessel (RV) Investigator in the Austral warm seasons of 2016–2018. Seven distinct synoptic types over the SO were analyzed based on their radar polarimetric signatures, surface precipitation phase, and rain microphysical properties. OceanRAIN observations revealed that the SO precipitation was dominated by drizzle and light rain, with small‐sized raindrops (diameter <1 mm) constituting up to 47% of total accumulation. Precipitation occurred most frequently over the warm sector of extratropical cyclones, while concentrations of large‐sized raindrops (diameter >3 mm) were prominent over synoptic types with colder and more convectively unstable environments. OceanPOL observations complement and extend the surface precipitation properties sampled by OceanRAIN, providing unique information to help characterize the variety of potential precipitation types and associated mechanisms under different synoptic conditions. Raindrop size distributions (DSD) measured with OceanRAIN over the SO were better characterized by analytical DSD forms with two‐shape parameters than single‐shape parameters currently implemented in satellite retrieval algorithms. This study also revised a rainfall retrieval algorithm for C‐band radars to reflect the large amount of small drops and provide improved radar rainfall estimates over the SO. Plain Language Summary: Precipitation is a major component of the hydrologic cycle in high‐latitude regions including the remote Southern Ocean (SO). However, large differences continue to exist among current precipitation products in the region, owing in part to the absence of high‐quality surface observational records suitable for evaluation across a range of temporal and spatial scales. This work uses two instruments aboard the RV Investigator over the Australian sector of the SO in the Austral warm seasons of 2016–2018: the OceanRAIN disdrometer and OceanPOL radar. We found variability in radar features and surface precipitation properties among seven distinct synoptic conditions over the SO. This work also discussed two important findings related to remote sensing retrievals of SO rain. First, we demonstrated why the rainfall retrieval assumptions in satellite algorithms may need to be refined to account for the unique rainfall properties in the SO. Second, we formulated a new set of equations suitable for shipborne C‐band radars in improving rain rate estimates over the region. This work leads toward more accurate, high‐resolution estimates of precipitation over the measurement‐sparse SO to better understand a range of climatological and meteorological processes in the region. Key Points: Different synoptic types across the Southern Ocean exhibit distinctive polarimetric signatures and surface precipitation propertiesSmall raindrops of less than one millimeter contribute up to 47% of total accumulation during the Austral warm seasons over the regionA new formulation for radar rainfall estimates that reflects the large numbers of small drops over the Southern Ocean is proposed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In water vapor‐sensitive satellite imagery, small‐scale wave‐like perturbations of brightness temperature can be attributed to the presence of trapped internal waves in the troposphere. We present a method for detecting these local perturbations with wavelengths of about 10 km and apply it to imagery from the Advanced Baseline Imager on board the geostationary satellite GOES‐16. The algorithm allows us to analyze 4 years of sub‐hourly data in the southern part of the tropical eastern Pacific, where only a relatively low amount of medium and high clouds obscures the scene. By combining a measure of wave activity/trapping with ERA5 reanalysis data, we connect the occurrence of trapping with the presence of an increased upper‐tropospheric wind shear. This connection is more evident during December, January and February, when upper‐tropospheric jets are more likely. Our work supports existing case and model studies and is a step forward in the statistical and automated analysis of trapped small‐scale internal waves in the atmosphere. Plain Language Summary: Remote sensing instruments on satellites are able to measure the electromagnetic energy emitted by the Earth and the atmosphere. Certain wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic energy, called channels or bands of the respective instrument, can be related to relative humidity. Depending on the channel, these layers cover primarily the middle or the upper troposphere. Since atmospheric small‐scale waves influence the vertical structure of relative humidity, we analyze the resulting local horizontal variability in the satellite observations. We automatically detect these patterns over the eastern Pacific and explain why and when they occur during the season. Our work contributes to the identification of processes in the troposphere that can lead to hazardous weather. Key Points: Water vapor‐sensitive satellite imagery contains signatures of trapped internal waves that can be automatically detectedOver the eastern tropical Pacific, trapped internal waves in the upper troposphere are more likely during December, January, and FebruaryThe increased likelihood is due to sub‐seasonal intermittent absolute wind shear in combination with a more steady small buoyancy frequency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past ∼200 million years of Earth's geomagnetic field behavior have been recorded within oceanic basalts, many of which are only accessible via scientific ocean drilling. Obtaining the best possible paleomagnetic measurements from such valuable samples requires an a priori understanding of their magnetic mineralogies when choosing the most appropriate protocol for stepwise demagnetization experiments (either alternating field or thermal). Here, we present a quick, and non‐destructive method that utilizes the amplitude‐dependence of magnetic susceptibility to screen submarine basalts prior to choosing a demagnetization protocol, whenever conducting a pilot study or other detailed rock‐magnetic characterization is not possible. We demonstrate this method using samples acquired during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 391. Our approach is rooted in the observation that amplitude‐dependent magnetic susceptibility is observed in basalt samples whose dominant magnetic carrier is multidomain titanomagnetite (∼TM60–65, (Ti0.60–0.65Fe0.35–0.40)Fe2O4). Samples with low Ti contents within titanomagnetite or samples that have experienced a high degree of oxidative weathering do not display appreciable amplitude dependence. Due to their low Curie temperatures, basalts that possess amplitude‐dependence should ideally be demagnetized either using alternating fields or via finely‐spaced thermal demagnetization heating steps below 300°C. Our screening method can enhance the success rate of paleomagnetic studies of oceanic basalt samples. Plain Language Summary: Oceanic basalts are ideal recorders of the Earth's magnetic field. To decipher magnetic histories recorded in rocks, paleomagnetists need to isolate the magnetization directions and intensities within rocks by one of two possible methods. One method typically involves progressively heating the samples to high temperatures. The other method involves exposing samples to alternating magnetic fields with increasing peak field intensities. Both of these methods are ultimately destructive to the original magnetization preserved within rocks. However, without knowledge of a given rock's magnetic mineralogy, randomly choosing thermal or alternating field demagnetization methods may result in high failure rates. We developed a pre‐screening method to help decide which cleaning method will likely be more successful for a given sample based on low‐field magnetic susceptibility measurements. These measurements do not affect the original magnetic information recorded in a rock, thereby permitting subsequent paleomagnetic studies on the same sample. Our technique can be performed as rapidly as 2 min per sample, is non‐destructive, and does not require complicated sample preparation. Key Points: Paleomagnetic studies utilize either alternating field or thermal demagnetization, but it is difficult to choose the best protocol a prioriAmplitude‐dependence of magnetic susceptibility measurements permits preliminary magnetic mineralogy characterization in submarine basaltsRapid amplitude‐dependence measurements may aid in deciding upon the best demagnetization protocol for submarine basalt samples [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude‐frequency distribution (MFD) describes the relative proportion of earthquake magnitudes and provides vital information for seismic hazard assessment. The b‐value, derived from the MFD, is commonly used to estimate the probability that a future earthquake will exceed a specified magnitude threshold. Improved MFD and b‐value estimates are of great importance in the central and eastern United States where high volumes of fluid injection have contributed to a significant rise in seismicity over the last decade. In this study, we recalculate the magnitudes of 8,775 events for the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma sequence using a relative magnitude approach that depends only on waveform data to calculate magnitudes. We also compare the distribution of successive magnitude differences to the MFD and show that a combination of the magnitude difference distribution (MDFD) and relative magnitudes yields a reliable estimate of b‐value. Using the MDFD and relative magnitudes, we examine the temporal and spatial variations in the b‐value and show that b‐value ranges between ∼0.6 and 0.85 during the aftershock sequence for at least 5 months after the M 5.7 mainshock, though areas surrounding the northeast part of the sequence experience higher b‐values (0.7–0.85) than the southwestern part of the Meeker‐Prague fault where b‐value is the lowest (0.6–0.7). We also identify a cluster of off‐fault events with the highest b‐values in the catalog (0.85). These new estimates of MFD and b‐value will contribute to understanding of the relations between induced and tectonic earthquake sequences and promote discussion regarding the use of b‐value in induced seismic hazard estimation. Plain Language Summary: The magnitude‐frequency distribution and the b‐value are statistical parameters that describe how earthquake magnitudes are distributed in a catalog. These parameters are vital for hazard estimation of induced seismicity in the central and eastern United States, but they are not well understood in this region due to reasons including, but not limited to, catalog incompleteness, magnitude uncertainty between different magnitude types, and variable injection history. In this study, we reevaluate the previously cataloged magnitude estimates using a relative magnitude method to estimate the temporal and spatial variation in b‐value for the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma sequence. With the relative magnitude method, we reestimate magnitude for 81% of the events in the Prague sequence which are then utilized for b‐value estimation. We demonstrate the presence of consistently low b‐values during the aftershock sequence for at least ∼5 months following the mainshock and identify a trend of decreasing b‐value along the Meeker‐Prague fault as distance from the mainshock increases. These observations allow us to compare spatial and temporal b‐value variations of induced sequences to those observed in tectonic sequences. Key Points: The relative magnitude method allows for recalculation of earthquake magnitude without requiring location or geological dataRelative magnitudes combined with the b+ estimator gives a reliable estimate of b‐valueWe identify patterns of spatial and temporal variations in b‐value that are consistent with tectonic sequences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipborne observations from the CAPRICORN‐2018 field campaign were used to investigate the characteristics and variability of precipitation across different sectors of an extra‐tropical cyclone on 16 February 2018, over the Southern Ocean (SO). Three distinct time periods—frontal, post‐frontal, and cyclone—were identified during the day. The frontal passage recorded a total accumulation of 1.9 mm, where the precipitation phases were primarily composed of rain (96%), while the cyclone period recorded the largest precipitation (4.0 mm), where the precipitation phases varied with snow (10%), mixed‐phase (40%), and rain (50%). The BASTA radar suggests the freezing level was shallow (∼500 m) with snow present above. The cloud top heights, observed by a C‐band radar, were shallower in the cyclone period, although deeper cloud depths of ∼6 km were sporadically recorded. Increased surface fluxes and a southerly wind direction indicate that cold air advection, was likely the main cause of high precipitation during the cyclone period. A non‐precipitating multi‐layer cloud structure with a geometrically thin (200 m) homogeneous layer of supercooled liquid water (SLW) overlaying shallow boundary layer convection was seen during the post‐frontal period. The ship‐borne observations were used to evaluate Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) simulations with different microphysics settings. We found the frontal precipitation intensity is well reproduced, but it is underestimated during the cyclone period. This study represents a unique set of observations and highlights the need for understanding how ice processes and potentially horizontal advection contribute to the development of precipitation and convection over the SO. Plain Language Summary: There are still significant differences between current precipitation products over the Southern Ocean (SO). This makes it harder to understand the hydrological cycle and different meteorological processes in the region. In this study, we used the shipborne observations from the Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, Radiation, and atmospherIc Composition Over the southeRn oceaN (CAPRICORN) 2018 field campaign to investigate the characteristics and variability of precipitation across different sectors of an extra‐tropical cyclone on 16 February 2018, over the SO. Overall, the frontal passage recorded a total accumulation of 1.9 mm, with 96% of its phases being rain, while the cyclone period recorded the highest precipitation (4.0 mm), with 10% being snow and 40% being mixed. In addition, we made use of the observations to evaluate simulations run with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) using a variety of cloud microphysics parameters. We observed that the intensity of the precipitation along the front is reproduced quite well, but that it is significantly underestimated throughout the cyclone period. This work highlights the importance of knowing the role that ice processes and potentially horizontal advection play in the formation of precipitation over the high latitudes of the SO. Key Points: Distinctive characteristics of precipitation across different sectors of an extra‐tropical cyclone are observedLargest precipitation was recorded during the cyclone period where its phases were largely constituted of mixed‐phase and snowWRF reproduced the frontal precipitation intensity, while it is underestimated during the cyclone period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoscale eddies help regulate ocean energy cascades. Eddies deformation influences barotropic instability, which represents kinetic energy transfer between scales; however, the barotropic instability structure has not been well studied. We investigated an intra‐thermocline eddy (ITE) and developed a novel anisotropic method to examine the horizontal barotropic instability. The development of the ITE was monitored using a state‐of‐the‐art autonomous underwater vehicle from May to July. The ITE became trapped in June and moved eastward in July. Based on anisotropic theory, the barotropic instability was separated into isotropic and anisotropic productions. The anisotropy contained information regarding shape and mean flow feedback of the eddy. Barotropic instability was the main source for ITE eastward propagation and was dominated by anisotropic production. Following a shape and anisotropy change, the ITE gained the mean‐flow kinetic energy by the anisotropy shear production in June and by the anisotropy stretch production when moving eastward in July. Plain Language Summary: Mesoscale eddies play vital roles in ocean circulation and are important in energy cascades between large‐scale ocean circulation and dissipate scales. The barotropic instability could induce kinetic energy transition between scales, however, the underlying mechanism has not been well studied. We developed a novel method to decompose the horizontal barotropic instability into isotropic production and anisotropic production. The development of a mesoscale eddy was monitored continuously using a state‐of‐the‐art autonomous underwater vehicle. This mesoscale eddy became stationary in June and began to move eastward in July. In the observation case, the barotropic instability mainly controlled the eddy kinetic energy budget and is dominated by anisotropic production, indicating the contribution of the mean‐flow strain. We found that, the mesoscale eddy gained the mean‐flow kinetic energy via the anisotropy shear production when it was stationary, while via anisotropy stretch production when it moved eastward. Key Points: For 3 months, a state‐of‐the‐art AUV monitored the development of an intra‐thermocline eddy (ITE) in terms of vertical transectsNovel anisotropy analysis was developed and revealed interactions between eddy anisotropy and mean‐flow strain in barotropic instabilityThe anisotropic partitioning of the ITE at different stages helped gain kinetic energy from the mean flow [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dayside diffuse auroras (DDAs) originate from the precipitation of energetic electrons in the central plasma sheet, induced by wave‐particle interactions. This study examines a specific case characterized by the detection of whistler mode chorus and electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites, along with the conjugate observation of DDA at the Yellow River (YR) station. ECH waves are observed shortly after the satellite enters the magnetosphere from the magnetosheath and persist throughout the magnetosphere region. Chorus waves are also observed within the magnetosphere, and probably generated near the B minima, followed by the propagation along magnetic field lines. Analysis of MMS particle data reveals an increase in low‐energy electrons and scattering of high‐energy electrons during periods of enhanced whistler mode chorus waves. These precipitated electrons manifest as DDA phenomena. The observed evidence demonstrates the simultaneous occurrence of ECH, chorus waves, electron pitch angle scattering, and DDA. Moreover, the concurrent presence of these waves in the outer magnetosphere during the dayside raises important considerations regarding the relative roles of different plasma waves, particle energization, precipitation dynamics, and the overall development of DDA phenomena. Key Points: Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations reveal the presence of both electron cyclotron harmonic and chorus waves in proximity to the magnetopause and within the magnetosphereIntensification of whistler mode chorus waves is accompanied by scattering of energetic electrons and an increase of low‐energies electronsThe Yellow River Station observed dayside diffuse aurora near the footprint of MMS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It has been shown that a significant reduction of mean heart dose and left anterior descending artery (LAD) dose can be achieved through the use of DIBH for left breast radiation therapy. Surface‐guided DIBH has been widely adopted during the last decade, and there are mainly three commercially available SGRT systems. The reports of the performance of a newly released SGRT system for DIBH application are currently very limited. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical performance of a newly released SGRT system on DIBH for left breast radiation therapy. Methods: Twenty‐five left breast cancer patients treated with DIBH utilizing Varian's Identify system were included (total 493‐fraction treatments). Four aspects of the clinical performance were evaluated: Identify offsets of free breathing post patient setup from tattoos, Identify offsets during DIBH, Identify agreement with radiographic ports during DIBH, and DIBH reference surface re‐capture post patient shifts. The systematic and random errors of free breathing Identify offsets post patient setup were calculated for each patient, as well as for offsets during DIBH. Radiographic ports were taken when the patient's DIBH position was within the clinical tolerance of (± 0.3 cm, ± 30), and these were then compared with treatment field DRRs. If the ports showed that the patient alignment did not agree with the DRRs within 3 mm, a patient shift was performed. A new reference surface was captured and verification ports were taken. Results: The all‐patient average systematic and random errors of Identify offsets for free breathing were within (0.4 cm, 1.50) post tattoo setup. The maximum per‐patient systematic and random errors were (1.1 cm, 6.20) and (0.9 cm, 20), and the maximum amplitude of Identify offsets were (2.59 cm, 90). All 493‐fraction DIBH treatments were delivered and successfully guided by the Identify SGRT system. The systematic and random errors of Identify offsets for DIBH were within (0.2 cm, 2.30). Seven patients needed re‐captured surface references due to surface variation or position shifts based on the ports. All patient DIBH verification ports guided by Identify were approved by attending physicians. Conclusion: This evaluation showed that the Identify system performed effectively for surface‐guided patient setup and surface‐guided DIBH imaging and treatment delivery. The feature of color‐coded real‐time patient surface matching feedback facilitated the evaluation of the patient alignment accuracy and the adjustment of the patient position to match the reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "EP25.15: Uterine contractility profiles differ in fresh versus frozen embryo transfer cycles in IVF/ICSI patients," explores whether uterine contractility varies based on the type of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment protocol used. The study involved patients undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment with good quality ultrasound recordings and normal uteri. The results showed that patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer (FET) had higher contraction frequency, higher contraction velocity, and reduced contraction coordination compared to those undergoing fresh embryo transfer. The findings suggest that the hormonal stimulation protocol used in IVF treatment may affect uterine contractility. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "OC14.01: Constructing small-for-gestational-age prediction models before 32 weeks of gestation with machine learning," discusses the development of machine learning prediction models for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies using clinical data. The study included 4,394 women and found that ultrasound screening in the first trimester was predictive for SGA, with crown-rump length (CRL) being an important factor. In the second and early third trimesters, multimodal prediction models that incorporated baseline characteristics and biochemical tests had the best sensitivity for SGA. Combining ultrasound screening data from all three trimesters provided richer information and improved the capture of complex relationships. [Extracted from the article]

Valdivia Bank (VB) is a Late Cretaceous oceanic plateau formed by volcanism from the Tristan‐Gough hotspot at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR). To better understand its origin and evolution, magnetic data were used to generate a magnetic anomaly grid, which was inverted to determine crustal magnetization. The magnetization model reveals quasi‐linear polarity zones crossing the plateau and following expected MAR paleo‐locations, implying formation by seafloor spreading over ∼4 Myr during the formation of anomalies C34n‐C33r. Paleomagnetism and biostratigraphy data from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 391 confirm the magnetic interpretation. Anomaly C33r is split into two negative bands, likely by a westward ridge jump. One of these negative anomalies coincides with deep rift valleys, indicating their age and mechanism of formation. These findings imply that VB originated by seafloor spreading‐type volcanism during a plate reorganization, not from a vertical stack of lava flows as expected for a large volcano. Plain Language Summary: Oceanic plateaus are large, elevated underwater features commonly formed from volcanic material from a hotspot. Valdivia Bank is a Late Cretaceous oceanic plateau in the southeast Atlantic Ocean formed by volcanism from the Tristan‐Gough hotspot near the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. The origin and evolution of Valdivia Bank is poorly defined, but new magnetic data suggests the edifice originated through ridge‐centered volcanism, with lateral accretion of crust. This is unlike the evolution of a massive volcano, which would be expected to create a vertical stack of lava flows. Magnetic inversion modeling suggests the plateau was formed by seafloor spreading during the formation of anomalies C34n‐C33r, with the plateau becoming younger from east to west, rather than north‐south as predicted by some hotspot models. Results from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 391 paleomagnetism and biostratigraphy confirm the anomaly interpretation. Key Points: Valdivia Bank is characterized by quasi‐linear magnetic anomalies that are parallel to the inferred paleo‐Mid‐Atlantic RidgeMagnetic anomalies imply that the plateau becomes younger E‐W consistent with formation via seafloor spreading during anomalies C34n‐C33rRift valleys, division of C33r, and anomaly curvature imply complex ridge tectonics and a ridge jump [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are the primary form of energy storage and a major component of plasma membranes, which form the interface between the cell and the extracellular environment. Several lipids — including phosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, sphingolipids, lysophospholipids, oxylipins, and free fatty acids — also serve as substrates for the generation of signalling molecules. Abiotic stresses, such as drought and temperature stress, are known to affect plant growth. In addition, abiotic stresses can activate certain lipid‐dependent signalling pathways that control the expression of stress‐responsive genes and contribute to plant stress adaptation. Many studies have focused either on the enzymatic production and metabolism of lipids, or on the mechanisms of abiotic stress response. However, there is little information regarding the roles of plant lipids in plant responses to abiotic stress. In this review, we describe the metabolism of plant lipids and discuss their involvement in plant responses to abiotic stress. As such, this review provides crucial background for further research on the interactions between plant lipids and abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the journal Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, examines the association between uterine contractility and pregnancy outcomes in oocyte donor recipients with normal uteri. The study included 21 patients undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment using oocyte donation with normal uteri. The patients underwent transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) measurements of uterine contractility prior to embryo transfer. The results showed that there were no significant differences in uterine contractility between pregnant and non-pregnant patients. The authors suggest that this may be due to the lack of a uterine factor in these women and recommend further investigation in women with abnormal uteri. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "OC11.01: *Uterine contractility changes after successful embryo implantation," discusses a study conducted at Ghent University Hospital in Belgium. The study aimed to determine if a specific uterine contractility profile after embryo transfer is associated with ongoing pregnancies in IVF/ICSI patients. The researchers analyzed ultrasound recordings of 16 IVF patients and found that patients with ongoing pregnancies had a lower contraction frequency compared to non-pregnant patients. They also observed a correlation between serum progesterone levels and contraction frequency. The findings suggest that contraction features may serve as an early predictor of successful ongoing pregnancy. [Extracted from the article]

B Backgrounds: b Bruton tyrosine kinaseinhibition (BTKi) is an effective treatment approach for patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (BLPD). REAL-WORLD TREATMENT PATTERNS, DISCONTINUATION AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH B-CELL LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASES TREATED WITH BTK INHIBITORS IN CHINA The frequency of BTKi discontinuation varied by regimen, with the higher rate among BTKi combined with CHOP-like regimen-treated patients (60.0% vs. other regimens 41.7%, I P i = 0.027). [Extracted from the article]

We identified five patients with ICI-associated panniculitis among 465 patients with cutaneous irAEs. The medical records of patients with ICI-associated panniculitis were retrieved, and their serum cytokine/chemokine panels were compared with ICI-tolerant patients using at least one-year ICIs. I Editor i Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are prevalent with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), in treating malignancies.1 Cutaneous toxicities are among the most common irAEs,1,2 whereas ICI-associated panniculitis remains less elucidated. [Extracted from the article]

The persistent Southern Ocean (SO) shortwave radiation biases in climate models and reanalyses have been associated with the poor representation of clouds, precipitation, aerosols, the atmospheric boundary layer, and their intrinsic interactions. Capitalizing on shipborne observations collected during the Clouds Aerosols Precipitation Radiation and atmospheric Composition Over the Southern Ocean 2016 and 2018 field campaigns, this research investigates and characterizes cloud and precipitation processes from synoptic to micro scales. Distinct cloud and precipitation regimes are found to correspond to the seven thermodynamic clusters established using a K‐means clustering technique, while less distinctions are evident using the cyclone and (cold) front compositing methods. Cloud radar and disdrometer data reveal that light precipitation is common over the SO with higher intensities associated with cyclonic and warm frontal regions. Multiple lines of evidence suggest the presence of diverse microphysical features in several cloud regimes, including the likely dominance of ice aggregation in deep precipitating clouds. Signatures of mixed phase, and in some cases, riming were detected in shallow convective clouds away from the frontal conditions. Two of the K‐means clusters with contrasting cloud and precipitation properties are observed over the high‐latitude SO and coastal Antarctica, suggesting distinct physical processes therein. Through a single case study, in‐situ and remote‐sensing data collected by an overflight of the Southern Ocean Clouds Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study were also evaluated and complement the ship‐based analysis. Plain Language Summary: The current generation of climate models and reanalyses products have difficulties in properly representing the radiative balance over the Southern Ocean (SO), which can be traced to the poor understanding of clouds and precipitation processes in this region. The remote location of the SO is a key factor for the lack of field observations that allow the scientific community to address the above‐mentioned problem. However, recent coordinated field campaigns have collected an unprecedented amount of data, offering new opportunities to explore this understudied region. This research paper aims to study clouds and precipitation processes over the SO using shipborne data collected from two field campaigns in 2016 and 2018. Using different synoptic classification techniques, we identify unique macro and micro cloud and precipitation behaviors that correspond to the various weather patterns across a wide range of latitudes. In addition, we use aircraft observations collected from an overflight to evaluate and complement our analysis of the shipborne data. The study offers a framework that may help better understand the nature of the model biases over the SO. Key Points: Distinct cloud and precipitation regimes correspond to the Southern Ocean synoptics, defined using a sounding K‐means clustering techniqueEvidence suggests diverse microphysical features, like mixed phase in shallow convection and ice aggregation in deep precipitating cloudsTwo unique synoptic patterns have unique cloud and precipitation properties over the high‐latitudes, where climate models have large biases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semiarid agricultural regions, aquifers have watered widespread economic development. Falling water tables, however, drive up energy costs and can make the water toxic for human consumption. The study area is located in central Mexico, where arsenic and fluoride are widely present at toxic concentrations in well water. We simulated the holistic outcomes from three pumping scenarios over 100 years (2020–2120); (S1) pumping rates increase at a similar rate to the past 40 years, (S2) remain constant, or (S3) decrease. Under scenario S1, by 2120, the depth to water table increased to 426 m and energy consumption for irrigation increased to 4 × 109 kWh/yr. Arsenic and fluoride concentrations increased from 14 to 46 μg/L and 1.0 to 3.6 mg/L, respectively. The combined estimated IQ point decrements from drinking untreated well water lowered expected incomes in 2120 by 27% compared to what they would be with negligible exposure levels. We calculated the 100‐year Net Present Value (NPV) of each scenario assuming the 2020 average crop value to water footprint ratio of 0.12 USD/m3. Without drinking water mitigation, S1 and S3 yielded relative NPVs of −5.96 × 109 and 1.51 × 109 USD, respectively, compared to the base case (S2). The relative NPV of providing blanket reverse osmosis treatment, while keeping pumping constant (S2), was 11.55 × 109 USD and this gain increased when combined with decreased pumping (S3). If a high value, low water footprint crop was substituted (broccoli, 1.51 USD/m3), the net gains from increasing pumping were similar in size to those of implementing blanket drinking water treatment. Plain Language Summary: Groundwater is jointly used by for‐profit agriculture and domestic households for drinking water. Although agriculture creates jobs and stimulates investment, preventing the exposure of children to neurotoxins in drinking water generally means a more prosperous future. We calculate falling water tables, rising energy costs, increasing concentrations of naturally occurring neurotoxins, decreasing IQ and earnings for people living in the basin owing to different rates of pumping by agriculture. For the different pumping scenarios, we calculate the increase or decrease in revenue for the agriculture sector. We then calculate the net economic gain from increasing or decreasing pumping rates, growing alternative crops, and treating drinking water to remove the neurotoxins. We found that people's personal incomes will be ever‐more reduced by their exposure to higher concentrations of neurotoxins. The benefits of treating water to remove the neurotoxins are much greater than the costs. Furthermore, increasing pumping rates is only profitable over the long term if it is accompanied by growing much higher value and lower water demand crops than are currently being irrigated in the study area. The most urgent issue, at least from an economic growth perspective, is not limiting pumping but rather treating the drinking water. Key Points: Overexploiting aquifers increases energy costs and lowers economic productivity by increasing human exposure to geogenic neurotoxinsOver a 100 year future time‐frame estimated revenue from agro‐export will be less than the costs this activity imposes on the populationInvesting in water treatment substantially lowers costs of deteriorating water quality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterise inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) trends and associated risk during delivery hospitalisations. Design: Cross‐sectional. Setting: US delivery hospitalisations. Population: Delivery hospitalisations in the 2000–2018 National Inpatient Sample. Methods: This study analysed a nationally representative hospital discharge database based on the presence of IBD. Temporal trends in IBD were analysed using joinpoint regression to estimate the average annual percent change (AAPC). IBD severity was characterised by the presence of diagnoses such as penetrating and stricturing disease and history of bowel resection. Risks for adverse outcomes were analysed based on presence of IBD. Poisson regression models were performed with unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios (aRR) as measures of effect. Main Outcome Measure: Prevalence of IBD and associated adverse outcomes. Results: Of 73 109 790 delivery hospitalisations, 89 965 had a diagnosis of IBD. IBD rose from 0.06% in 2000 to 0.21% in 2018 (AAPC 7.3%, 95% CI 6.7–7.9%). Among deliveries with IBD, IBD severity diagnoses increased from 4.1% to 8.1% from 2000 to 2018. In adjusted analysis, IBD was associated with increased risk for preterm delivery (aRR 1.50, 95% CI 1.47–1.53), severe maternal morbidity (aRR 1.93, 95% CI 1.83–2.04), venous thrombo‐embolism (aRR 2.76, 95% CI 2.39–3.18) and surgical injury during caesarean delivery hospitalisation (aRR 5.03, 95% CI 4.76–5.31). In the presence of a severe IBD diagnosis, risk was further increased for all adverse outcomes. Conclusion: IBD is increasing in the obstetric population and is associated with adverse outcomes. Risk is increased in the presence of a severe IBD diagnosis. Deliveries among women with inflammatory bowel disease are increasing. Disease severity is associated with adverse outcomes. Deliveries among women with inflammatory bowel disease are increasing. Disease severity is associated with adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide‐titanium‐oxo‐clusters (LnTOCs) have been attractive as a rapidly growing class of molecular materials due to their use as molecular models and precursors of nano titanium oxide. Although various applications of LnTOCs with alkoxide/carboxylate ligands have been documented, phenol dyes coordination LnTOCs applications in antibiotics fields have not been reported yet. Herein three LnTOCs formulated as [Ti2Ln2O(OiPr)6(NO3)4(2,3‐DN)2]2 ⋅ 3.5Et3N ⋅ 2HOiPr (Ln=Tb (1), Eu (2) and Yb (3)) were designed and synthesized. Their structures consisted of a Ti2Tb2O subunit and two 2, 3‐DN ligands. Using cluster 1, Ti2(2, 3‐DN)2 and Ti2Tb2, photocurrent response and photocatalytic dye degeneration were examined. The improvements in photocurrent intensity and photocatalytic activity of dye‐degradation could be attributed to the cooperative effect of the Ln3+ doping and 2, 3‐DN coordination. Furthermore, using cluster 1 as a precursor, F1 exhibited high photoactivity for tetracycline. The antibiotics application of LnTOCs was evaluated firstly. The results indicate that clusters 1–3 have potential applications as a molecule based photodegeneration catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an initial assessment of using tomography on single‐spacecraft images to reconstruct 3D X‐ray emissions from the Earth's magnetosheath. 3D structures in the Earth's magnetosphere have been studied using superposed epoch techniques with single‐point single‐spacecraft observations. They have yielded great insights, but some studies are observation starved, particularly for infrequent solar wind conditions. Global imaging data have provided more insight about these structures, but are 2D projections of 3D structures. We explore the use of tomographic reconstruction techniques to understand what can be extracted from global images from a single spacecraft. The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer mission, due to launch in 2024 on a 3‐year mission, will carry a soft X‐ray imager which will capture emissions from portions of the magnetosheath and upstream solar wind. We already demonstrated that the 3D shape of the magnetopause and the bow shock can be extracted from such images with suitable assumptions. The next step is to examine whether full 3D reconstructions of the emissions are possible. We explore the limited range of viewing angles, which affect the accuracy of the reconstructions and introduce artifacts in some cases, and the low count‐rates in the images which introduce noise in the reconstructions which must be filtered out. Despite these limitations we show that it is possible to reconstruct some aspects of the magnetosheath global morphology using single‐spacecraft soft X‐ray imaging. Key Points: Tomographic reconstruction of the magnetosheath with Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer is possibleHigh noise/low‐count images can be used with regularization constraintsSuperposed epoch over a year works better than a single orbit [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the clinical utility of prenatal chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in fetuses with abnormal renal sonographic findings, and to evaluate the association of pathogenic or likely pathogenic copy number variants (P/LP CNVs) with different types of renal abnormality.Methods: This was a retrospective study of fetuses at 14-36 weeks screened routinely for renal and other structural abnormalities at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. We retrieved and analyzed data from fetuses with abnormal renal sonographic findings, examined between January 2013 and November 2019, which underwent CMA analysis using tissue obtained from chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis or cordocentesis. We evaluated the CMA findings according to type of renal ultrasound anomaly and according to whether renal anomalies were isolated or non-isolated.Results: Ten types of renal anomaly were reported on prenatal ultrasound screening, at a mean ± SD gestational age of 24.9 ± 4.8 weeks. The anomalies were diagnosed relatively late in this series, as 64% of cases with an isolated renal anomaly underwent cordocentesis rather than CVS. Fetal pyelectasis was the most common renal ultrasound finding, affecting around one-third (34.32%, 301/877) of fetuses with a renal anomaly, but only 3.65% (n = 11) of these harbored a P/LP CNV (comprising: isolated cases, 2.37% (4/169); non-isolated cases, 5.30% (7/132)). Hyperechogenic kidney was found in 5.47% (n = 48) of fetuses with a renal anomaly, of which 39.58% (n = 19) had a P/LP CNV finding (comprising: isolated cases, 44.44% (16/36); non-isolated cases, 25.00% (3/12)), the highest diagnostic yield among the different types of renal anomaly. Renal agenesis, which accounted for 9.92% (n = 87) of all abnormal renal cases, had a CMA diagnostic yield of 12.64% (n = 11) (comprising: isolated cases, 11.54% (9/78); non-isolated cases, 22.22% (2/9); unilateral cases, 11.39% (9/79); bilateral cases, 25.00% (2/8)), while multicystic dysplastic kidney (n = 110), renal cyst (n = 34), renal dysplasia (n = 27), crossed fused renal ectopia (n = 31), hydronephrosis (n = 98), renal duplication (n = 42) and ectopic kidney (n = 99) had overall diagnostic rates of 11.82%, 11.76%, 7.41%, 6.45%, 6.12%, 4.76% and 3.03%, respectively. Compared with the combined group of CMA-negative fetuses with any other type of renal anomaly, the rate of infant being alive and well at birth was significantly higher in CMA-negative fetuses with isolated fetal pyelectasis or ectopic kidney, whereas the rate was significantly lower in fetuses with isolated renal agenesis, multicystic dysplastic kidney or severe hydronephrosis. The most common pathogenic CNV was 17q12 deletion, which accounted for 30.14% (22/73) of all positive CMA findings, with a rate of 2.51% (22/877) among fetuses with an abnormal renal finding. Fetuses with 17q12 deletion exhibited a wide range of renal phenotypes. Other P/LP CNVs in the recurrent region that were associated with prenatal renal ultrasound abnormalities included 22q11.2, Xp21.1, Xp22.3, 2q13, 16p11.2 and 1q21, which, collectively, accounted for 2.17% (19/877) of the fetuses with prenatal renal anomalies.Conclusions: In this retrospective review of CMA findings in a large cohort of fetuses with different types of renal ultrasound abnormality, the P/LP CNV detection rate varied significantly (3.03-39.58%) among the different types of kidney anomaly. Our data may help in the decision regarding whether to perform prenatal genetic testing in fetuses with renal ultrasound findings. Specifically, prenatal CMA testing should be performed in cases of hyperechogenic kidney, regardless of whether or not the anomaly is isolated, while it should be performed postnatally rather than prenatally in cases of fetal pyelectasis. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of N2‐fixing species into a Eucalyptus plantation resulted in a successful planting system. It is essential to understand the contribution of nitrogen (N) competition and photosynthetic efficiency to plant dry matter yield to shed more light on the growth mechanism of the Eucalyptus/legume system.We compared N competition, photosynthesis and dry matter yield of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis and the N2‐fixing tree species Dalbergia odorifera in intercropping and monoculture systems under different N levels.The photosynthesis of E. urophylla × E. grandis was improved, while that of D. odorifera was inhibited in the intercropping system. Intercropped E. urophylla × E. grandis increased the N utilization and the dry matter yield by 6.57–48.46% and 7.59–97.26%, and decreased those of D. odorifera by 10.21–30.33% and 0.48–13.19%, respectively. Furthermore, N application enhanced the competitive ability of E. urophylla × E. grandis relative to D. odorifera and changed the N contents and chlorophyll synthesis to optimize the photosynthetic structure of both species.Our results reveal Eucalyptus for photosynthesis, N absorption and increasing the growth benefit from the introduction of N2‐fixing species, which hence can be considered to be an effective sustainable management option of Eucalyptus plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While most Radiation Oncology clinics have adopted electronic charting in one form or another, no consensus document exists that provides guidelines for safe and effective use of the Radiation Oncology electronic medical records (RO‐EMR). Task Group 262 was formed to provide these guidelines as well as to provide recommendations to vendors for improving electronic charting functionality in future. Guidelines are provided in the following areas: Implementation and training for the RO‐EMR, acceptance testing and quality assurance (QA) of the RO‐EMR, use of the RO‐EMR as an information repository, use of the RO‐EMR as a workflow manager, electronic charting for brachytherapy and nonstandard treatments, and information technology (IT) considerations associated with the RO‐EMR. The report was based on a literature search by the task group, an extensive survey of task group members on their respective RO‐EMR practices, an AAPM membership survey on electronic charting, as well as group consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fully decipher the role of nitrate photolysis on the atmospheric oxidative capacity in snow‐covered regions, NOx flux must be determined with more precision than existing estimates. Here, we introduce a method based on dynamic flux chamber measurements for evaluating the NOx production by photolysis of snowpack nitrate in Antarctica. Flux chamber experiments were conducted for the first time in Antarctica, at the French‐Italian station Concordia, Dome C (75°06'S, 123°20'E, 3233 m a.s.l) during the 2019–2020 summer campaign. Measurements were gathered with several snow samples of different ages ranging from newly formed drifted snow to 6‐year‐old firn. Contrary to existing literature expectations, the daily average photolysis rate coefficient, JNO3¯, did not significantly vary between differently aged snow samples, suggesting that the photolabile nitrate in snow behaves as a single‐family source with common photochemical properties, where a JNO3¯ = (2.37 ± 0.35) × 10−8 s−1 (1σ) has been calculated from December 10th 2019 to January 7th 2020. At Dome C summer daily average NOx flux, FNOx, based on measured NOx production rates was estimated to be (4.3 ± 1.2) × 108 molecules cm−2 s−1, which is 1.5–7 times less than the net NOx flux observed previously above snow at Dome C using the gradient flux method. Using these results, we extrapolated an annual continental snow sourced NOx budget of 0.017 ± 0.003 Tg·N y−1, ∼2 times the nitrogen budget, (N‐budget), of the stratospheric denitrification previously estimated for Antarctica. These quantifications of nitrate photolysis using flux chamber experiments provide a road‐map toward a new parameterization of the σNO3−(λ,T)ϕ(T,pH) product that can improve future global and regional models of atmospheric chemistry. Key Points: Photolabile nitrate in snow behaves as a single‐family source with common photochemical propertiesNew quantification of snow‐nitrate photolysis using flux chamber experimentsNOx snow‐source could be better defined and differences in photolytic mechanics of Antarctica's different regions could be addressed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As public distribution of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is underway, prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) relies on minimizing spread. In this study, chlorhexidine gluconate was investigated as a topical antimicrobial agent against SARS‐CoV‐2. This was a randomized, prospective cohort study using chlorhexidine as an oral rinse and posterior oropharyngeal spray in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. The primary outcome was presence or absence of laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 in the oral and oropharyngeal cavities after 4 days of chlorhexidine use and standard of care (study group) or standard of care only (control group). SARS‐CoV‐2 was eliminated from the oropharynx in 62.1% of patients who used chlorhexidine as an oral rinse, versus 5.5% of the control group patients. Among patients who used a combination of oral rinse and oropharyngeal spray, 86.0% eliminated oropharyngeal SARS‐CoV‐2, versus 6.3% of control patients. Chlorhexidine is a simple and safe addition to current COVID‐19 prevention guidelines and may play a significant role in reducing disease spread. Highlights: Chlorhexidine is a simple and safe addition to the current COVID‐19 prevention guidelines.When used with vaccination, proper social distancing, mask wearing, and hand hygiene, chlorhexidine may contribute to a more robust disease prevention regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the specific hydrothermal conditions of dry‐hot valleys, temperature changes caused by the development of large‐scale hydropower projects may be more extreme than they are in other regions. In this study, we analyzed these temperature changes at four hydropower stations in both dry‐hot and non‐dry‐hot valleys. Based on the calculated relative temperatures of the downstream river and the areas surrounding the reservoirs, we employed two indices to quantify the influence of the reservoirs on the temperatures of these two regions: the downstream river temperature change and the reservoir effect change intensity. Our results are as follows: (a) In the downstream rivers, the temperature regulation effect was more pronounced in the wet season; in the regions surrounding the reservoirs, the temperature regulation effect was more pronounced in the dry season. (b) The downstream river temperature in both the dry‐hot and wet‐hot valleys exhibited noticeable warming in both the wet and dry seasons, while the cold‐dry valley was characterized by cooling in the dry season and warming in the wet season. With the exception of the Liyuan station (where the influence of the reservoir on the downstream temperatures only extended to a distance of 9 km from the dam) during the dry season, the existence of the hydropower stations affected the temperatures of the entire downstream region. (c) For the areas surrounding the reservoir, the presence of a hydropower station mainly caused the temperatures in the dry‐hot valleys to rise and the temperatures in the non‐dry‐hot valleys to decrease. Plain Language Summary: The temperature difference between reservoir and the downstream river at different distances was calculated to establish the downstream river temperature change index. The temperature difference between reservoir and various locations around reservoir area was calculated to establish the reservoir effect change intensity index. The regulation effect of reservoirs on the downstream river temperature and surrounding reservoir temperature was studied in the dry‐hot and non‐dry‐hot valleys, and their differences were compared. Key Points: The difference of surface temperature affected by reservoirs was compared in dry‐hot and non‐dry‐hot valleysTo facilitate comparison of the different downstream river temperature changes, downstream river temperature change index was establishedThe reservoir effect change intensity was established to explore how reservoirs regulate the surface temperature in the surrounding areas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine boundary layer clouds and precipitation observed in a sustained period of open mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) over the Southern Ocean (SO) are investigated using Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, Radiation, and atmospherIc Composition Over the southeRn oceaN 2016 observations, Himawari‐8 products, and numerical simulations. The shallow convection was characterized by the presence of supercooled liquid water and mixed‐phase clouds in the sub‐freezing temperature range, consistent with earlier in‐situ observations where ice multiplication is found to be active in producing large quantities of ice in open MCC clouds. Ice‐phase precipitation was observed to melt below cloud base with evidence of cold pools produced in a decoupled boundary layer. Convection‐permitting simulations using the weather research and forecasting model were able to reproduce many of the surface meteorological features and their evolution. However, the evolution of the boundary layer height and the degree of decoupling were poorly simulated, along with the absence of cold pools. The observed cloud morphology and microphysical characteristics were also not well reproduced in the control simulation with the Thompson microphysics scheme, where too much supercooled water was simulated in a too homogenous cloud field. Sensitivity experiments with modified microphysical parameters led to a higher production of glaciated clouds and precipitation. Sensitivity experiments with different boundary layer schemes and vertical resolution, however, showed a smaller impact. A bias of ∼4°C in the initial boundary conditions of the sea surface temperature is discussed. This study highlights the challenge of representing the complex physical processes that underpin the cloud, precipitation, and boundary layer characteristics of the open MCC over the SO. Key Points: Observations under open mesoscale cellular convection over the Southern Ocean are characterized by precipitation followed by cold poolsIce multiplication processes were likely to be active in the open mesoscale cellular convection cloudsWeather research and forecasting simulations show only weak decoupling of the boundary layer, which might be associated with an sea surface temperature bias in the initial boundary conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils contain the largest amount of land carbon, even a small change of this pool can significantly affect atmospheric CO2 and climate change. A good representation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in Earth system models is therefore crucial to predict future climate change. The dynamics of SOC is largely driven by microbial activities and modulated by N cycles. Nevertheless, very few models have explicitly represented soil microorganisms and N cycles integrated at global scale. Here, we present an update of the microbial‐mediated ORCHIMIC model and its application to simulate global gridded SOC stocks, microbial biomass, soil C/N ratio, microbial C/N ratio, and heterotrophic respiration. This is a new attempt to model SOC dynamics with an explicit microbial representation with N dynamics applied at global scale. The model shows relatively good performance in reproducing global SOC and microbial biomass C. The spatial distributions of soil and microbial C/N ratios were not well reproduced because they are sensitive to mineral nitrogen availability controlled by plant uptake, which is not explicitly represented in the model. However, similar relationship between C/N ratios of microbes and soil as observation demonstrated the potential of the model to reproduce global C/N ratios for both microbe and soil pools. Dynamic carbon use efficiency modulated by substrate C/N ratio, consistent with observation, were well represented by mechanistic including microbial dynamics. Modeled suppressed microbial biomass growth under warming climate indicating a weaker positive feedback between soil C pool and climate compared to that predicted by traditional Earth system models. Key Points: Slower increase of microbial Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) ratio compared to soil C/N ratio was modeled, similar as observationDynamic Carbon use efficiency modulated by C/N ratios of substrate and microbes could be revealed by explicitly representing microbial dynamicsFeedback between soil C pool and climate might be weakened by suppressed microbial biomass growth under warming climate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the era of COVID-19 pandemic, clinicians should be alert to a linear purpuric rash developing on the unilateral lower extremity after COVID-19 vaccination, especially accompanying with leg swelling or tenderness, which warrants further investigation for VITT. Histopathology of linear purpura showed lymphocytic vasculitis and erythrocyte extravasation in the dermis and subcutaneous fat tissue (Fig. Duplex ultrasound examination revealed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), corresponding to the location of linear purpura from the level above right common femoral vein to right anterior/posterior tibial vein (Fig. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Increased left atrium diameter (LAD) is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between nutrition status and left atrial enlargement (LAE) is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the association of famine exposure in early life with LAE in adulthood. Methods: Participants were divided into non‐exposed, fetal, early, middle and late childhood exposed groups according to birth data. LAE was defined when LAD was ≥3.9 cm in women and ≥4.1 cm in men, or ≥2.3 cm m−2 by a sex‐independent cut‐off normalised for body surface area. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) between famine exposure and LAE. Results: In total, 2522 [905 male, mean (SD) age 59.1 (3.65) years] subjects were enrolled, including 392 (15.5%) LAE subjects. The prevalence of LAE in non‐exposed, fetal, early, middle and late childhood exposed groups was 55 (10.8%), 38 (11.2%), 88 (18.1%), 102 (16.7%) and 109 (19.0%), respectively. Compared to the non‐exposed group, the ORs for LAE were in fetal (OR = 0.956, 95% CI = 0.605–1.500, P = 0.847), late (OR = 1.748, 95% CI = 1.208–2.555, P = 0.003), middle (OR = 1.647, 95% CI = 1.140–2.403, P = 0.008) and early (OR = 1.630, 95% CI = 1.116–2.399, P = 0.012) childhood exposed groups after adjusting potential cofounders. When stratified by gender, smoking, body mass index, hypertension and diabetes, we found that the effect of famine exposure on LAE was only modified by diabetes (Pinteraction = 0.007). Conclusions: Famine exposure during childhood stage might increase the risk of LAE in adults, and this effect interacts with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolving state of fault stress during and after the perturbation of fluid pressure gives rise to an intriguing interplay of seismic and aseismic slip on the fault. A better understanding of the possible role of fluids in the triggering mechanism of seismicity is pivotal to effective seismic hazard mitigation, particularly in the context of induced seismicity. Through numerical modeling, we investigate the effect of pore pressure perturbations on the spatio‐temporal evolution of fault slip and the modulation of earthquake cycles. Pressure perturbations are imposed at different magnitudes and different times during a selected interseismic period. Results show a wide range of aseismic responses which can lead to both time advancement and delay of subsequent earthquakes. Specifically, even pressure perturbation <5% of the average event stress drop can trigger aseismic slip that leads to considerable time delay in the next earthquake even when perturbation occurs late in the interseismic period. We find that earthquakes that are delayed in time are associated with large aseismic moment release. Our study highlights the importance of close monitoring of aseismic fault slip in regions prone to the influence of pore fluids and provides physical insights into identifying critical aseismic responses associated with certain triggering outcomes. Key Points: Fluid pressure change can induce aseismic slip that either advances or delays future earthquakesDelayed earthquakes are preceded by large aseismic moment release on faultsIt is possible to identify critical aseismic responses that can advance or delay future earthquakes with enhanced monitoring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhopalosiphum padi is a worldwide agricultural pest. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are considered to be a type of transporters which can bind chemicals from external environments. Previous research showed that the expression of some insect CSPs were significantly increased after exposure to insecticides, and CSPs were involved in insecticide resistance or susceptibility. However, the role of CSPs in the susceptibility and response of R. padi to insecticides is still unknown. In this study, we identified eight CSP (RpCSP) from R. padi by genome‐wide investigation. Seven RpCSP genes had two exons, while RpCSP7 had three exons. qPCR analyses showed that the mRNA levels of the eight RpCSP genes were significantly affected by imidacloprid and beta‐cypermethrin in different post‐treatment periods. Molecular docking predicted that there were hydrogen bonding sites which played key roles in binding of RpCSP4, RpCSP5, RpCSP6, RpCSP7 and RpCSP10 with imidacloprid and beta‐cypermethrin. Knockdown of RpCSP4, RpCSP5, RpCSP6 and RpCSP10 by RNA interference significantly increased the aphid mortality under two sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. Mortalities under two sublethal concentrations of beta‐cypermethrin conditions were significantly higher after injection of R. padi with dsCSP4 and dsCSP6. The results indicate that some RpCSP genes are involved in the insecticide susceptibility of R. padi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and momentum can be transferred from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere through field-aligned currents (FACs), which show seasonal variations due to seasonal variation of the ionospheric conductance. Using Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission observations, we investigate the characteristics of kinetic-scale (close to local ion inertial length) FACs in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL), such as occurrence rate, magnitude, and carriers. The results show that: (1) the occurrence rates of FACs exhibit a trident distribution; they are also larger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere, especially for the earthward FACs. (2) Distribution patterns vs. plasma β are different for the beam-type and the flow-type FACs. Flow-type FACs are observed closer to the central plasma sheet (higher β), and their occurrence rate decreases linearly toward the tail lobe (lower β), while the beamtype FACs are mainly and equally distributed within 0.1 < β < 1.0. (3) The magnitude of FACs shows little dependence on β, and generally increases closer to the Earth. (4) Occurrence rate and magnitude of FACs both increase during active periods, consistent with ionospheric observations. (5) The main carriers for FACs in the PSBL are thermal electrons, while cold electrons also contribute occasionally, especially during active periods. Hemispheric asymmetry of occurrence rate and dependence on geomagnetic activity of the kinetic-scale FACs in the PSBL are consistent with FACs at ionospheric altitudes. This fact demonstrates that kinetic-scale FACs are significant in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and illustrates the possible ionospheric feedback effects to the magnetosphere in the nightside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Immunocompromised mice are extensively used in the screening of vaccines and drugs for Cryptosporidium, but this study model does not reflect the real status of infection in immunocompetent animals. This study aimed to provide an optimized animal model for future studies of Cryptosporidium vaccine. Methods and results: Three mouse strains (ICR, BALB/c and KM) with or without immunosuppression were compared after challenge with Cryptosporidium tyzzeri (C tyzzeri). The results indicated that ICR mice shed a greater number of faecal oocysts (20 346 ± 203 oocysts/g) compared with BALB/c (2077 ± 142 oocysts/g) and KM mice (3207 ± 431 oocysts/g) after experimental infection with C tyzzeri (P <.001). However, ICR mouse model is uniquely effective for C tyzzeri, not for other Cryptosporidium spp. such as C parvum. ICR mice were then used to determine the immunoreactions and immunoprotection of P23‐DNA vaccine (pVAX1‐P23) to C tyzzeri experimental infection. The results showed that a significant increase in anti‐P23 antibody levels was induced by the pVAX1‐P23 vaccine. Compared to pVAX1, TB and blank control mice, pVAX1‐P23 immunized mice produced specific spleen cell proliferation as well as enhanced IL‐5, IL‐12p70 and IFN‐γ production in sera. After challenge with 5 × 106C tyzzeri oocysts, the oocyst shedding of the pVAX1‐P23 immunized group was reduced by 69.94% comparing to the infection control. Conclusion: These results provide an optimized animal model for the study of prophylactic vaccines and this model might be applied to other candidates against Cryptosporidium, not only for pVAX1‐P23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyse the efficacy and safety of endothelin receptor antagonists for people with diabetic kidney disease. Methods: Randomized controlled trials comparing endothelin receptor antagonists with placebo in people with diabetic kidney disease were identified through PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. We used a random‐effect model to calculate the mean difference or risk ratio with the 95% CI. Results: Seven studies with a total of 4730 participants were included. Overall, endothelin receptor antagonists significantly reduced albuminuria compared with placebo (standardized mean difference –0.48, 95% CI –0.64 to –0.33). Atrasentan, in particular, effectively reduced albuminuria (standardized mean difference –0.58, 95% CI –1.00 to –0.17) and the risk of composite renal endpoints (risk ratio 0.65; 95% CI 0.49 to 0.88), with insignificant change in the rate of congestive heart failure (risk ratio 1.40, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.56) and mortality (risk ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.61). In contrast, although avosentan reduced albuminuria (standardized mean difference –0.47, 95% CI –0.57 to –0.36) and the risk of composite renal endpoints (risk ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.94), it was associated with a significant increase in congestive heart failure risk (risk ratio 2.61, 95% CI 1.36 to 5.00) and an insignificant increase in mortality risk (risk ratio 1.50, 95% CI 0.81, 2.78). No significant change in efficacy or safety outcomes with bosentan was detected. Dose–response analysis indicated that 0.75 mg/day atrasentan is expected to be optimal for renoprotection, with maximal albuminuria reduction and minimal fluid retention events. Conclusions: Among the endothelin receptor antagonists, atrasentan and avosentan, but not bosentan, are effective for renoprotection in people with diabetic kidney disease. Compared with other types and doses, atrasentan 0.75 mg/day is the most promising, with maximal albuminuria reduction and minimal fluid retention. Vigilant monitoring of congestive heart failure risk is needed in future clinical practice. (PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020169840). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this work was to explore the predictive value of changes in the level of carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and after surgery in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Method: Patients with LARC who underwent nCRT and radical surgery (between 2011 and 2016) were divided into three groups according to pre‐nCRT and post‐nCRT CA19‐9 levels as follows: normal pre‐nCRT CA19‐9 (normal CA19‐9 group), elevated pre‐nCRT and normal post‐nCRT CA19‐9 (normalized group) and elevated pre‐nCRT and elevated post‐nCRT CA19‐9 (nonnormalized group). The pathological nCRT response criteria included ypCR and downstaging (ypStages 0–I). Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed. Results: A total of 721 patients were identified. The normal CA19‐9 group was significantly associated with ypCR (n = 159) and downstaging (n = 347) (P < 0.05). The normalized group (n = 76) had worse RFS and OS than the normal CA19‐9 group (n = 622) and better RFS and OS than the nonnormalized group (n = 23) (5‐year RFS 47.0% vs 66.9% vs 81.5%, P < 0.001; 5‐year OS 47.0% vs 75.4% vs 85.0%, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, CA19‐9 group and ypTNM stage were independent predictors of RFS and OS. Moreover, for the 23 patients with elevated post‐nCRT CA19‐9 levels, the RFS and OS of patients with normalized postoperative CA19‐9 levels were significantly better than those of patients with elevated postoperative CA19‐9 levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Following nCRT, changes in the CA19‐9 level are a strong prognostic marker for long‐term survival, and they may be helpful in the selection of patients who prefer more conservative surgery after chemoradiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bleeding and blood transfusion are common after scoliosis surgery. Fibrinogen is essential for blood clot formation and depletes quickly during haemorrhage. We randomly allocated 102 children 12-18 years old having surgery for idiopathic scoliosis, 51 to intra-operative fibrinogen concentrate 30 mg.kg-1 (maximum 2 g) and 51 to saline placebo. Fibrinogen reduced peri-operative blood loss by a median (95%CI) volume of 155 (5-320) ml, from a median (IQR [range]) of 1035 (818-1420 [400-3030]) ml to 885 (755-1155 [270-2645]) ml, p = 0.04. Seven and four children received allogeneic red blood cell transfusion after fibrinogen and placebo, respectively, p = 0.34. There were no side-effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late Paleozoic ice age was one of the three major glaciations in the Phanerozoic. However, the influence and characteristics of this glaciation and deglaciation remain unclear. In this study, we present lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and chemostratigraphy during the Late Mississippian to the Early Permian in Tarim, Northwestern China. Tarim records two Gondwana glacial events in the Serpukhovian‐Moscovian (Glacial II) and the Asselian‐Sakmarian (Glacial III). Together with the global evidence of isotopes and sea level changes, multipulsed growth and decay of Glacial II and III are confirmed. The Serpukhovian isotopic pattern in Tarim exhibits a negative δ13C excursion of −6.6‰, which is comparable to those recorded in other continents. This negative excursion and contemporaneous sea level fall are triggered by the expansion of the ice sheets of Glacial II. The glaciation maximum is marked by the global sea level fall during the Bashkirian. A two‐stage transgression and positive shifts of δ13C from the Tarim and Laurussia represent evidence of stepwise deglaciation of Glacial II during the Moscovian. Positive δ18O excursions in Tarim and other two global sections from Laurussia and the regression during early Asselian to early Sakmarian are linked to the Glacial III, confirming this event is of global origin. The eustatic rise and the negative δ18O shifts indicate the retreat of this Gondwana glacier in late Sakmarian. These continuous data sets in Tarim coupled with time equivalent stratigraphy and geochemical records provide insights into the multistage evolution of the discrete Glacial II and III events. Plain Language Summary: The late Paleozoic ice age (LPIA) spanning from Late Devonian to Late Permian is among the major global icehouses in the Phanerozoic. Previous studies of the LPIA in southern Gondwana proposed a hypothesis of a single, prolonged LPIA. An alternative hypothesis argues for a more dynamic view that the LPIA consisted of a series of discrete, short‐lived, and possibly asynchronous glaciations. However, the onset, development, and demise of the discrete glaciations are not clearly understood. In this contribution, we provide continuous data sets of carbon and oxygen isotopes from the biostratigraphically constrained strata covering the LPIA in Tarim, China. Evidence of microfacies and sedimentology, as well as isotope data, provide clues for sea level changes related to waxing and waning of the late Paleozoic glaciations. A global synthesis of carbon and oxygen isotope data and sea level evidence provides insights into the LPIA and supports the second hypothesis of a dynamic LPIA. Key Points: δ13C and δ18O data sets covering the late Paleozoic ice age from Tarim record two Gondwana glacial events in the Serpukhovian‐Moscovian and Asselian‐Sakmarianδ13C excursion and sea level fall were triggered by the Serpukhovian‐Moscovian glaciationδ18O excursion and reef complex indicate the retreat of the Asselian‐Sakmarian glaciation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A climatology of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) and the lower free troposphere over the Southern Ocean (SO) is constructed using 2,186 high‐resolution atmospheric soundings from four recent campaigns conducted in the period of 2016–2018. Relationships between the synoptic meteorology and MABL thermodynamic structure are examined using a k‐means cluster analysis, complemented by front and cyclone composite analyses. Seven distinct clusters are identified, five of which are consistent with an established climatology over the SO storm track. Two new clusters (C1 and C2) are introduced over the high‐latitude SO. C1 is commonly located poleward of the ocean polar front near mesocyclones, while C2 is located along the Antarctic coastline. A multilayer cloud structure is frequently present in clusters in the vicinity of fronts and cyclones, while a single‐layer coverage is more common in a suppressed environment, particularly at lower latitudes. A cloud‐free, multilevel inversion is frequently observed in cluster C2, possibly linked to the descending, dry, katabatic winds off the Antarctic coast. A strong, primary inversion is typically present in clusters at lower latitudes with high mean sea level pressure. Across the SO storm track and higher latitudes (cluster C1), a multilevel inversion structure is also commonly observed. A preliminary analysis of two case studies suggests that upper level advection and detrainment of convection associated with mesocyclones are potential drivers of the multilayer cloud coverage over the high‐latitude SO rather than the decoupling mechanisms common in the subtropics. Key Points: A climatology of the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Southern Ocean is developed from four recent field campaignsA multilayer cloud structure is frequently observed in the vicinity of fronts and cyclones, particularly over the high latitudesThe upper level advection and detrainment of convection associated with mesocyclones are potential drivers of the multilayer cloud coverage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 89% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from dysarthria. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT), a behavioral therapy, aims to improve speech and voice functions. The objective was to assess the effectiveness of LSVT compared with other/no speech interventions for dysarthria in patients with PD. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library, were searched. The publication date of all included studies was before 6 March 2020. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the LSVT intervention compared with other/no speech intervention were considered. The data obtained from the included studies were described and the mean differences were calculated. Eight RCTs were included in this meta‐analysis comparing LSVT with other/no speech interventions. In the comparison of LSVT versus no intervention, vocal intensity for sustained 'Ah' phonation, reading the 'Rainbow passage', monologue and describing a picture increased by 8.87, 4.34, 3.25 and 3.31 dB, respectively, after 1 month of therapy. Compared with the respiratory therapy group, the LSVT group also showed significant improvement in vocal intensity for sustained 'Ah' phonation, reading the 'Rainbow passage' and monologue immediately after treatment (13.39, 6.66 and 3.19 dB). Positive improvement still existed after 24 months. There was no difference in the therapeutic effect between face‐to‐face and online LSVT. The effectiveness of LSVT for dysarthria in patients with PD was verified in these trials. However, future RCTs with sufficient participants are essential to evaluate the effectiveness of LSVT for dysarthria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Many studies have demonstrated predictors of the difficulty of laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer. Few studies focus on the influence of pelvic dimensions on robotic‐assisted mesorectal excision (ME) and intersphincteric resection (ISR). This study aimed to evaluate the influences of the mesorectal fat area (MFA) and mesorectal area on the difficulty of robotic sphincter‐saving surgery. Methods: We included 156 patients with middle and low rectal cancer who underwent robotic sphincter‐saving surgery. Clinical and anatomical factors, including the pelvic dimensions, were collected. Linear regression was performed for variables associated with surgical duration. We also performed subgroup analyses for robotic‐assisted ME and ISR. Logistic regression was used to find variables associated with transanal dissection. Results: For patients with middle or low rectal cancer, the sacral length and tumour distance from the anal verge were independently associated with surgical duration. The pT stage, sacral length and the MFA were independent predictors for the surgical duration of robotic‐assisted ME. By contrast, a small mesorectal area was independently related to a longer duration of robotic‐assisted ISR. The pelvic outlet length was independently associated with the use of transanal dissection for ISR. Conclusion: It is suggested that a large MFA could affect the difficulty of ME in robotic‐assisted ME, while a small mesorectal area could increase the surgical difficulty of robotic‐assisted ISR for low rectal cancer. Besides, the pelvic outlet length was associated with the use of transanal dissection. Further studies are needed to validate the results and draw more scientific conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerial cryosphere refers to all ice bodies in the atmosphere and has important impacts on the development of weather systems, climate change, and aviation safety. The total mass of the aerial cryosphere is evaluated for the first time based on the fifth generation European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts \atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) reanalysis data set, and the spatiotemporal variability and long‐term change of the aerial cryosphere are investigated. The results show that the total mass of atmospheric ice is approximately 33.1 Gt [29.7–37.0 Gt], covering ~74.3% of the Earth's surface area with obvious latitudinal zonality and seasonal variability. The aerial cryosphere mass has been increasing over the past few decades due to the overall increase in the atmospheric water vapor content caused by rising global temperatures. Moreover, the contribution of warming to the ablation of the aerial cryosphere is negligible since there is no significant trend in the height of the atmospheric freezing point layer. Plain Language Summary: Ice in the atmosphere appears as in the form of cloud ice crystals, snowflakes, and graupel, among others. Unlike the ice that forms on the land and sea, this ice is collectively known as the aerial cryosphere. For many years, we did not understand how much is this portion of ice or how it is changing, either spatially or temporally. Here, for the first time, we estimate the total mass of the aerial cryosphere using the fifth generation European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) global climate data set. The results show that the total global mass of atmospheric ice bodies is approximately 33.1 Gt [29.7–37.0 Gt], covering ~74.3% of the Earth's surface area. Beyond our initial expectation, the aerial cryosphere mass has been increasing in recent decades due to the overall increase in the atmospheric water vapor content caused by rising global temperatures. However, the rise in the base height of the atmospheric freezing point layer is not significant; therefore, the contribution of warming to the ablation of the aerial cryosphere is negligible. The increase in the aerial cryosphere mass does not reflect the amount of ground snowfall and snow cover, probably due to the warming of the lower troposphere during the same period. Key Points: The total mass of the ice in the global atmosphere has been estimated for the first timeThe aerial cryosphere has a mass of about 33.1 Gt and covers ~74.3% of global surface area with obvious latitudinal zonalityThe aerial cryosphere has increased over the past decades due to the increased water vapor in the atmosphere caused by global warming [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D has antineoplastic effects, but the synthesis of vitamin D requires ultraviolet radiation, a known risk factor for melanoma. Objective: To investigate the correlations between serum vitamin D levels and risk and prognosis of melanoma. Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted. Online databases were searched on 31 Oct 2018. Results: Twenty‐five studies with a total of 11166 patients with melanoma were included. There was no significant difference in serum vitamin D levels between patients with melanoma and controls [standardized mean difference (SMD), −0.185; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.533 to 0.162]. However, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in patients with melanoma than that in controls (odds ratio, 2.115; 95% CI, 1.151–3.885). In terms of prognosis, serum vitamin D levels were significantly higher in melanoma patients with lower Breslow thickness (≦1 vs. >1 mm: SMD, 0.243; 95% CI, 0.160–0.327). Moreover, melanoma patients with lower vitamin D levels had a significantly higher mortality rate (hazard ratio, 1.558; 95% CI, 1.258–1.931). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher Breslow thickness and mortality in melanoma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To apply failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to generate an effective and efficient initial physics plan checklist. Methods: A team of physicists, dosimetrists, and therapists was setup to reconstruct the workflow processes involved in the generation of a treatment plan beginning from simulation. The team then identified possible failure modes in each of the processes. For each failure mode, the severity (S), frequency of occurrence (O), and the probability of detection (D) was assigned a value and the risk priority number (RPN) was calculated. The values assigned were based on TG 100. Prior to assigning a value, the team discussed the values in the scoring system to minimize randomness in scoring. A local database of errors was used to help guide the scoring of frequency. Results: Twenty‐seven process steps and 50 possible failure modes were identified starting from simulation to the final approved plan ready for treatment at the machine. Any failure mode that scored an average RPN value of 20 or greater was deemed "eligible" to be placed on the second checklist. In addition, any failure mode with a severity score value of 4 or greater was also considered for inclusion in the checklist. As a by‐product of this procedure, safety improvement methods such as automation and standardization of certain processes (e.g., dose constraint checking, check tools), removal of manual transcription of treatment‐related information as well as staff education were implemented, although this was not the team's original objective. Prior to the implementation of the new FMEA‐based checklist, an in‐service for all the second checkers was organized to ensure further standardization of the process. Conclusion: The FMEA proved to be a valuable tool for identifying vulnerabilities in our workflow and processes in generating a treatment plan and subsequently a new, more effective initial plan checklist was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind‐driven dust emission has a major impact on many environmental and socioeconomic issues such as climate change, soil loss, biogeochemical cycles, and air pollution. It is generally assumed that the main global dust sources consist of nonsandy soils with high percentages of fine‐sized clay and silt particles. However, in recent years, it has been hypothesized that active sand bodies can generate significant dust emissions through the mechanism of sand abrasion. Moreover, sand abrasion has been used to explain the formation of certain soils on Earth and Mars. Here, we test the hypothesis that sand abrasion can generate substantial dust emissions by performing targeted wind tunnel experiments on sand grains in the absence of clay and silt particles. We find only minor emissions of particulate matter from noncoated active sands under wind conditions typical of natural sand transport. The findings suggest that the dust generated by the mechanism of sand abrasion is less than dust generated by the removal of clay minerals coated on sand grain surfaces; both mechanisms on active sands produce far less dust than nonsandy soils. Feldspar sand was found to be slightly more effective at generating dust through abrasion than quartz sand. However, due to the low spatial coverage of feldspar sands in active sands worldwide, dust generated from feldspar abrasion may produce a relatively small contribution to global dust emissions. We thus conclude that sand abrasion by wind transport has a low potential to generate dust‐sized particles from active sands. Key Points: Wind tunnel experiments on noncoated sand provide first quantitative information of dust emission from abrasion under saltation conditionsThe study presents a comparison between the different dust emission mechanisms from active sand and nonsandy soilsAeolian sand abrasion was found to have only low potential to generate dust particles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]