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Jake Buehler For a firmer grip on unforgiving rock faces, rock climbers often dust their hands with climbing chalk. While several regions and countries such as the EU and India already include positive biodiversity stimulus measures, other countries, including the US and China, have implemented negative ones. BLM's Pendley ruled unlawful, management plans overturned Tom Oates US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Resource Management Plans (RMPs) were shelved following a ruling by US District Court of Montana Chief Judge Brian Morris declaring that the acting BLM director, William Perry Pendley, was serving unlawfully, under delegated authority. BLM manages approximately 12% of US lands, primarily in western states. [Extracted from the article]

Insects are the most abundant terrestrial life-form, yet anthropologists on the whole have been little interested in insect life, although in recent decades with the emergence of ethnobiology and cultural entomology as sub-disciplines, a growing interest has developed in insect-human interactions. Thus scholars have been studying not only the practical uses of insects as food or medicine, but the role that insects have played in the cultural life of human societies - with regard to literature, mythology, music, art, religion, folklore and recreation (Bodenheimer 1951, Clausen 1954, Hogue 1987, Van Huis 1996). Here I shall focus on the role of insects as food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author discusses issues like circumcision, nudism and anti-circumcision activism, particularly in the U.S., by analyzing an article published in the nudist magazine "Clothed in the Sun." Also cited are neonatal circumcision as a key component of American culture, the relationship between nudism and naturism, and Nacktkultur as a German concept of nudism.

Although one writer has suggested that the role theory consists of pompous, nebulous and incredibly lengthy re-statements of what has been common knowledge for a very long time, no one can deny that it has provided a viable conceptual framework for the investigation of individual behaviour within an organizational setting. Such a framework has been profitably utilized in recent decades in a number of important studies; those pertaining to educational institutions being of particular interest. However, as the concept of role has become increasingly employed as a tool of empirical analysis, so there has been a tendency on the part of many social scientists to formulate a plethora of related concepts. In defining these further concepts terminology has been somewhat inconsistent, and this has led to a good deal of unnecessary confusion. This article attempts a further summary and clarification of this literature, to clarify as it were, the reigning confusion and it also attempts to discuss theoretically the changes in role-conceptions noted in empirical studies of individuals in, or entering, an organizational setting. The concept of role has diverse origins. Stemming from several disciplines it has come to the forefront of sociological theory as a concept linking social structure with individual personality. And significantly, the earliest formulations of the concept came from directions exemplifying two dissimilar areas of study, social anthropology and social psychology.

Background: Surgery + adjuvant therapy was shown to have improved overall survival (OS) versus nonsurgical treatment in T1‐T2N1‐N2b human papillomavirus (HPV)‐negative oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Our objective was to compare OS in transoral robotic surgery (TORS) with neck dissection versus nonsurgical treatment for T1‐T2N0 HPV‐negative OPC. Methods: Patients with T1‐T2N0 HPV‐negative OPC were identified in the National Cancer Database. OS was compared between groups: (1) TORS with neck dissection +/− adjuvant therapy, (2) primary radiotherapy (>60 Gy) +/− chemotherapy using Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results: There were 665 (78.4%) patients treated nonsurgically and 183 (21.6%) patients in the TORS group. Adjusting for age, comorbidity score, facility type, tumor subsite, and tumor stage, primary nonsurgical treatment was associated with worse OS (hazard ratio: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.34–2.69). Conclusion: For T1‐T2N0 HPV‐negative OPC, TORS with neck dissection may be associated with a survival benefit over nonsurgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drawing from our experiences teaching the subdiscipline of visual anthropology, we coin the term pedagogies of the senses to refer to a series of teaching strategies aimed at unsettling anthropology's visual archive through sonic displacements, figure–background reversals, and redactions. We argue for an attention to how experiments with the senses in the visual anthropology classroom have the capacity to actively interrupt colonial visual regimes, disrupt universalizing assumptions regarding the nature of knowledge transmission, and, in so doing, foster opportunities for a more inclusive classroom engagement by centering affects that are often sidelined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What if we selected our leaders by lottery? Zooming out from the mud huts of indigenous communities in the forested hills of eastern India, this article compares three different models of leadership and democracy: liberal electoral democracy; Marxist‐Leninist Maoist democracy; and democracy by sortition — the random selection of rotating leaders. The significance of sortition is introduced into discussions of democracy in India (showing connections with practices in Nepal and China) as part of a broader attempt to make scholarship on South Asia more democratic. The author also re‐reads ideals of leadership among indigenous people, showing that we need a theoretical and practical vision arguing not for societies without leaders but for societies in which everyone may be a leader. In India, this compels us to push back against the critique of its indigenous communities for not producing leaders and enables a profound re‐reading of the history of subaltern anti‐colonial rebellions. The final aim of the article is to highlight the virtues of the potential of sortition in creating democratic society globally. How we think about democracy and leadership is thus turned on its head to provide a new vision for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Prayer Book Controversy, c.1974-c.2000: Liturgy, Church, and Parliament in Late Twentieth Century England1 The bishops were keen to emphasise the "alternative" nature of the ASB, pointing out that it was offered alongside the BCP, not as a replacement for it.[98] Such an argument bore no truck with the other side, however, and defenders of the BCP feared a repeat of the way in which the Episcopal Church in America had dismissed their old prayer book some years before.[99] C. H. Sisson memorably referred to these reassurances as having been "a pack of lies" in 1981.[100] A common complaint was that the intentions of the Church hierarchy were being made expressly clear in their use of the ASB at every public opportunity. , Letter to the Editor, I The Times i , 16 April 1982, 7. 137 C. Buchanan, "God, Caesar, & the Prayer Book Bill", Letter to the Editor, I Church Times i , 5 June 1981, 12. 138 "Preserving Europe - and the BCP", I Church Times i , 30 March 1984, 10. In 1928 Parliament rejected revisions to the 1662 I Book of Common Prayer i (BCP) in what became known as the "Prayer Book crisis."[2] With the rejection of the 1928 Prayer Book the BCP remained the only legal text of the Church of England, despite its age, and against the wishes of many clerics. [Extracted from the article]

The GPR88 orphan G protein‐coupled receptor is expressed throughout the striatum, being preferentially localised in medium spiny neurons. It is also present in lower densities in frontal cortex and thalamus. Rare mutations in humans suggest a role in cognition and motor function, while common variants are associated with psychosis. Here we evaluate the influence of genetic deletion of GPR88 upon performance in translational tasks interrogating motivation, reward evaluation and cognitive function. In an automated radial arm maze 'N‐back' working memory task, Gpr88 KO mice showed impaired correct responding, suggesting a role for GPR88 receptors in working memory circuitry. Associative learning performance was similar to wild‐type controls in a touchscreen task but performance was impaired at the reversal learning stage, suggesting cognitive inflexibility. Gpr88 KO mice showed higher breakpoints, reduced latencies and lengthened session time in a progressive ratio task consistent with enhanced motivation. Simultaneously, locomotor hyperactivity was apparent in this task, supporting previous findings of actions of GPR88 in a cortico‐striatal‐thalamic motor loop. Evidence for a role of GPR88 in reward processing was demonstrated in a touchscreen‐based equivalent of the Iowa gambling task. Although both Gpr88 KO and wild‐type mice showed a preference for an optimum contingency choice, Gpr88 KO mice selected more risky choices at the expense of more advantageous lower risk options. Together these novel data suggest that striatal GPR88 receptors influence activity in a range of procedures integrated by prefrontal, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortico‐striatal‐thalamic loops leading to altered cognitive, motivational and reward evaluation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circumcision is often claimed to be simpler, safer and more cost‐effective when performed in the neonatal period as opposed to later in life, with a greater benefit‐to‐risk ratio. In the first part of this paper, we critically examine the evidence base for these claims, and find that it is not as robust as is commonly assumed. In the second part, we demonstrate that, even if one simply grants these claims for the sake of argument, it still does not follow that neonatal circumcision is ethically permissible absent urgent medical necessity. Based on a careful consideration of the relevant evidence, arguments and counterarguments, we conclude that medically unnecessary penile circumcision—like other medically unnecessary genital procedures, such as 'cosmetic' labiaplasty—should not be performed on individuals who are too young (or otherwise unable) to provide meaningful consent to the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents list of publication related to regional economic groups. Some of the books are "The European Community," by Brian Morris and Klaus Boehm, "The New Europe: An Economic Geography of the EEC," by G.N. Minshull. Some of the articles published were "The Foreign Capital Issue in the Asean Chambers Of Commerce and Industry," by Evans Young published in the journal "Asian Survey," "Developing and Perfecting Collaboration Among the Socialist Cmea Member Countries," by loan V. Toto, published in the journal "Soviet and Eastern European Foreign Trade,"Portugal and Spain Join the European Community," published in the journal "Barclays Review."

Objective: To examine state‐level environmental inequality trends over time by constructing a new, longitudinal data set and comparing change in environmental and economic inequality. Methods: We use Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) RSEI (Risk‐Screening Environmental Indicator) database to create measures of exposure to industrial air toxins and inequality in exposure by race and poverty status. Measures were calculated for each of three periods: 1990–1994, 2000–2004, and 2010–2014. Results: Exposure declined but inequality persisted. The geographic patterns displayed by race‐ and poverty‐related environmental inequality differ. But, states with higher levels of race‐based inequality had higher levels of exposure. Poverty‐based environmental and economic inequality exhibited a moderate, positive relation that was spatially patterned. Conclusion: While environmental quality improved, we saw little progress in reducing environmental inequality. Though both race‐ and poverty‐based inequality remain, they result from different mechanisms. Future research should examine the relations between deindustrialization and economic, environmental, and political inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on the conference `How to Publish in Anthropology.' Significance of the conference; Changes in the manner of anthropology publications; How to deal with publishers as authors; Factors for publishing success according to Brian Morris.

Abstract: Astrocytes, the most abundant and structurally complex glial cells of the central nervous system, are proposed to play an important role in modulating the activities of neuronal networks, including respiratory rhythm‐generating circuits of the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) located in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. However, structural properties of astrocytes residing within different brainstem regions are unknown. In this study astrocytes in the preBötC, an intermediate reticular formation (IRF) region with respiratory‐related function, and a region of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in adult rats were reconstructed and their morphological features were compared. Detailed morphological analysis revealed that preBötC astrocytes are structurally more complex than those residing within the functionally distinct neighboring IRF region, or the NTS, located at the dorsal aspect of the medulla oblongata. Structural analyses of the brainstem microvasculature indicated no significant regional differences in vascular properties. We hypothesize that high morphological complexity of preBötC astrocytes reflects their functional role in providing structural/metabolic support and modulation of the key neuronal circuits essential for breathing, as well as constraints imposed by arrangements of associated neurons and/or other local structural features of the brainstem parenchyma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article explores the effect of the racial structure of inequality on redistributive policy in the states. Methods: Applying measures developed in Hero and Levy (2016), we use fixed effects regressions to assess the impact of between‐race inequality on multiple measures of state welfare effort and generosity. Results: We find a strong negative association between racial inequality and all measures of welfare policy. The total level of inequality and the racial composition of the population, by contrast, are not associated with the welfare policy measures. The impact of racial inequality emerges after, but does not appear before, the 1996 national welfare reform that increased states’ discretion over welfare policy. Conclusion: These findings illustrate that the influence of income inequality on public policy is strongly conditioned by racial “structure.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FOXO3 has been implicated in longevity in multiple populations. By DNA sequencing in long-lived individuals, we identified all single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) in FOXO3 and showed 41 were associated with longevity. Thirteen of these had predicted alterations in transcription factor binding sites. Those SNPs appeared to be in physical contact, via RNA polymerase II binding chromatin looping, with sites in the FOXO3 promoter, and likely function together as a cis-regulatory unit. The SNPs exhibited a high degree of LD in the Asian population, in which they define a specific longevity haplotype that is relatively common. The haplotype was less frequent in whites and virtually nonexistent in Africans. We identified distant contact points between FOXO3 and 46 neighboring genes, through long-range physical contacts via CCCTC-binding factor zinc finger protein ( CTCF) binding sites, over a 7.3 Mb distance on chromosome 6q21. When activated by cellular stress, we visualized movement of FOXO3 toward neighboring genes. FOXO3 resides at the center of this early-replicating and highly conserved syntenic region of chromosome 6. Thus, in addition to its role as a transcription factor regulating gene expression genomewide, FOXO3 may function at the genomic level to help regulate neighboring genes by virtue of its central location in chromatin conformation via topologically associated domains. We believe that the FOXO3 'interactome' on chromosome 6 is a chromatin domain that defines an aging hub. A more thorough understanding of the functions of these neighboring genes may help elucidate the mechanisms through which FOXO3 variants promote longevity and healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the works of Henri Coudreau, a little-known French explorer of Guiana and Amazonia who was later forgotten by the 'heroic' histories of exploration because of his unruliness and nonconformist attitudes. Drawing on the literature of postcolonialism and tropicality as well as on recent studies of anti-colonialist geographies, I address for the first time Coudreau's geography from the perspective of anarchist and critical thinking. My main argument is that Coudreau's work is a further example of the complexity and heterogeneity of the European intellectual field during the imperial age. Despite having come of age intellectually among all the European racist and ethnocentric prejudices of his day, Coudreau developed a different outlook thanks to two factors, viz., his personal experience in living for years with the indigenous communities of Amazonia, and his exposure to anarchist anti-colonialist ideas through his collaboration with Elisée Reclus. Coudreau's tropical utopia of an independent Amazonia, and his endorsement of the stateless nature of local communities, ran counter to French imperial politics, occasioning Coudreau's dismissal from the French administration and his professional exile in Brazil at the time of the Franco-Brazilian border dispute (1897−1900). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces that the Companion in the Order of Australia is given to late scientist David Cooper in the Queen's Birthday Honours.

Recent senior anthropologists have heralded a new era where performative social and cultural kinship may eclipse procreational 'biological kinship' in contemporary western society. This article takes research on permanent residents in caravan parks as an extreme case that may act as an exemplar for future western contexts. Between 2003 and 2008, interviews with caravan-park managers, 50 interviews with park residents and short field stays at 17 outer Melbourne and rural Victorian caravan parks, provided multi-sited ethnographic material for analysis. I argue that contemporary contexts for relatedness give scope for creative development of social performative ties with 'ex' spouses and in-laws, friends and pets. 'Biological' kin and family with a material dimension remain central, however, and a response to family need or rupture is often the broadening of the procreative kin links between grandparent and grandchild and between siblings. Childhood institutionalisation and divorce in particular, contributed to pathways towards caravan park housing. Other kin-based motivations include finding safe accommodation for wives; providing housing for young adult males after injury and family divorce; and arranging for housing succession for children. Ideas of blood and folk biology demonstrate considerable resilience in contemporary kinship arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct sediment inputs from forest roads at stream crossings are a major concern for water quality and aquatic habitat. Legacy road-stream crossing approaches, or the section of road leading to the stream, may have poor water and grade control upon reopening, thus increasing the potential for negative impacts to water quality. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on the entire running surface area associated with six reopened stream crossing approaches in the south-western Virginia Piedmont physiographic region, USA. Event-based surface run-off and associated total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations were compared among a succession of gravel surfacing treatments that represented increasing intensities of best management practice (BMP) implementation. The three treatments were no gravel (10-19% cover), low gravel (34-60% cover), and high gravel (50-99% cover). Increased field hydraulic conductivity was associated with maximized surface cover and ranged from 7.2 to 41.6, 11.9 to 46.3, and 16.0 to 58.6 mm h−1 respectively for the no gravel, low gravel, and high gravel treatments. Median TSS concentration of surface run-off for the no gravel treatment (2.84 g l−1) was greater than low gravel (1.10 g l−1) and high gravel (0.82 g l−1) by factors of 2.6 and 3.5 respectively. Stream crossing approaches with 90-99% surface cover had TSS concentrations below 1 g l−1. Reducing the length of road segments that drain directly to the stream can reduce the costs associated with gravel surfacing. This research demonstrates that judicious and low-cost BMPs can ameliorate poor water control and soil erosion associated with reopening legacy roads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study based on oral trauma experienced by patients during rigid endoscopy. Topics discussed include correct surgical techniques required to limit oral trauma, integrity of patient's dentition assessed after endoscopy and use of rubber dam showed lower rate of mucosal injury post endoscopy.

It is now commonplace for some anthropologists, and others, to say that for Aboriginal Australians in the remote regions, the landscape is 'sentient', however, what that means is not always clear. Are the anthropologists using this term metaphorically or do they understand Aboriginal people to be animists? The 'new animists' have no doubt that the anthropologists are describing what they call the 'new animism'. Much of this literature refers to the Warlpiri or their near neighbours. Here I examine the evidence for whether Warlpiri speakers are animists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This chapter reevaluates theories and methodologies applied to the archaeology of religion stressing the symbolic meaningfulness of material culture, place, and landscape. In a case study-the Neolithic circular enclosure of Goseck in Germany-a contextual approach is used to highlight that ritual practices function both at a community and at an individual level, and as social and communicative acts. The chapter also demonstrates that ritual practice ought to be contextualized with the material culture and the place associated with it in order to better understand and theorize its complex meaning in prehistoric religious life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preface for the March 2006 issue of the "Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute" is presented.

Central to Rodney Needham's writing on symbolism was 'symbolic classification', an analytical category which, although often associated with Durkheim and Mauss, was demonstrably Needham's own coinage. This article traces the development of the usage from its first appearance in 1959 to Needham's later expression of doubt as to its meaning. Following a critical discussion of Needham's use of analogy, class inclusion, and ranking in defining 'symbolic classification' and distinguishing the concept so labelled from 'hierarchical classification', the article demonstrates the typically numerical basis of cultural schemes Needham conceived as systems of symbolic classification, the prominence of spatial distinctions in these schemes, and their possible perceptual and experiential motivation. Finally, ethnographic examples are provided of other conceptual phenomena to which 'symbolic classification' can profitably be applied, but which do not unequivocally fit Needham's characterization. Résumé: La « classification symbolique » est un élément central des travaux de Rodney Needham sur le symbolisme. Bien que cette catégorie analytique soit souvent associée à Durkheim et à Mauss, il est évident qu'elle a étéélaborée par Needham. L'auteur retrace ici l'évolution de son usage, de sa première apparition en 1959 aux doutes exprimés plus tard par Needham quant à sa signification. L'article mène une discussion critique de l'usage par Needham de l'analogie, de l'inclusion de classe et du classement dans la définition de la « classification symbolique » et établit une distinction entre le concept ainsi désigné et la « classification hiérarchique ». Il démontre la base typiquement numérique des schémas culturels que Needham concevait comme systèmes de classification symbolique, la prééminence des représentations spatiales dans ces schémas et leur motivation perceptuelle et expérientielle possible. Pour finir, l'auteur donne des exemples ethnographiques d'autres phénomènes conceptuels auxquels la « classification symbolique » est applicable mais qui n'entrent pas sans équivoque dans la caractérisation de Needham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genealogical excavation of the pre transpersonal movement uncovers a hitherto unrecognized process of hybridity and syncretism occurring in the 1960s U.S. counter culture. The presence of hybridity in the movement's prehistory has serious repercussions for current maps in transpersonalism (and religious enactments in general). It is argued here that current transpersonal theories have built themselves on an unexamined foundation of magic, sorcery, and cosmological hybridization. Ken Wilber's neoperennialist cosmos will be construed as an assimilationist strain of hybridity. Jorge Ferrer's more culture-friendly postulate of an “Ocean with Many Shores” suggests a kind of cosmological multiculturalism. However, what appear to be fixities in his cosmology lend themselves to critical reevaluation of this aspect of his revision of transpersonal psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at "Third International Conference on Healthy Ageing and Longevity" is presented. Topics include medical care and assistance of the aging and elderly population and medical policies and programs for such society. People behind the success of the event include professor S. Jay Olshansky of the University of Illinois and professor Suresh Rattan of the University of Aarhus.

Dopamine has moved from being an insignificant intermediary in the formation of noradrenaline in 1957 to its present-day position as a major neurotransmitter in the brain. This neurotransmitter is involved in the control of movement and Parkinson's disease, the neurobiology and symptoms of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is also considered an essential element in the brain reward system and in the action of many drugs of abuse. This evolution reflects the ability of several famous names in neuropharmacology, neurology and psychiatry to apply new techniques to ask and answer the right questions. There is now excellent knowledge about the metabolism of dopamine, dopamine receptor systems and the structural organisation of dopamine pathways in the brain. Less is known about the function of the different receptors and how the various dopamine pathways are organised to produce normal behaviour, which exhibits disruption in the disease states mentioned. In particular, we have very limited information as to why and how the dopamine system dies or becomes abnormal in Parkinson's disease or a neurodevelopmental disorder such as schizophrenia. Dopamine neurones account for less than 1% of the total neuronal population of the brain, but have a profound effect on function. The future challenge is to understand how dopamine is involved in the integration of information to produce a relevant response rather than to study dopamine in isolation from other transmission systems. This integrated approach should lead to greater understanding and improved treatment of diseases involving dopamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I take as my starting point the fact that Western cities are often depicted as on the brink of catastrophe. Indeed some contemporary authors would argue that they have never been closer to that brink. The first part of this paper argues against this tendency by focusing on the preponderance of activities of repair and maintenance. Having looked at the state of this forgotten infrastructure, in the second part of the paper I turn to an examination of why this Cassandra interpretation is so prevalent. I argue that, in particular, it draws on wellsprings of misanthropy which are rarely voiced in writings on cities because sociality is too often confused with liking. Yet it seems vital to me to tackle misanthropy head on. Then, in the third part of the paper, I argue that currently there is a coming together in cities of all kinds of affective politics of concern which can act, through all manner of small achievements, as a counter to misanthropy but which do not mistake the practice of this politics for a search after perfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the American Anthropological Association conference held in New Orleans, Louisiana from November 20 to 24, 2002. Official register of meetings; Promotion of poster presentations.