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Counting animal populations is fundamental to understand ecological processes. Counts make it possible to estimate the size of an animal population at specific points in time, which is essential information for understanding demographic change. However, in the case of large populations, counts are time‐consuming, particularly if carried out manually. Here, we took advantage of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to count the total number of nest‐entrances in 222 photographs covering the largest known Psittaciformes (Aves) colony in the world. We conducted our study at the largest Burrowing Parrot Cyanoliseus patagonus colony, located on a cliff facing the Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of El Cóndor village, in north‐eastern Patagonia, Argentina. We also aimed to investigate the distribution of nest‐entrances along the cliff with the colony. For this, we used three CNN architectures, U‐Net, ResUnet, and DeepLabv3. The U‐Net architecture showed the best performance, counting a mean of 59,842 Burrowing Parrot nest‐entrances across the colony, with a mean absolute error of 2.7 nest‐entrances over the testing patches, measured as the difference between actual and predicted counts per patch. Compared to a previous study conducted at El Cóndor colony more than 20 years ago, the CNN architectures also detected noteworthy differences in the distribution of the nest‐entrances along the cliff. We show that the strong changes observed in the distribution of nest‐entrances are a measurable effect of a long record of human‐induced disturbance to the Burrowing Parrot colony at El Cóndor. Given the paramount importance of the Burrowing Parrot colony at El Cóndor, which concentrates 71% of the world's population of this species, we advocate that it is imperative to reduce such a degree of disturbance before the parrots reach the limit of their capacity of adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moose (Alces alces) in the boreal forest habitats of Alaska are unlike other northern ungulates because they tolerate high densities of flies (Diptera) even though flies cause wounds and infections during the warm summer months. Moose move to find food and to find relief from overheating (hyperthermia) but do they avoid flies? We used GPS collars to measure the rate of movement (m⋅h−1) and the time spent (min⋅day−1) by enclosed moose in four habitats: wetlands, black spruce, early seral boreal forest, and late seral boreal forest. Fly traps were used in each habitat to quantify spatio‐temporal abundance. Average daily air temperatures increased into July when peak biomass of forage for moose was greatest in early seral boreal forest habitats (424.46 vs. 25.15 kg⋅ha−1 on average in the other habitats). Average daily air temperatures were 1.7°C cooler in black spruce than other habitats, but fly abundance was greatest in black spruce (approximately 4‐fold greater on average than the other habitats). Moose increased their movement rate with counts of biting flies (mosquitoes, black flies, horse and deer flies), but not non‐biting flies (coprophagous flies). However, as air temperature increased (above 14.7°C) moose spent more time in fly‐abundant black spruce, than early seral boreal forest, showing great tolerance for mosquitoes. Warm summer temperatures appear to cause moose to trade‐off foraging in fly‐sparse habitats for resting and dissipating heat in shady, wet habitats with abundant flies that adversely affect the fitness of moose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense species encompasses a group of arthropod‐borne zoonotic viruses transmitted by biting midges to animals including humans. Several large‐scale human outbreaks caused by the prototype member of this species, Oropouche virus (OROV) have been documented since the 1970s and were primarily confined to the Amazon basin. However, since 2022, more widespread OROV outbreaks have been unfolding in Brazil and across South America, with cases exported to Cuba, Italy, Spain, USA and Germany. In Brazil, the virus has reached and established communitary transmission in all geographic areas of the country. We isolated, characterized the cytopathic effect and recovered the full genome of two OROV isolates from the 2022–24 outbreak detected in patients from the Pernambuco state. Phylogenetic data supports a direct introduction from the Amazonas state, the epicenter of the epidemics in the country. As case counts accumulate in the state mounting evidence is supporting the establishiment of sustained transmission chains. Continued studies are critical to understand the transmission cycle in this region, including the most important vectors and reservoirs, to appropriately deploy control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In many species, individuals of the same sex exhibit different mating behaviours, a phenomenon known as alternative mating tactics (AMTs). These AMTs may occur in species in which morphology prevents individuals from adopting different tactics (fixed expression of AMTs) as well as in species in which individuals can alternate between them (flexible expression of AMTs). Regardless of the way different mating tactics are expressed, a key point to understanding the selective forces driving AMT evolution relies on identifying differences in the reproductive success between tactics. Empirical studies often indicate that individuals adopting the main tactic (generally the more aggressive) have higher mating success than those adopting the secondary tactic. However, while this is expected for species showing flexible expression of AMTs, the same should not hold for species showing fixed expression of AMTs. In species with fixed expression of AMTs, individuals adopting each tactic have morphological specialisations in acquiring mates that may be responsible for eliminating differences in reproductive success between tactics. Despite such expectations, a comprehensive investigation across species regarding differences in the reproductive success of AMTs is lacking. Using a meta‐analytical approach, we investigated if there is a difference in the reproductive success between tactics and whether this difference is related to how these tactics are expressed (fixed or flexible). We focused on males since information on reproductive success for females with AMTs is still scarce. We hypothesised that (i) males adopting the main tactic have higher reproductive success than males adopting the secondary tactic, and (ii) the difference in reproductive success between tactics will be higher in species with flexible rather than fixed expression of AMTs. When all species were pooled, we found that males adopting the main tactic had a similar reproductive success to males adopting the secondary mating tactic. However, this trend changed between species with fixed and flexible expression of AMTs. In species with flexible expression of AMTs, males exhibiting the main tactic have higher mating success than those adopting secondary tactics, while in species with fixed expression of AMTs, males adopting distinct tactics have similar reproductive success. Thus, the widespread assumption that males adopting the main tactic have higher reproductive success than males adopting the secondary tactic may be restricted to species in which individuals can alternate between tactics during their lifespan. However, we found that most data on the reproductive success of males adopting AMTs is restricted to short reproductive windows and may not reflect differences in lifetime reproductive success between tactics. Therefore, we highlight the importance of examining the selective pressures associated with fixed and flexible expression of AMTs on lifetime reproductive success to attain a deeper understanding of AMT evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room‐temperature eutectic Gallium Indium (eGaIn)‐based devices offer stretchable, conductive, and reconfigurable properties for robotics, communications, and medicine. Microfluidics enables eGaIn device creation, but these typically have larger feature sizes. Recent three‐dimensional (3D) printing advancements, particularly direct laser writing (DLW), allow for sub‐100 µm microfluidic devices. However, interfacing DLW microfluidics with larger systems poses challenges in channel resist removal, eGaIn filling, and electrical integration, limiting micro‐scale liquid metal device application. This study introduces a multiscale, cost‐effective, three‐step process combining DLW‐fluidic microchannels with centimeter‐scale substrates made via stereolithography (SLA). It establishes a robust interface between independently printed materials and simplifies eGaIn filling in microfluidic channels as small as 50 µm, potentially enabling smaller liquid metal features. The research also presents eGaIn coils with 43–770 mΩ resistance and 2–4 nH inductance. This process facilitates low‐temperature, conductive, flexible interfaces for sensors, actuators, and circuits, and expands the range for size‐dependent properties of passive electronic components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors from liquid metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many arachnids use internal hemolymph pressure to actuate extension in their leg joints. The inherent large foot displacement‐to‐body length ratio that arachnids can achieve through hydraulics relative to muscle‐based actuators is both energy and volumetrically efficient. Until recent advances in nano/microscale 3D printing with two‐photon polymerization (2PP), the physical realization of synthetic complex 'soft' joints would have been impossible to replicate and fill with a hydraulic fluid into a sealed sub‐millimeter system. Inspired by nature, the smallest scale 3D‐printed hydraulic actuator (4.9 × 10−4 mm3) by more than an order of magnitude is demonstrated. The use of stiff 2PP polymers with micron‐scale dimensions enable compliant membranes similar to exoskeletons seen in nature without the requirement for low‐modulus materials. The bio‐inspired system is designed to mimic similar hydraulic pressure‐activated mechanisms in arachnid joints utilized for large displacement motions relative to body length. Using variations on this actuator design, the ability to transmit forces with relatively large magnitudes (milliNewtons) in 3D space is demonstrated, as well as the ability to direct motion that is useful towards microrobotics and medical applications. Microscale hydraulic actuation provides a promising approach toward the transmission of large forces and 3D motions at small scales, previously unattainable in wafer‐level 2D microelecromechanical systems (MEMS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite intensive studies during the last 3 years, the pathology and underlying molecular mechanism of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the spatial single‐cell molecular and cellular features of postmortem COVID‐19 lung tissues using in situ sequencing (ISS). We detected 10 414 863 transcripts of 221 genes in whole‐slide tissues and segmented them into 1 719 459 cells that were mapped to 18 major parenchymal and immune cell types, all of which were infected by SARS‐CoV‐2. Compared with the non‐COVID‐19 control, COVID‐19 lungs exhibited reduced alveolar cells (ACs) and increased innate and adaptive immune cells. We also identified 19 differentially expressed genes in both infected and uninfected cells across the tissues, which reflected the altered cellular compositions. Spatial analysis of local infection rates revealed regions with high infection rates that were correlated with high cell densities (HIHD). The HIHD regions expressed high levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry‐related factors including ACE2, FURIN, TMPRSS2 and NRP1, and co‐localized with organizing pneumonia (OP) and lymphocytic and immune infiltration, which exhibited increased ACs and fibroblasts but decreased vascular endothelial cells and epithelial cells, mirroring the tissue damage and wound healing processes. Sparse nonnegative matrix factorization (SNMF) analysis of niche features identified seven signatures that captured structure and immune niches in COVID‐19 tissues. Trajectory inference based on immune niche signatures defined two pathological routes. Trajectory A primarily progressed with increased NK cells and granulocytes, likely reflecting the complication of microbial infections. Trajectory B was marked by increased HIHD and OP, possibly accounting for the increased immune infiltration. The OP regions were marked by high numbers of fibroblasts expressing extremely high levels of COL1A1 and COL1A2. Examination of single‐cell RNA‐seq data (scRNA‐seq) from COVID‐19 lung tissues and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) identified similar cell populations consisting mainly of myofibroblasts. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the activation of IL6‐STAT3 and TGF‐β‐SMAD2/3 pathways in these cells, likely mediating the upregulation of COL1A1 and COL1A2 and excessive fibrosis in the lung tissues. Together, this study provides a spatial single‐cell atlas of cellular and molecular signatures of fatal COVID‐19 lungs, which reveals the complex spatial cellular heterogeneity, organization, and interactions that characterized the COVID‐19 lung pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the advances in capture technologies, CO2 utilization associated with low‐cost renewable H2 in catalytic hydrogenation is a promising strategy for reducing the carbon footprint of industrial processes by providing valuable chemicals and fuels. However, the scalability and economic viability of these processes will depend on the development of efficient catalysts. Noble metal‐based catalysts have been extensively reported in the last few years as highly effective in promoting CO2 hydrogenation to various products. Although promising, the scarcity, high cost, and environmental impact of mining make it challenging to scale up these materials from bench to plant. Developing advanced synthesis and characterization methods is essential to control and understand active sites' behavior during the reaction, providing high activity and durability. This review carefully summarizes the recently reported noble metal‐based heterogeneous catalysts for thermocatalytic conversion of CO2 into methane, carbon monoxide, methanol, formic acid, higher alcohols, C2+ hydrocarbons, and syngas through dry reforming of CH4, to draw the state‐of‐the‐art development in the field. Finally, we critically discuss the impact of these elements on catalyst properties, the challenges related to their implementation, and future research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are highly virulent control tools for insect pests and have been under evaluation for the control of globally important mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti. Here, we identified and isolated other virulent entomopathogenic fungi against Ae. aegypti. We collected 7 species of mosquitoes by human landing catch in 5 municipalities in Central and Northern Mexico and isolated 28 species of fungi. We harvested fungal conidia from six and assessed virulence against Ae. aegypti females. We observed variation in virulence of fungi in Ae. aegypti with the most virulent being Aspergillus tamarii, with a LT50 of 6.4 (±0.65) days and the least virulent was Trichoderma euskadiense with a LT50 of 16.3 (±1.5) days. Additional assays evaluated the impact of the fungi on Ae. aegypti fecundity and fertility and A. tamarii had the highest for both, resulting in 60% and 37% decrease, respectively. These results provide support for the potential utility of A. tamarii as an entomopathogenic control tool for the dengue vector, Ae. aegypti, pending further evaluations of environmental and nontarget safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed‐dose combination (FDC) therapy is recommended for hypertension management in Nigeria based on randomized trials at the individual level. This cluster‐randomized trial evaluates effectiveness and safety of a treatment protocol that used two‐drug FDC therapy as the second and third steps for hypertension control compared with a protocol that used free pill combinations. From January 2021 to June 2021, 60 primary healthcare centers in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria were randomized to a protocol using FDC therapy as second and third steps compared with a protocol that used the same medications in free pill combination therapy for these steps. Eligible patients were adults (≥18 years) with hypertension. The primary outcome was the odds of a patient being controlled at their last visit between baseline to 6‐month follow‐up in the FDC group compared to the free pill group. 4427 patients (mean [SD] age: 49.0 [12.4] years, 70.5% female) were registered with mean (SD) baseline systolic/diastolic blood pressure 155 (20.6)/96 (13.1) mm Hg. Baseline characteristics of groups were similar. After 6‐months, hypertension control rate improved in the two treatment protocols, but there were no differences between the groups after adjustment (FDC = 53.9% versus free pill combination = 47.9%, cluster‐adjusted p =.29). Adverse events were similarly low (<1%) in both groups. Both protocols improved hypertension control rates at 6‐months in comparison to baseline, though no differences were observed between groups. Further work is needed to determine if upfront FDC therapy is more effective and efficient to improve hypertension control rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to support host colonization through a wide range of molecular mechanisms, while plant immune systems evolved receptors to recognize effectors or their activities to mount immune responses to halt pathogens. Importantly, plants do not act as single organisms, but rather as holobionts that actively shape their microbiota as a determinant of health. The soil‐borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae was recently demonstrated to exploit the VdAve1 effector to manipulate the host microbiota to promote vascular wilt disease in the absence of the corresponding immune receptor Ve1.We identify a multiallelic V. dahliae gene displaying c. 65% sequence similarity to VdAve1, named VdAve1‐like (VdAve1L), which shows extreme sequence variation, including alleles that encode dysfunctional proteins, indicative of selection pressure to overcome host recognition.We show that the orphan cell surface receptor Ve2, encoded at the Ve locus, does not recognize VdAve1L. Additionally, we demonstrate that the full‐length variant VdAve1L2 possesses antimicrobial activity, like VdAve1, yet with a divergent activity spectrum, that is exploited by V. dahliae to mediate tomato colonization through the direct suppression of antagonistic Actinobacteria in the host microbiota.Our findings open up strategies for more targeted biocontrol against microbial plant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well‐coordinated facilitation–inhibition control of motor neuronal persistent inward currents (PICs) via diffuse neuromodulation and local inhibition is essential to ensure motor units discharge at required times and frequencies. Present best estimates indicate that PICs are reduced in older adults; however, it is not yet known whether PIC facilitation–inhibition control is also altered with ageing. We investigated the responses of PICs to (i) a remote handgrip contraction, which is believed to diffusely increase serotonergic input onto motor neurones, and (ii) tendon vibration of the antagonist muscle, which elicits reciprocal inhibition, in young and older adults. High‐density surface electromyograms were collected from soleus and tibialis anterior of 18 young and 26 older adults during triangular‐shaped plantar and dorsiflexion contractions to 20% (handgrip experiments) and 30% (vibration experiments) of maximum torque (rise‐decline rate of 2%/s). A paired‐motor‐unit analysis was used to calculate ∆F, which is assumed to be proportional to PIC strength. ΔF increased in both soleus (0.55 peaks per second (pps), 16.0%) and tibialis anterior (0.42 pps, 11.4%) after the handgrip contraction independent of age. Although antagonist tendon vibration reduced ΔF in soleus (0.28 pps, 12.6%) independent of age, less reduction was observed in older (0.42 pps, 10.7%) than young adults (0.72 pps, 17.8%) in tibialis anterior. Our data indicate a preserved ability of older adults to amplify PICs following a remote handgrip contraction, during which increased serotonergic input onto the motor neurones is expected, in both lower leg muscles. However, PIC deactivation in response to reciprocal inhibition was impaired with ageing in tibialis anterior despite being preserved in soleus. Key points: Motor neuronal persistent inward currents (PICs) are facilitated via diffuse neuromodulation and deactivated by local inhibition to ensure motor units discharge at required times and frequencies, allowing normal motor behaviour.PIC amplitudes appear to be reduced with ageing; however, it is not known whether PIC facilitation–inhibition control is also altered.Remote handgrip contraction, which should diffusely increase serotonergic input onto motor neurones, facilitated PICs similarly in both soleus and tibialis anterior of young and older adults.Antagonist tendon vibration, which induces reciprocal inhibition, reduced PICs in soleus in both young and older adults but had less effect in tibialis anterior in older adults.Data from lower‐threshold motor units during low‐force contractions suggest that PIC facilitation is preserved with ageing in soleus and tibialis anterior. However, the effect of reciprocal inhibition on the contribution of PICs to motor neurone discharge seems reduced in tibialis anterior but preserved in soleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a comprehensive study on lanthanide monouranate–based glass–ceramic (GC) composites as potential waste forms for the immobilization of the lanthanide actinide fraction waste arising from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Although the crystalline LnUO4 precursor prepared via a nitrate route can be well stabilized in a sodium aluminoborosilicate glass, the in situ crystallization of EuUO4 in glass from oxide precursors (Eu2O3 and U3O8) is rather robust with regards to various processing conditions such as waste loadings, ceramic‐to‐glass ratios, and cooling rates. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed the detailed microstructures, where ∼1–5‐μm spheres for NdUO4 and EuUO4, and ∼1–5‐μm rectangular crystals for DyUO4 and HoUO4 were observed in residual glasses. As designed, the pentavalent uranium has been confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Overall, LnUO4‐based GC composite waste forms are chemically durable, offering flexible processing options with wide operating windows for SNF and process waste stream management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive constituent of cannabis widely available as a dietary supplement. Previous reports that it impairs the retinoid, sonic hedgehog, and folate metabolism pathways raise concern that it may impair closure of the embryonic neural tube (NT), producing NT defects including spina bifida and exencephaly. Methods: We undertook teratogenicity testing of CBD in mouse whole embryo culture. Results: At concentrations that do not diminish embryo viability, growth, or axial rotation, CBD dose‐dependently impairs cranial NT closure, increasing the proportion of embryos that develop exencephaly. It concomitantly diminishes closure of the spinal NT, the posterior neuropore (PNP), producing longer neuropores at the end of culture which is a hallmark of spina bifida risk. Exposure to CBD does not disrupt the formation of long F‐actin cables in surface ectoderm cells flanking the PNP or folding of the neuroepithelium at predictable hinge points. At the cellular level, CBD exposure does not alter proliferation or apoptosis of the spinal neuroepithelium. Discussion: Thus, CBD acts selectively as a neuroteratogen predisposing to spina bifida and exencephaly in mouse whole embryo culture at exposure levels not associated with overt toxicity. Large‐scale testing of CBD's effects on NT closure, particularly in at‐risk groups, is warranted to inform its marketing to women of childbearing age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration projects often rely on the assumption that a local intervention will restore diminished populations, without fully understanding the constraints that limit the target species in the first place. In rivers, one common restoration technique is to place large structures, such as wood and boulders, on the bed, with the assumption that fish will subsequently arrive and use them. Nonetheless, providing large habitat structure may not overcome demographic or resource constraints on fish populations, and thus may not aid recovery. We aimed to test if resource constraints (food and cover) are limiting local densities of fishes in a degraded stream by experimentally alleviating these constraints. If the abundance of one or more species is constrained by resource availability, then local numbers of these species should increase following an increase in resources.To test our prediction, we increased the availability of food and microhabitat complexity (cover) at sites in Hughes Creek, a degraded stream in south‐east Australia that has extensive accumulations of sand and limited in‐stream structure. At treatment sites, we hammered pairs of wooden stakes (25 cm apart) into the stream bed so that the ends of stakes protruded just above the water surface at moderate flows. Stakes effectively trapped passing sticks and leaves, which increased local detrital densities and, subsequently, invertebrate densities, hence providing food and cover for fish. Over the course of a year, we compared the changes in fish abundances at treatment sites to unmanipulated control sites.Fish responded quickly to enhanced retention of detritus, with assemblage differences observed between treatment and control sites. We caught more river blackfish (Gadopsis marmoratus), southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis), Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica), and mountain galaxias (Galaxias olidus) at treatment sites on some occasions, indicating that these species may be subject to resource constraints in this stream. The magnitude of observed positive fish responses was influenced by the life‐stage of individuals and local stream conditions. Importantly, treatment effects varied through time and were no longer observed after a large flood affected the study stream.Our results show that resource constraints limit local species abundances and demonstrate a novel method of overcoming these constraints in a small, degraded stream. This is a necessary first step but future work is needed to examine whether increases in abundance are due to the provided resources increasing growth rates, survivorship, or reproduction. This work also highlights the importance of understanding species' life histories, the broader landscape setting, and the disturbance regime when undertaking site scale restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and muscle function in the triceps surae of runners with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT). Methods: Runners with (n = 11) and without (n = 13) AT were recruited. Plantar flexor isometric peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD) were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Triceps surae endurance was measured as single-leg heel raise (SLHR) to failure test. SICI was assessed using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation during a sustained contraction at 10% of plantar flexor isometric peak torque. Results: Triceps surae SICI was 14.3% (95% CI: −2.1 to 26.4) higher in AT than in the control group (57.9%, 95% CI: 36.2 to 79.6; and 43.6% 95% CI: 16.2 to 71.1, p = 0.032) irrespective of the tested muscle. AT performed 16 (95% CI: 7.9 to 23.3, p < 0.001) fewer SLHR repetitions on the symptomatic side compared with controls, and 14 (95% CI: 5.8 to 22.0, p = 0.004), fewer SLHR repetitions on the non-symptomatic compared with controls. We found no between-groups differences in isometric peak torque (p = 0.971) or RTD (p = 0.815). Perspective: Our data suggest greater intracortical inhibition for the triceps surae muscles for the AT group accompanied by reduced SLHR endurance, without deficits in isometric peak torque or RTD. The increased SICI observed in the AT group could be negatively influencing triceps surae endurance; thus, rehabilitation aiming to reduce intracortical inhibition should be considered to improve patient outcomes. Furthermore, SLHR is a useful clinical tool to assess plantar flexor function in AT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)‐based biosensor, computationally guided to detect selectively the four Dengue virus (DENVx) serotypes in seropositive patients, is presented. The behavior of gold nanoparticles in the shape of nanorods is theoretically and numerically studied as a function of induced structural variations, which are experimentally evidenced due to the bio‐interaction between the target analytes and its surface during the detection process. Additionally, with the implementation of the largest Lyapunov exponent, it is possible to calculate the notion of predictability for the experimental results, observing chaotic systems with a very low probability of repetition. Due to the above, when analyzing the recurrence map associated with the obtained resonance curve generated by the LSPR system, the genetic similarity of DENV3/DENV2 and DENV4/DENV1 is evidenced. Finally, the biosensors are validated by analyzing samples of seronegative patients for DENVx and seropositive ones for other Flaviviruses such as Zika virus, Yellow Fever virus, and Saint Louis Encephalitis virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol conversion into value‐added chemicals has received much attention due to the prospect of increasing the biodiesel industry's profitability. The dehydration of glycerol is one of the most explored reactions in the valorization of glycerol, and the zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 is one of the furthermost used structures. In this study, several characterization techniques were used to investigate the detailed aging of coke in spent H‐ZSM‐5 zeolites after their use in the gas‐phase glycerol dehydration to produce acrolein. The carbonaceous deposits formed almost totally in the first minutes of the reaction. They rapidly got trapped inside the pores, hampering the accessibility to active sites and the zeolite's full catalytic action. Two types of coke were formed during the reaction: polyglycols, on the external surface, and aromatics, inside the pores, representing the majority (∼98 wt.%) of the carbonaceous compounds. Besides, aromatic compounds age over time, becoming bulkier and more deficient in hydrogen. We also found a correlation between the amount of coke, its size, accessibility to the acid active sites, and changes in crystallographic parameters of the zeolite with the presence of coke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of the arboviral disease vector Aedes aegypti has shown variable levels of efficacy around the globe. We evaluated an Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap (AGO) intervention as a stand‐alone control tool for population suppression of A. aegypti in US communities bordering Mexico.We conducted a cluster randomized crossover trial with weekly mosquito surveillance of sentinel households from July 2017 to December 2018. The intervention took place from August to December of both years. Multilevel models (generalized linear and additive mixed models) were used to analyse the changes in population abundance of female A. aegypti.We observed that female populations were being suppressed 77% (2018) and four times lower outdoor female abundance when AGO coverage (number of intervention AGO traps that surrounded a sentinel home) was high (2.7 AGOs/house). However, we also observed that areas with low intervention AGO coverage resulted in no difference (2017) or slightly higher abundance compared to the control. These results suggest that coverage rate might play a critical role on how populations of female A. aegypti are being modulated in the field. The lack of larval source habitat reduction and the short duration of the intervention period might have limited the A. aegypti population suppression observed in this study.Synthesis and applications. The mosquito, A. aegypti, is a public health concern in most tropical and subtropical regions. With the rise of insecticide resistance, the evaluation of non‐chemical tools has become pivotal in the fight against arboviral disease transmission. Our study shows that the AGO intervention, as a stand‐alone control tool, is limited by its coverage in human settlements. Vector control programmes should consider, that if the target coverage rate is not achieved, measures will be ineffective unless coupled with other control approaches. Although our multilevel modelling was focused on A. aegypti and the AGO, the approach can be applied to other mosquito vector species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transition‐metal‐free one‐pot synthesis of 3‐halo‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzo[b]chalcogenophenes has been developed using 1‐(2‐organochalcogenylethynyl)‐2‐butylchalcogenylbenzenes generated in situ from 1‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzenes and diorganoyl dichalcogenides. By this method, several 2,3‐disubstituted benzo[b]chalcogenophenes were prepared in yields of 48–93%. The mechanistic investigation suggests that the formation of chalcogenoacetylenes containing an adjacent chalcogen atom in the first step of this one‐pot procedure involves acetylide anions formed from 1‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2‐organochalcogenylbenzenes and mild bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Key Findings: Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone developmentReviews embryonic origins of different bonesDescribes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements.Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most extensively studied influence on adolescent conduct problem behaviors is peers, and the literature points to genetics as one source of individual differences in peer influence. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an environmental sensitivity genetic index comprised of DRD4, 5‐HTTLPR, and GABRA2 variation would moderate the association between peer and adolescent conduct problems. Latent growth modeling was applied to PROSPER project longitudinal data from adolescents and their peers. Results showed the hypothesis was supported; adolescents with more copies of putative sensitivity alleles were more strongly influenced by their peers. The interaction form was consistent with differential susceptibility in follow‐up analyses. Strengths and weaknesses of genetic aggregates for sensitivity research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a systematic study of the nature of the RuNO bond, reduction potential, and behavior in the solution of several ruthenium nitrosyl complexes of the type trans‐[Ru(NH3)4(L)(NO)]2+/3+ (L = Cl, H2O, NH3, OH, py = pyridine, POEt3 = triethylphosphite, TVP = trivinyl phosphite) and [Ru(salen)(L)(NO)]2+/3+ (L = Cl, H2O) in different charge and spin states. We employed density functional theory, complete active space self‐consistent field, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, charge decomposition analysis, and Monte Carlo statistical simulation in aqueous solution to investigate how the different ligands on the coordination sphere of the ruthenium atom can affect the nature of the RuNO bond and, therefore, its reactivity, reduction potential, and solvation properties. The nature of the RuNO bond varies significantly between the singlet, doublet, and triplet electronic states of these complexes, in part due to the change in the coordination mode of the NO ligand and also due to the electron correlation effects along the RuNO bond that changes drastically. For all complexes studied, the RuNO bond shows some intriguing characteristics, such as large kinetic energy density and considerable amount of electron localization between the atoms, besides high multiconfigurational character, with a significant contribution from the RuIIINO0 configuration. In addition, for all the complexes investigated, the NO ligand does not interact with the solvent through hydrogen bonds, making this group accessible for chemical reactions in solution. Another important finding was that some of the RuIIINO compounds can be reduced by biological reducing agents in the singlet ground state, while all of them have high reduction potentials in the triplet excited state, making them suitable candidates for the photorelease of nitric oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades of study of the igneous martian crust concluded that it was primarily basaltic, but a range of new investigations find evidence of evolved compositions. Foremost of these is a highly feldspathic unit within the Nili Patera caldera of Syrtis Major, the only detection with preserved volcanic context but which nonetheless remains ambiguous in exact composition and formation. We conduct compositional mapping of this feldspathic unit via near‐infrared spectroscopy from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars instrument and find that the unit occupies at minimum 104 km2 at high confidence and an additional 41 km2 at moderately high confidence, meaning the unit is locally significant. We compare our mapping with that inferred from geomorphology and find that while texture and albedo are useful proxies, they are not perfectly reliable as substitutes for thorough compositional investigation. Study of the boundary between the feldspathic unit and surrounding mafic rock indicates the former formed early and may extend locally in the subsurface. We consider what compositional mixtures could explain the conflicting interpretations derived from visible/near‐infrared and thermal infrared spectroscopy, concluding it is likely due to thermophysical differences between the light‐toned feldspathic unit and the infilling dark mafic sand. We discuss proposed plutonic and volcanic formation scenarios for the feldspathic unit, considering Earth analogs and implications for the parent magmatic system, and offer observations in rock texture and composition that would clarify. Plain Language Summary: For many years, the surface of Mars derived from cooled magma or lava was thought to be predominantly a low‐silica rock called basalt. Recent observations have produced evidence of high‐silica rock that is rich in a mineral called feldspar (termed feldspathic), which was long thought not to occur on Mars. For our study, we focus on a detection site in Nili Patera, a crater at the summit of the Syrtis Major volcano. Using the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars instrument, we study how reflected sunlight interacts with the martian surface to deduce rock composition at the surface and thereby map the extent of this feldspathic rock. We find that the unique rock covers 104 km2 at high confidence and an additional 41 km2 at moderately high confidence. This indicates that the unit is locally significant and, as this is the only detection site with a preserved volcanic context, worth further study to understand its formation. We conclude with discussion of potential sources for the disagreement in compositional interpretation of the feldspathic unit and how potential formation mechanisms might be distinguished with further observations or laboratory measurements. Key Points: Nili Patera is the only feldspathic site on Mars with its volcanic context intactCompositional mapping of the unit reveals it is locally significant and occupies 145 km2 at minimumConsidering all data sets holistically optimizes the interpretation of this remotely sensed composition and its magmatic history [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein the electrical and microstructural characterization of additively manufactured glassy carbon fabricated via two‐photon polymerization (2PP) is reported. Thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures volatizes much of the 2PP fabricated part, converting the crosslinked photopolymer into a carbon‐rich structure. Upon heating to continued elevated temperatures the carbon material becomes increasingly conductive. The ability to control the conductivity of the pyrolyzed material is done by varying the pyrolysis temperature, with maximum conductivity obtained of roughly 2 × 104 S m−1. Microstructural characterization with Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms that the increase in conductivity comes from the increased sp2 bonding percentage in carbon and increased crystallinity. This knowledge allows for the manufacturing of predictable, well‐controlled glassy carbon resistors that are within 10% of theoretical values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) enables data independent acquisition (DIA) and untargeted screening. However, to avoid the handling of the resulting large dataset, most laboratories in that field still use targeted screening methods, which offer good sensitivity and specificity but are limited to known compounds. The promising field of machine learning offers new possibilities such as artificial neural networks that can be trained to classify large amounts of data. In this proof of concept study, we exemplify such a machine learning approach for raw HRMS‐DIA data files. We evaluated a machine learning model using training, validation, and test sets of solvent and whole blood samples containing drugs (of abuse) common in forensic toxicology. For that purpose, different platforms were used. With a feedforward neural network model architecture, a category prediction (blank sample vs. drug containing sample) was aimed for. With the applied machine learning approaches, the sensitivity and specificity, of the validation and test set, for the prediction of sample classes were in a suitable range for an actual use in a (routine) laboratory (e.g. workplace drug testing). In conclusion, this proof of concept study clearly demonstrated the huge potential of machine learning in the analysis of HRMS‐DIA data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial configuration and morphology of roots are commonly monitored for a better understanding of plant health and development. However, this approach provides minimal details about the biochemistry regulating the observable traits. Therefore, the ability to metabolically map the entire root structure would be of major value. Here, we developed a sample preparation approach that enables imaging of the entire root within a restricted space (width of microscope slide), which was influenced by the Swiss‐rolling technique. We were able to image and confidently identify molecules along the entire root structure from rolled‐root tissue sections using multiple spatially resolved mass spectrometry approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beer production generates brewer's spent grain as a byproduct. This biomass contains lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and can be used for the production of second‐generation (2G) ethanol and xylitol. For this to be economically viable, fermentable fractions must be used, allowing the conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol. This study evaluated the fermentation of hemicellulose liquor from brewer's spent grain (HLBS) in aerobic and oxygen‐ limited conditions using Scheffersomyces stipitis and Pachysolen tannophilus. Results were compared with data obtained in a complex medium (YPX) and a minimal medium (MMX). In aerobic conditions, for S. stipitis in the HLBS medium, μmax = 0.12 h−1, Yethanol/xylose = 0.14 and selectivity for ethanol over xylitol (Sethanol/xylitol) 3.4 gethanol g−1xylitol were obtained. Under oxygen‐limited conditions, Yethanol/xylose = 0.22 and Sethanol/xylitol = 1.17 gethanol g−1xylitol were obtained. For P. tannophilus, under aerobic conditions, the HLBS medium gave μmax = 0.08 h−1, and Yethanol/xylose = 0.005, with selectivity for ethanol over xylitol (Sethanol/xylitol) of 0.12 gethanol g−1xylitol. In oxygen‐limited conditions, Yethanol/xylose = 0.09 and Sethanol/xylitol = 0.20 gethanol g−1xylitol were obtained. This is because the metabolism of these aerobic yeasts directs the carbon flow to cell growth, while with oxygen limitation it is directed to metabolite production. The HLBS medium was promising for production in the context of a biorefinery. When comparing the two yeasts, S. stipitis presented better ethanol production and P. tannophilus better xylitol production under the conditions that were studied. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CreERT2‐mediated gene recombination is widely applied in developmental biology research. Activation of CreERT2 is typically achieved by injection of tamoxifen in an oily vehicle into the peritoneal cavity of mid‐gestation pregnant mice. This can be technically challenging and adversely impacts welfare. Here we characterize three refinements to this technique: Pipette feeding (not gavage) of tamoxifen, ex vivo CreERT2 activation in whole embryo culture and injection of cell‐permeable TAT‐Cre into Cre‐negative cultured embryos. We demonstrate that pipette feeding of tamoxifen solution to the mother on various days of gestation reliably activates embryonic CreERT2, illustrated here using β‐ActinCreERT2, Sox2CreERT2, TCreERT2, and Nkx1.2CreERT2. Pipette feeding of tamoxifen induces dose‐dependent recombination of Rosa26mTmG reporters when administered at E8.5. Activation of two neuromesodermal progenitor‐targeting Cre drivers, TCreERT2, and Nkx1.2CreERT2, produces comparable neuroepithelial lineage tracing. Dose‐dependent CreERT2 activation can also be achieved by brief exposure to 4OH‐tamoxifen in whole embryo culture, allowing temporal control of gene deletion and eliminating the need to treat pregnant mice. Rosa26mTmG reporter recombination can also be achieved regionally by injecting TAT‐Cre into embryonic tissues at the start of culture. This allows greater spatial control over Cre activation than can typically be achieved with endogenous CreERT2, for example by injecting TAT‐Cre on one side of the midline. We hope that our description and application of these techniques will stimulate refinement of experimental methods involving CreERT2 activation for gene deletion and lineage tracing studies. Improved temporal (ex vivo treatment) and spatial (TAT‐Cre injection) control of recombination will also allow previously intractable questions to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our objective was to compare guided virtual surgery to conventional surgery in terms of angular deviation of single dental implants placed in the posterior mandible. Materials and Methods: Patients with bilateral homologous single teeth missing in the posterior mandible were eligible for this split‐mouth randomized clinical trial. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed for virtual planning of implant position and manufacturing of the stereolithographic guides. One week after the surgery, a second CBCT scan was superimposed to the initial planning. Primary endpoint was the angular deviation between virtual and clinical implant position. Secondary endpoints were linear deviations and patient‐reported outcomes collected with a questionnaire. Results: Data from 12 patients were available for analysis. Angular deviation was significantly lower using stereolithographic guides as compared to conventional guides (2.2 ± 1.1° vs. 3.5 ± 1.6°, p =.042). Linear deviations were similar for both techniques in the coronal (2.34 ± 1.01 vs. 1.93 ± 0.95 mm) and apical (2.53 ± 1.11 vs. 2.19 ± 1.00 mm) dimensions (p ˃.05). The selection of the surgical technique had no significant impact on the patient‐reported outcomes. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the angular discrepancy between the virtual and the clinical implant position is slightly lower when using stereolithographic guides as compared to conventional guides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deforestation can modify stream habitat and the functional structure of fish assemblages. The aims of this study were (a) to identify whether deforestation has a similar effect on local habitats from two biogeographically distinct river basins in a tropical region; (b) to identify how fish trait–habitat relationships were influenced by deforestation; and (c) to compare functional redundancy patterns in these basins.Environmental and biological variables were obtained for 160 stream reaches, 85 located in the Alto Paraná River basin and 75 in the Machado River basin. Traits were associated with body size, habitat preference, food items and foraging period. Linear models were constructed to verify the environmental convergence of habitats across streams from the Alto Paraná and the Machado basins. An RLQ and a fourth‐corner analysis were conducted to investigate how deforestation affected habitat variables and trait–habitat relationships. The nearest relative index (NRI) was used as a functional redundancy measure.Deforestation led to a similar habitat gradient from streams with a higher proportion of coarse roots in more forested catchments to streams with streamside grasses, bare soil and unconsolidated substrate in more deforested catchments; however, a general pattern of fish trait–habitat relationships was not identified across basins. Functional redundancy was associated with a long history of habitat loss in the Alto Paraná streams, whereas functional complementarity was related to more recent and less intense habitat loss in Machado streams.We believe that differences in regional species pools and historical processes between the basins influenced the fish functional responses to deforestation. Nevertheless, the results highlighted the importance of stream habitat heterogeneity and the presence of preserved forest fragments in a region to prevent the loss of unique traits. Decision‐makers should therefore maintain large forest fragments and restore riparian forests to preserve stream habitat and the functional structure of fish assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of the first bismuth‐containing macromolecules that exhibit phosphorescence in the solid state and in the presence of oxygen is reported. These red emissive high molecular weight polymers (>300 kDa) feature benzobismoles appended to a hydrocarbon scaffold, and were built via an efficient ring‐opening metathesis (ROMP) protocol. Moreover, our general procedure readily allows for the formation of cross‐linked networks and block copolymers. Attaining stable red phosphorescence with non‐toxic elements remains a challenge and, thus, our new class of soluble (processable) polymeric phosphor is of great interest. Furthermore, the formation of bismuth‐rich cores within organic–inorganic block copolymer spherical micelles is possible, leading to patterned arrays of bismuth in the film state. Turning on Bismuth: The synthesis of red and orange emitting bismuth‐based phosphors is reported. The modular synthetic approach allows for rapid ring‐opening metathesis polymerization to yield block copolymer spherical micelles that assemble into organized films with bismuth‐rich, metallized domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment for advanced lung adenocarcinoma (AC) has become increasingly personalized based on molecular results. However, for patients with AC brain metastases (BMs), intracranial outcomes based on molecular subtype and the frequency of molecular aberrations are less well defined. This study sought to report targeted next-generation sequencing results and investigate molecularly based outcomes for patients with AC-BMs treated with radiotherapy.Methods: The records of 132 patients with AC-BMs treated at Emory University from September 2008 to August 2016 with successful next-generation sequencing were reviewed. Rates of local disease recurrence, distant brain failure (DBF), and salvage whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) were estimated using cumulative incidence with competing risk analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results: The most common aberrations included tumor protein 53 (TP53) (60%), KRAS (29%), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (20.5%), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss (15.5%), and MET amplification (13%). The majority of patients (62%) were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery alone. In these patients, KRAS mutation, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement, and having ≥ 6 BMs were associated with an increased risk of salvage WBRT (P < .05). KRAS mutation remained significant for an increased risk of salvage WBRT when compared with EGFR/ALK/KRAS-negative patients (hazard ratio, 5.17; P < .05), despite a similar risk of DBF. PTEN loss was associated with increased risk of DBF (P < .05), whereas EGFR and ALK aberrations were associated with a decreased risk of local disease recurrence (P < .05).Conclusions: The results of the current study quantified the frequency of genetic aberrations in patients with AC-BMs and demonstrated their association with intracranial outcomes. In particular, a cohort of patients with KRAS mutations and ≥6 BMs were identified to be at high risk of requiring salvage WBRT after undergoing upfront stereotactic radiosurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The use of biopolymer‐based drug delivery systems is increasing in the pharmaceutical area due to them biodegradable and biocompatible properties. In this work, a poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) grafted with poly (hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PHPMA), PBSgPHPMA, is prepared using maleic unsaturations inserted in the PBS chain during its synthesis. Several characterization techniques are used to study the homopolymers and the grafted material. Among them, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) allowed inferring the obtaining of the aimed materials. Also, the copolymer is used to prepare microparticles containing Meloxicam by emulsification and solvent evaporation method. These microparticles are tested as drug delivery systems under pH 8.5 (gastrointestinal) and pH 5.5 (skin). The primary results allowed inferring that the grafted material can be used as a drug delivery system, showing that the release rate at pH 5.5 allowed the slower delivery rate among tested materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis among immunocompetent patients in Latin America. This study aimed to describe the expansion over time and the geographical distribution of confirmed Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM) and PCM cases, and relate it to environmental characteristics such as climate, soil types and coffee crops. This was a retrospective study of autopsy and biopsy reports between 1951 and 2014 from the Medical Pathology Section of the Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Southern Brazil. PCM was predominant in male agricultural workers. PCM cases predominated in areas with subtropical climate with hot summers in North West Parana state. NPCM cases were distributed statewide more frequent in rural than metropolitan area. There was no association with climate, soil type, or coffee crop culture. Most of the PCM cases were in the metropolitan area of the capital, chiefly due to migration fluxes. Even though the history is predominantly agricultural, PCM cases were distributed mainly in the metropolitan area of the state capital, there was no association with climate and soil. NPCM cases were numerically more frequent in rural than metropolitan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis prevalent among immunocompetent patients in Latin America. This study aimed to describe the frequency, demographics and clinical characteristics of central nervous system PCM (NPCM) and PCM in an endemic region, and the impact of human immunosuppression virus (HIV) co‐infection. This was a retrospective study of autopsy and biopsy reports from the Medical Pathology Section of the Hospital de Clinicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Southern Brazil, between 1951 and 2014. PCM was present in 0.1% of 378,323 cases examined, with 5.7% being NPCM. Infection was prevalent in working‐age men, agricultural workers and rural residents. Numbers of HIV autopsy cases increased over time, while those of PCM cases decreased. Prevalence of co‐infection of HIV/PCM and HIV/NPCM was 1.6%, and 0.4%, respectively. Adrenals were affected more frequently in the NPCM group compared with the PCM group. Mortality was higher on NPCM group. The clinical course of PCM in HIV patients resembles an acute/sub‐acute infection. Association of NPCM and HIV is rare, while diagnosis of NPCM is difficult, it should be considered a differential diagnosis in HIV patients who live in, or have visited, endemic areas and present with neurological symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Twenty‐seven percent of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are associated with distant metastases, and in some patients, the primary site is unknown. Orthopedia homeobox protein (OTP) has been described as a useful marker for lung carcinoids (LCs) and for separating low‐grade typical carcinoids (TCs) from intermediate‐grade atypical carcinoids (ACs) in resection specimens. This study evaluated OTP, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF‐1), and Ki‐67 expression in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) samples of various NETs. METHODS: A search for NETs diagnosed via FNA with subsequent resection was performed. Cell block sections were stained for OTP, TTF‐1, and mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Mib‐1). Nuclear expression for OTP and TTF‐1 was considered positive. Nuclear Ki‐67 staining was reported as a percentage. Results were correlated with the grade and primary site for resection specimens. RESULTS: Sixty‐three FNA samples of NETs were identified: 14 liver samples, 14 pancreatic samples, 13 lymph node samples, 12 lung samples, 3 retroperitoneum samples, 2 small intestine samples, and 5 other samples. OTP was positive in 12 of 63 NETs (19%) from the following sites: lung (n = 8), liver (lung primary; n = 2), skin (n = 1), and lymph node (lung primary; n = 1). In well‐differentiated NETs, only LCs were OTP‐positive, whereas TTF‐1 was positive in LCs and nonlung NETs (67% vs 7%). Within the LC category, OTP was positive in 100% of the TCs versus 17% of the ACs. CONCLUSIONS: OTP is specific for LCs because well‐differentiated nonlung NETs are negative for OTP. OTP preferentially stains TCs over ACs. In well‐differentiated NETs, OTP staining is highly specific for LCs, and in combination with a low Ki‐67 index, it suggests a pulmonary TC. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:236‐42. © 2018 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Invasions by non-native species are known to be related to present propagule pressure (e.g., the number of non-native seeds arriving in a site each year). However, previous studies have mostly ignored the potential effects of the length of time that a site has experienced propagule pressure. This study is novel in studying past as well as present propagule pressure and in demonstrating the importance of past propagule pressure. METHODS: We tested the importance of past and present propagule pressure in three plant communities in central Texas to quantify relationships between variables representing past and present propagule pressure, other environmental variables and the abundance of non-native and native woody plant species. KEY RESULTS: Duration of propagule pressure predicted non-native species richness. Sites had greater non-native species richness if they were nearer to development (houses, roads) and if nearby development was older. While mesic woodlands had the most native species, streamside woodlands had the most non-native species. CONCLUSIONS: First, future studies of non-native invasions would benefit from including past as well as present propagule pressure. If past propagule pressure is not considered, its effects may be wrongly ascribed to present propagule pressure. Second, the non-native species in this study are widely used in landscaping, and development age reflects the years that landscaping has been present nearby. As xeriscaping becomes more common, streamside woodlands may someday not have the highest non-native species richness: the new drought-tolerant landscaping plants may be better invaders of drier sites than their predecessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition and health status of indigenous peoples (IPs) in the Philippines: Results of the 2013 National Nutrition Survey and 2015 updating survey. Although hospitalisation deprivation inequities have decreased for both groups, Maori experienced a slower decline. Oben et al. reported disparities in hospitalisation rates among indigenous peoples in New Zealand.1 They revealed that hospitalisation rates are higher in Maori than non-Maori non-Pacific groups. [Extracted from the article]

This study addresses replication in candidate gene × environment interaction (cG×E) research by investigating if the key findings from Brody, Beach, Philibert, Chen, and Murry (2009) can be detected using data (N = 1,809) from the PROSPER substance use preventive intervention delivery system. Parallel to Brody et al., this study tested the hypotheses that substance misuse initiation would increase faster from age 11 to age 14 and be higher at age 14 among: (a) 5-HTTLPR short carrier adolescents versus long homozygotes, (b) control versus intervention adolescents, and (c) 5-HTTLPR short carriers in the control condition versus all other participants. The hypotheses were generally supported and results were consistent with Brody et al.'s cG×I finding. Results are discussed in light of replication issues in cG×E research and implications for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genetic aberrations are well characterized in lung adenocarcinomas (LACs) and clinical outcomes have been influenced by targeted therapies in the advanced setting. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is the standard-of-care therapy for patients with nonoperable, early-stage LAC, but to the authors' knowledge, no information is available regarding the impact of genomic changes in these patients. The current study sought to determine the frequency and clinical impact of genetic aberrations in this population.Methods: Under an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol, the records of 242 consecutive patients with early-stage lung cancers were reviewed; inclusion criteria included LAC histology with an adequate tumor sample for the successful use of next-generation sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization testing. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with clinical outcomes.Results: LAC samples from 98 of the 242 patients were reviewed (40.5%), of whom 45 patients (46.0%) had genetic testing. The following mutations were noted: KRAS in 20.0% of samples, BRAF in 2.2% of samples, SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) in 4.4% of samples, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in 15.6% of samples, STK1 in 2.2% of samples, tumor protein 53 (TP53) in 15.6% of samples, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in 2.2% of samples. The following gene rearrangements were observed: anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in 8.9% of samples, RET in 2.2% of samples, and MET amplification in 17.8% of samples. The median total delivered SBRT dose was 50 grays (range, 48-60 grays) over a median of 5 fractions (range, 3-8 fractions). The KRAS mutation was associated with worse local control (odds ratio [OR], 3.64; P<.05). MET amplification was associated with worse regional (OR, 4.64; P<.05) and distant (OR, 3.73; P<.05) disease control.Conclusions: To the authors' knowledge, the current series is the first to quantify genetic mutations and their association with clinical outcomes in patients with early-stage LAC treated with SBRT. KRAS mutations were associated with worse local control and MET amplification was associated with worse regional and distant disease control, findings that need to be validated in a prospective setting. Cancer 2017;123:3681-3690. © 2017 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart valve tissue engineering offers the promise of improved treatments for congenital heart disorders; however, widespread clinical availability of a tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV) has been hindered by scientific and regulatory concerns, including the lack of a disposable, bioreactor system for nondestructive valve seeding and mechanical conditioning. Here we report the design for manufacture and the production of full scale, functional prototypes of such a system. To evaluate the efficacy of this bioreactor as a tool for seeding, ovine aortic valves were decellularized and subjected to seeding with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). The effects of pulsatile conditioning using cyclic waveforms tuned to various negative and positive chamber pressures were evaluated, with respect to the seeding of cells on the decellularized leaflet and the infiltration of seeded cells into the interstitium of the leaflet. Infiltration of hMSCs into the aortic valve leaflet was observed following 72 h of conditioning under negative chamber pressure. Additional conditioning under positive pressure improved cellular infiltration, while retaining gene expression within the MSC-valve interstitial cell phenotype lineage. This protocol resulted in a subsurface pilot population of cells, not full tissue recellularization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 249-259, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational techniques comparing co-occurrences of city names in texts allow the relative longitudes and latitudes of cities to be estimated algorithmically. However, these techniques have not been applied to estimate the provenance of artifacts with unknown origins. Here, we estimate the geographic origin of artifacts from the Indus Valley Civilization, applying methods commonly used in cognitive science to the Indus script. We show that these methods can accurately predict the relative locations of archeological sites on the basis of artifacts of known provenance, and we further apply these techniques to determine the most probable excavation sites of four sealings of unknown provenance. These findings suggest that inscription statistics reflect historical interactions among locations in the Indus Valley region, and they illustrate how computational methods can help localize inscribed archeological artifacts of unknown origin. The success of this method offers opportunities for the cognitive sciences in general and for computational anthropology specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the article about candidate gene-by-environment interaction research (cGxI) which was written by Jamie Gajos, Abigail Fagan and Kevin Beaver. It offers a detailed explanation on the advantages of preventive intervention designs for genetically informative research. It also discusses the specific characteristics of cGxI, the need for replication in the field and the application of cGxI studies in criminology and related disciplines.