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The article focuses on the implications on the deportations of long-time U.S. residents to El Salvador and the radical trips that Swedish transnational adoptees must make in order to reestablish their identities with their ancestries. However, such trips have been the source of destabilization for these individuals causing deviance from the original course of action and embracing emigration or adoption. The connection with the culture for which these individuals are embedded have also been lost.

Copyright of Disasters is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the connections between real estate speculation and authoritarian populism in El Salvador. Focusing on president Nayib Bukele's term as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán (2012–2015), I examine the role speculative urbanism played in the crafting of his profile as a promising politician in the early years of his career. I trace how Bukele instrumentalized the ecosystem of Nuevo Cuscatlán's coffee forest as a means to fund a personalistic populist strategy whose main project called for the construction of a "New City." This project involved the lifting of barriers to real estate investment to raise funds for social programs and municipal infrastructure. Its flipside was an aggressive process of deforestation and displacement of rural populations. Drawing on urban political ecology and critical agrarian studies, I argue that Bukele's New City project constituted a type of urban spectacle. This urban spectacle was rooted in two socio‐ecological dynamics: (1) The use of land as a revenue‐raising token of exchange; and (2) The fetishization of urban water infrastructure in the context of water scarcity. The paper concludes with various considerations about the destructive force of the link between authoritarian populism and urban extractivism in rural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most evaluations of public works programs in developing countries study their effects on poverty reduction and other labor market outcomes (job creation, earnings, and participation). However, very few look at other collateral effects, such as the incidence of violence. Between 2009 and 2014, El Salvador implemented the Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), which aimed at guaranteeing a temporary minimum level of income to extremely poor urban families for 6 months, as well as providing beneficiaries with experience in social and productive activities at the municipal level. Making use of a panel data set at the municipal level for 2007–2014, with monthly data on different types of crime rates and social program benefits by municipalities, this paper assesses the effects of the program on crime rates in municipalities in El Salvador. There are several possible channels through which the PATI can affect crime. Since the program is associated with cash transfers to beneficiaries, a decrease in economically motivated crimes is expected (income effect). But since the program enforces work requirements and community participation, this could generate a negative impact on crime, because the beneficiaries will have less time to commit crime and because of community deterrence effects. Overall, the paper finds a robust and significant negative impact of the PATI on most types of crimes in the municipalities with the intervention. Moreover, the negative effects of the program on some types of crime rates hold several years after participation. The positive spillover effects for municipalities hold within a radius of 50 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the characteristics of family microenterprises (San Salvador, El Salvador) regarding competitiveness, entrepreneurship, strategic design, decision‐making process, and corporate governance practices. By applying clustering algorithms, it was possible to identify company profiles based on their strategic, entrepreneurial, and decision‐making practices. Variables not used for clustering were analyzed to explain a microenterprise's inclusion in a profile. The goal of this research are to help policy makers and managers understand the behavior of family microenterprises in a very complicated socioeconomic environment and to guide policy design to promote more organized and competitive business structures in compromised socioeconomic situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the dynamics of negotiations between the Salvadoran government and the street gangs, called maras. The paper argues that state negotiations with criminal groups can occur when organized crime is a significant part of the social and political order. This tacit order allows a great deal of coordination between and within criminal organizations and the focus of negotiations from the state's point of view is limited to the management of violence, not the dismantling of gangs' territorial control. This article draws on seventeen in‐depth interviews with middle‐level gang leaders, government officials, and participants of the truce negotiations from 2012 to 2016; it also relies on public information published by Salvadoran journalists and government sources about the truce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We suggest the value of considering Pacific Latin America and the South Pacific in relationship to each other in contexts of climate change and investment in extractive industry. The paper explores the interactions between extractive industry, climate change and environmental governance through the lenses of double exposure, double movements, resilience and risk. The first part of the paper addresses the nature and scope of investments in extractive industries in this 'other Pacific'. The geography of these investments is changing the actual and perceived distribution of exposure and risk in the region. The nature of this risk is also being affected by climate change and its implications for the geographies of water and land-use. Much of the contention surrounding extractive industries can be understood as conflicts over the unequal distribution of this risk, how to interpret its significance and the ways in which resilience might be enhanced to respond to it. The final section of the paper discusses the ways in which mining governance and governance for resilience converge and, on the basis of recent experiences in El Salvador, analyses the difficulties in governing extractive industry in a way that manages risk and builds resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines 'next' generation institutional transnationalism, a concept that refers to individuals born and/or brought up in a country of settlement who are involved in transnational organisations oriented towards their country of origin - in this case Mexican and Salvadoran groups active within the United States. Building on previous research which views parental transmission as a major cause of next-generation transnationalism, this paper explores an additional and previously overlooked influence - parental involvement in cross-border organisations or causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the findings of a qualitative study (32 in-depth interviews) with Salvadorian mothers and their daughters. In particular this paper focuses on the strategies that mothers and daughters utilized to resist prejudice and racism in their settlement country, Canada. Findings contribute to the literature specifically by drawing attention to the importance of ethnic pride in helping mothers and their daughters bridge significant strains that arise in their acculturation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reply to: Comments on Cervical cancer prevention in El Salvador: A prospective evaluation of screening and triage strategies incorporating high-resolution microendoscopy to detect cervical precancer Below, we address the three concerns raised: The Letter hypothesizes that reported sensitivity values are potentially inflated because the gold standard included biopsy of VIA-positive, colposcopy-positive, high-resolution microendoscopy (HRME)-positive and random normal sites. We read with interest the Letter to the Editor from Pretorius et al about our work that was published in I Int J Cancer i (Parra et al., Cervical cancer prevention in El Salvador: a prospective evaluation of screening and triage strategies incorporating high-resolution microendoscopy to detect cervical precancer. [Extracted from the article]

Globally, individuals and communities that are marginalized based on their identities are at heightened risk for exposure to traumatic stress and socioeconomic hardship. Marginalization and disproportionate risk for many types of adversities correspond with disparities in physical health, mental health, and overall well‐being. Together, the 12 empirical studies, one systematic review, and commentary in this special issue of the Journal of Traumatic Stress highlight the impact of discrimination and disproportionate adversity among groups marginalized based on race, ethnicity, nativity, caste, gender identity, sexual orientation, economic status, and medical status. Although most studies in this issue focus on the United States, the articles that focus on disparities and risk factors in India, El Salvador, Uganda, and Burundi provides a multicontinent global perspective. The global perspective, including the impact of the global pandemic, invites further examination of how disproportionate exposure to traumatic stress and adversity are associated with inequitable burden and health disparities worldwide. This special issue further highlights the developmental and multigenerational burden of systemic marginalization by including studies of children, young adults, adults, and parent–child dyads. Pathways for change and intervention are illustrated through a liberatory consciousness perspective, with one study utilizing liberatory media skills (e.g., positive media images and messages) to mitigate the adverse effects of trauma exposure on at‐risk young adults of color. Worldwide, research on the effects of trauma, stress, and adversities must examine contextual factors (e.g., economic hardship), marginalization (e.g., discrimination, identity factors), and the differential impact on health among individuals and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of migrant remittances to foster access to financial services for low-income households has been largely unexplored. Comparing three Latin American countries - the Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Mexico - this inter-disciplinary study links research on remittances and microfinance with multi-actor governance approaches. While the context of high remittance-dependence provides similar challenges in all cases, it finds remarkable variety both in the structure of the remittances market and the actors involved in microfinance and in the role governments play. It explains the diverging success of MFIs in remittance markets by pointing to the interplay of for-profit, non-profit and state actors embedded within the specific market structures of each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High human population density, histories of social conflict, environmental change and negative social attitudes are crucial issues for large carnivore conservation and reintroductions, which may be influenced by human age and gender, animal size and behaviour. Jaguars and pumas are extinct in El Salvador, but conservation and reintroduction schemes are debated across Central and South America. This paper examines public attitudes in El Salvador towards the extinct jaguars and pumas, and the fairly common coyote. One hundred and thirteen people were contacted and classified according to age and gender in San Salvador, La Union, Ahuachapan, Apopa, San Miguel and Santa Ana. The majority of people believed: in the toleration and removal of carnivores rather than shooting; in the introduction of jaguars and pumas into rural and special areas and zoos; that more animal protection was necessary; that the animals were good for human life, yet dangerous to children. Pumas were seen as the most dangerous, followed by jaguars and coyotes, but in most cases all three were seen as similar. Women were less tolerant of large carnivores, were more sensitive to negative impacts, and were more afraid of the animals than men. Younger people were more tolerant, and saw less danger to other animals and people, and were more supportive of animal reintroductions. Gender was irrelevant in the trapping and removal, and shooting of animals, protection levels, reintroductions and dangers to people and cattle. Age was irrelevant to animal protection levels, dangers to people and impacts on human quality of life. These findings are important for conservation policy and environmental geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well understood that undernutrition underpins much of child morbidity and mortality in less developed countries, but the causes of undernutrition are complex and interrelated, requiring a multipronged approach for intervention. This paper uses a subsample of 3853 children under age 5 from the most recent family health survey in El Salvador to examine the relationship between birth spacing and childhood undernutrition (stunting and underweight). While recent research and guidance suggest that birth spacing of three to five years contributes to lower levels of infant and childhood mortality, little attention has been given to the possibility that short birth intervals have longer-term effects on childhood nutrition status. The analysis controls for clustering effects arising from siblings being included in the subsample, as well as variables that are associated with household resources, household structure, reproductive history and outcomes, and household social environment. The results of the multiple regression analyses find that in comparison to intervals of 36–59 months, birth intervals of less than 24 months and intervals of 24–35 months significantly increase the odds of stunting (<24 months Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–1.92; 25–36 months OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.05–1.64). Other factors related to stunting and underweight include standard of living index quintile, child's age, mother's education, low birthweight, use of prenatal care, and region of the country where the child lives. Policy and program implications include more effective use of health services and outreach programs to counsel mothers on family planning, breastfeeding, and well child care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a model for the thermal evolution of Magma Ocean (MO) in interaction with a degassing atmosphere of H2O and CO2. The interior model is based on parameterized convection and is coupled to the atmospheric Model of Marcq et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005224) through heat and volatiles. A new equation for the mass balance of volatiles is implemented, correcting Salvador et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005286). We found that the domain for water condensation is extended: for instance, depending on the cloud cover and resulting albedo, 0.13 Earth's ocean mass might be sufficient to form a water ocean on early Venus (instead of 0.3 MEO in Salvador et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005286)). Comparing our results with other recent models, we discuss the relative influence of the model hypotheses, such as mantle melting curves (which depend on mantle composition), the treatment of the atmosphere (e.g., gray or convective‐radiative) and the treatment of the last stages of the MO solidification (e.g., episodic resurfacing, stagnant lid...). We also apply our results to exoplanets. They suggest that liquid water might be present at the surface of Trappist‐1e and 1f, provided that those planets' volatile primitive contents were dominated by H2O and CO2. Plain Language Summary: We present a numerical model of a cooling magma ocean (MO) and the atmosphere degassing from it. The solidification of the MO leads to the enrichment of the silicate melt in volatiles, thus favoring degassing. Both reservoirs interact via heat and volatile exchange, where the volatiles are H2O and CO2. The aim of this model is to explore the influence of the atmosphere on the surface conditions after the MO stage, and especially the conditions required for the condensation of a water ocean to occur. For example, for an early Earth at 1 AU initially containing 1 Earth's water ocean mass, a water ocean could form for initial CO2 content as large as 1,000 bars. Moreover, a tenth of the actual Earth's water ocean mass would be sufficient to generate a water ocean on early Venus. Liquid water could also be present on the surface of the two exoplanets Trappist‐1e and 1f. Comparing our results with other recent models, we discuss the relative influence of the model hypotheses, such as mantle composition, the treatment of the heat transfer in the atmosphere, and the treatment of the last stages of the MO solidification. Key Points: An initial CO2 content up to 1,000 bars would not prevent condensation of a water ocean on the early Earth0.13 Earth's ocean mass would be sufficient to form a water ocean on early VenusLiquid water may be present on the surface of Trappist‐1e and 1f [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it outlines a Christian topography of the visual, this article argues that the gaze cultivated by attention to art and the gaze of mercy bear important affinities, even if particular artworks exhibit tensions with mercy. Drawing on Augustine, Dionysius and Gregory of Nyssa, we argue that in this topography, the visual registers in multiple depths, which we explore through four distinct moments: seeing, seeing the excess, seeing the claim and seeing the divine. By analyzing the gaze of art and the gaze of mercy together with reference to artworks created during and about El Salvador's civil war (1980–92) – the homilies of Óscar Romero, the poetry of Carolyn Forché and the visual art of Fernando Llort – we show that the gaze of art echoes and can prepare for the gaze of mercy, particularly in the first three moments, for which there are direct analogies between art and mercy's gazes. There is no such direct analogy in the fourth moment of seeing the divine, yet even here there is a faint foreshadowing that connects art to mercy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hippo pathway was originally discovered to control tissue growth in Drosophila and includes the Hippo kinase (Hpo; MST1/2 in mammals), scaffold protein Salvador (Sav; SAV1 in mammals) and the Warts kinase (Wts; LATS1/2 in mammals). The Hpo kinase is activated by binding to Crumbs‐Expanded (Crb‐Ex) and/or Merlin‐Kibra (Mer‐Kib) proteins at the apical domain of epithelial cells. Here we show that activation of Hpo also involves the formation of supramolecular complexes with properties of a biomolecular condensate, including concentration dependence and sensitivity to starvation, macromolecular crowding, or 1,6‐hexanediol treatment. Overexpressing Ex or Kib induces formation of micron‐scale Hpo condensates in the cytoplasm, rather than at the apical membrane. Several Hippo pathway components contain unstructured low‐complexity domains and purified Hpo‐Sav complexes undergo phase separation in vitro. Formation of Hpo condensates is conserved in human cells. We propose that apical Hpo kinase activation occurs in phase separated "signalosomes" induced by clustering of upstream pathway components. Synopsis: The conserved Hippo signalling pathway regulates the activity of Yorkie (YAP/TAZ in mammals) transcriptional co‐activator via Hippo (MST1/2) and Warts (LATS1/2) kinases. This study shows that Hippo pathway components form large cytoplasmic punctae in epithelial cells through a process that involves the formation of biomolecular condensates. Formation of Hippo kinase condensates is promoted by apically localised upstream signalling components such as Kibra or Expanded.Mechanical strain at the apical domain of epithelial cells inhibits Hippo kinase condensate formation.Hippo kinase condensate formation is inhibited by growth factor signalling via the PI3K‐Akt pathway.The organisation of Hippo kinase complexes into condensates and their regulation is conserved between Drosophila and mammalian epithelia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant research has analysed the impact of security policies, truces and informal agreements on both the dynamics and traits of organized violence in El Salvador. However, less is understood about variation in the levels of lethal violence across subnational units. This article contributes to filling this gap. Based on a case study of the municipality of Chalatenango, the analysis shows that community organization and translocal dynamics are crucial to explaining violence containment. Local communities have managed to control the levels of lethal violence and deter criminal actors amid a national context characterized by state neglect and chronic violence. Community organization is not territorially bound but extends across transnational networks. Migrants are a source of livelihoods for the local population; they also contribute to providing public goods and participate in local forms of organization. Transnational networks have forged a migration corridor that enables immigration to the United States. In addition, community organization informally contributes to the capacity of the local state to perform its functions, thereby shaping cooperative state–society relations. This analysis sheds new light on the conditions shaping the variation in levels of violence at the subnational level and local governance dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political apologies have been theorized to play an important role in healing and reconciliation processes in post‐conflict settings. Whether they actually fulfil this function, however, remains unclear as the voices and perspectives of victim communities have largely been underrepresented in research. To address this, we examined the role of apologies that were offered for the El Mozote massacre (El Salvador), the Jeju 4.3 massacres (Republic of Korea) and Bloody Sunday (United Kingdom), according to members of these communities and the broader public. Although we anticipated that victim community members should find the apology more valuable and meaningful and should, therefore, be more positive about its role in healing and reconciliation processes, we found that this varies across countries. This variation could be explained by people's trust in the country's institutions. Across the samples, we found that the apology was seen as a relatively important gesture. For the apology to be perceived as impactful, however, it had to be seen as a meaningful (i.e. sincere) gesture. Our findings suggest that apologies have a role to play in the aftermath of human rights violations, but that it is essential to take the broader context into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All public transportation was closed, ambulant military checkpoints were set up, and quarantine violators were forced into thirty-day quarantines at confinement centers. All nonessential businesses were closed.[9] The logistics of quarantine centers were put in the hands of the military.[10] With the first documented case of COVID-19 on March 18, a thirty-day military enforced quarantine was declared.[11] Only one person per household was allowed to travel outside the home, twice a week, and only for "essential business." "What can COVID do to me?" The social exclusion experienced by inhabitants of places such as El Cerro has allowed for early COVID-19 emergency measures to take the form of social triage (Biehl 2005). [Extracted from the article]

Contrary to popular discourse on racial harmony in Latin America, research links educational inequality to physical appearance, particularly in countries with national ideologies emphasizing multiculturalism, such as Brazil and Colombia (Marteleto et al., Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 2012, 30, 352; Telles, Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America, 2014, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC). This study used PVEST to explore how social processes influence adolescent self‐identities and perceptions of educational access. Mixed methods research conducted among 737 high school seniors in Salvador, Brazil and Cartagena, Colombia, revealed that socioeconomic status significantly related to race and skin tone, and Black and darker skinned Brazilian participants reported the highest rates of perceived discrimination; however, perceptions of socioeconomic mobility varied by the type of school students attended (i.e., public vs. private) rather than by their race or skin tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of American Anthropologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the determinants of farm income among hillside farmers participating in natural resource management projects in El Salvador and Honduras. The farm income function was evaluated using a system of equations in which income is determined simultaneously by the farmer's decision to adopt soil conservation technologies and by the level of diversification (number of agricultural activities) on the farm. The database used comes from surveys administered to 678 beneficiaries of these projects during 2002. The econometric results suggest that all the variables related directly to land use (i.e., output diversification, soil conservation practices and structures, and the adoption of forestry systems) have a positive and statistically significant association with farm income. Also, farmers who own land enjoy higher farm incomes than those who do not. The results indicate that when investing in natural resource management projects, governments and multilateral development agencies should pay close attention to output diversification, land tenure, and human capital formation as effective instruments in increasing farm income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvadoran youth have an elevated risk of trauma exposure and related mental health problems. However, investigations of childhood trauma exposure and mental health sequelae in El Salvador are limited. The present study aimed to (a) explore the prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression and (b) evaluate the associations between specific trauma types and emotional functioning among Salvadoran youth. A total of 1,296 youth aged 8-21 years from seven public schools completed self-report measures of trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), anxiety, and depression. Participants reported high levels of trauma exposure, endorsing an average of 3.62 (SD = 2.32) trauma types. In total, 34.5% of participants reported clinically elevated PTSS; fewer youths reported elevated depressive (8.7%) and anxiety symptoms (8.6%). Although boys reported exposure to more trauma types than girls, d = 0.22, girls were more likely to endorse elevated PTSS, V = .11; anxiety, V = .06; and depression, V = .10. Adolescents reported exposure to more trauma types than younger children, d = 0.23, and were more likely to endorse elevated PTSS, V = .07; anxiety, V = .13; and depression, V = .16. Undergoing a frightening medical procedure, OR = 2.30; female sex, OR = 1.92; witnessing domestic violence, OR = 1.70; and experiencing war between gangs, OR = 1.61, were strong predictors of elevated PTSS. This broad, school-based screening was a critical step toward better understanding the rate of trauma exposure and trauma-related symptoms among Salvadoran youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of American Anthropologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We used a dam‐free tributary (the Baía River) in the upper Paraná River floodplain downstream of a major dam in the Paraná River, Brazil to investigate the effects of dam‐regulated reverse flow on limnological variables and fish. We tested the hypotheses that limnological variables in tributaries change based on flow direction and that fish assemblages respond to this variation. Sampling sites were determined considering flow direction (normal or reverse) and position (near or far from the river mouth). Limnological variables showed higher values for transparency, oxygen, pH, and electrical conductivity at sites near the mouth of the Baía River during reverse flow. Species richness and evenness differed significantly in relation to position, with higher values closer to the Paraná River. The average standard length of fish species was higher near the mouth of the Baía River and during the reverse flow period. No significant differences in species abundance were found. Reverse flow into the Baía River brought nutrient‐poor water from the dammed Paraná River, thereby altering the limnological variables. This flow condition impelled the entry of species with higher average standard lengths. However, increased species richness and low evenness were due to the increase in species dispersal rates under all flow conditions. Our results emphasize that the effects of dams can extend several kilometres into the floodplain, provide basic knowledge on the effects of major dams on downstream pristine tributaries, and highlight the need for further studies to understand the wider influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under neoliberal globalization, configurations of persons, legal regimes, and nation‐states transform. Some states explicitly employ a strategy of transnational nation‐building; for example, El Salvador is now an exemplary transnational state. With at least a quarter of the population living outside the national territory, the figure of the emigrant is significant in nationalist imaginaries. This article explores the process of imagining the transnation within one Salvadoran state institution—the Viceministry for Salvadorans Abroad—by examining upper‐and mid‐level state officials' accounts of the relationship between emigrants and the nation‐state. State officials navigate and deploy global discourses around neoliberal development, on the one hand, and human rights for migrants, on the other hand, as they narrate their way to nationalist visions within the constraints of global political economy. The article looks comparatively at the ways officials frame the institution's central vision and role: under the right‐wing Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA) party administration in the late 2000s, and a few years later under the leadership of the leftist Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) party in the early 2010s. Under both administrations, viceministry officials navigated a fraught geopolitical field and worked diligently to engage the symbolic and material potentiality of cross‐border migrant citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental design and metrics have become increasingly common in international assistance, as donor agencies have demanded rigorous forms of evaluation and monitoring. This article contributes to debates about the effects of an "evidence-based turn" on interventions and recipients by exploring two questions: What constitutes evidence when it comes to everyday practices of aid at global scales? How are the goals of assistance affected? The article draws on collaborative research with an NGO and a group of social scientists who seek to improve child well-being in El Salvador. It shows how evidence-making was polysemic and costly, ultimately impacting the NGO's planned intervention. This outcome, I argue, was not a matter of poor planning, but reflects structural, evidence-making demands placed on global assistance at this historical conjuncture. Discussions among stakeholders about the trade-offs between evidence-making and assistance is a possible future route through the challenges described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The role of potassic alteration and associated quartz veins for porphyry Cu mineralization in two representative porphyry systems (El Salvador, Chile, and Grasberg, Indonesia) was examined to evaluate the potential of porphyry Cu mineralization in Japan. The reactions between the aqueous magmatic–hydrothermal fluids and host rocks during potassic alteration at El Salvador and Grasberg includes (i) reduction of SO42− in the aqueous fluids due to oxidation of ferrous iron in mafic minerals and (ii) disproportionation of SO2 in the fluids by elevated concentrations of Ca2+ leached by the fluids from igneous plagioclase and hornblende. These reactions resulted in an increase of reduced S species (H2S) in the fluids and promoted Cu sulfide precipitation during the potassic or subsequent chlorite–sericite alteration in the temperature range of 600–400°C. Although numerous magnetite‐series, calc‐alkaline intrusive stocks of dioritic or granodioritic composition are exposed in the Sanin belt of the Cretaceous–Paleogene Southwestern Japan arc and late Miocene Northeast Japan arc, potassic alteration represented by abundant hydrothermal biotite, magnetite, and K‐feldspar is uncommon in these rocks. However, the intrusive rocks may have undergone molybdenite mineralization in association with phyllic alteration, represented by quartz, sericite and pyrite, or chalcopyrite in chlorite–sericite alteration in the subepithermal and epithermal environments at <400°C. The absence of porphyry Cu deposits in the Japanese islands in petrochemically and compositionally favorable intrusive rocks is ascribed to the lack of early quartz veins and poor development of potassic alteration that prevented Cu sulfide precipitation at high temperatures. The lack of early quartz veins and scarcity of potassic‐altered intrusive rocks in Japan is explained by the noncompressional stress field throughout the Japanese islands, which was incapable of maintaining lithostatic pressures during fluid exsolution from the intrusive magmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: El Salvador and the Philippines have had relatively successful democratization processes and decades of sustained international support, but continue to experience high levels of violence from non‐state actors that prevent or delay the consolidation of democracy. How has international support helped or hindered these processes? This article finds that frequently donors and local stakeholders are vulnerable to the “ownership dilemma.” External donors often focus on strengthening state institutions rather than promoting inclusiveness. This is often the result of institutional capture by local elites that are reluctant to pursue structural reforms. While external support rarely has the influence to decisively shape processes of democratic consolidation, the analysis finds that windows of opportunity may emerge and assist in deepening support for consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Medicine & International Health is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An estimated one-third to one-half of Salvadorans who carry remittances and goods between El Salvador and the United States are women. Scholars studying these viajeras argue that their work simultaneously represents a break from traditional gender relations confining women to the home and an extension of gender traits that favor women in developing social ties. Although social ties are crucial to the courier trade, this argument ignores antecedents to viajeras' work in El Salvador and suggests that transnationalism pushes women into realms of labor and physical mobility that have been gendered masculine. Using ethnographic methods, I examine the relationship between women's historical work in El Salvador and their current work as viajeras, as well the relationship between viajeras' experiences and those of women transnational traders in other parts of the world. My findings contribute to a small but growing body of research suggesting that instead of merely being excluded from or manipulated by global processes, many women in the Global South have expanded the realm of their activities to help shape variable forms of global capitalism. Studying how they do so sheds light on local mechanisms for combating gender inequality and promoting development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using evidence from field interviews, this article examines the alternative employment opportunities of thirty-one sweatshop factory workers in El Salvador and their perceptions about what types of non-monetary benefits they receive in their current employment. Interview subjects provide insights into the benefits of their own and peers' employments, their next-best alternative employment, and other aspects of total compensation. We find that workers perceive factory employment to provide more desirable compensation along several margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003, the Government of El Salvador launched Plan Mano Dura to curb urban violence and homicides, most of which had been attributed to street gangs. Domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs) criticised the measure for its repressive nature and the neglect of the wider policies for prevention and rehabilitation, and sought to promote the implementation of alternative gang control. Drawing on ethnographic research in Homies Unidos-El Salvador - founded and organised by pandilleros calmados (retired gang members) - the article considers how both the socio-political context and organisational characteristics shaped the agency's advocacy strategy and why its efforts remained largely ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study assessed the adequacy and predictive performance of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) in women over the age of 50 years and compared the specificity and sensitivity of VIA with that of the conventional cytology.Methods: In total, 588 Salvadoran women ages 50-79 underwent VIA, Pap smear, and cervical biopsy. VIA was considered adequate if the squamocolumnar junction was completely visible. A positive biopsy was defined as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse.Results: Age was negatively correlated with VIA adequacy (P=0.04). Nevertheless, the majority of women-even in the older age groups-had adequate examinations. The adequacy of VIA was positively correlated with gravida (P=0.01) and was higher in women who had been treated by cryotherapy (P=0.02). The rate of positive biopsies was unexpectedly low (n=6 [1%]) making it difficult to assess the predictive performance of VIA. In this small sample, the sensitivities of VIA (17%) and Pap (33%) were low; the high number of false negatives could not be fully explained by inadequacy of the examinations.Conclusions: Adequacy of VIA declined with age. However, the squamocolumnar junction was visible to the naked eye in the majority of women, indicating that they are good candidates for VIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and young people are commonly treated in the climate change and disasters literature as victims of natural events requiring protection by adults. This article critiques that narrative, drawing on examples from the Philippines and El Salvador that explore how children’s groups have responded to such issues through child-centred initiatives. This highlights the importance of understanding children’s perception and communication of risks facing their lives and livelihoods, their potential as agents of change in preventing disasters and adapting to climate change, and the implications for the theory and practice of child participation, particularly in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores differences in the social context in which crack sales and use and HIV risk take place in seven low-income communities in San Salvador, and structural factors that may influence these differences. The organization of drug selling varied among the communities on a number of dimensions including: whether drug sales were open or closed systems; the type of drug-selling site; and the participation of drug users in drug-distribution roles. Drug-use sites also varied according to whether crack was used in private, semiprivate, or public spaces, and whether individuals used drugs alone or with other drug users. Three patterns of drug use and selling were identified based on the dimensions outlined above. Structural factors that influenced these patterns included the geographic location of the communities, their physical layout, gang involvement in drug sales, and police surveillance. Implications for HIV risk and prevention are explored for each pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Might the cost of certifying coffee farms limit the capacity of certification to cover a landscape and protect biodiversity? Gobbi simulated financial viability and Taylor and colleagues asked, “Does the premium pay off?” but there is little empirical evidence. In two years, a project in western El Salvador developed such data as farmers prepared for certification under Rainforest Alliance norms or verification for Starbuck's Coffee. On 45 sample farms, major investments were shade trees, soil/water conservation, and water supply for workers. At the aggregated or landscape level, investment on-farm cost US$77 per hectare of coffee. Further, it cost US$53 per hectare for audits and technical assistance, and more than US$30 for increased operating expenses. (Average figures per hectare across farms differed considerably: US$111 per hectare.) Returns in the first year of certification were price bonuses for certified coffee (US$191 per hectare at the aggregate level) and part of unexpectedly large production increases (US$265 per hectare, aggregate), totaling US$456 per hectare. (Average per hectare across farms gross benefits differed: US$734 per hectare.) More than half of the farms did very well with certification, even in the first year. A good market, low baseline productivity, unused productive capacity, and institutional support for extension and certification contributed. Bottom line: 300 farms were certified on 11,000 hectares covering one-third of a major coffee landscape and substantial aggregate investments in conservation. Comparative or follow-on data are needed for perspective on these results, to show if benefits were sustained, and to allow financial calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMEN El artículo sostiene que las audiencias de la televisión sensacionalista pueden actuar políticamente vinculándose a través de la circulación del afecto público. Este argumento se basa en conversaciones mantenidas en un barrio urbano salvadoreño bajo una coyuntura histórica particular, justo después que los intentos por privatizar el sistema de salud público (en los años 2002 y 2003) provocaran la más grande movilización social desde la guerra. El que la contemplación de cuerpos destrozados pueda implicar más que un acto pasivo de consumo privado, contraviene las críticas liberales y de izquierda. El “lamento liberal” insiste en que las imágenes sensacionalistas sólo despolitizan el dolor y el sufrimiento. De esta forma, esta postura no puede dar cuenta del valor de los actos públicos que expresan un entendimiento compartido, negando la posibilidad de que los pobres y la clase obrera puedan formar parte de las discusiones sobre la nación y el estado. Este artículo demuestra que los espectadores de noticias melodramáticas frecuentemente conocen muy bien el contexto político en el que el sufrimiento ocurre. En determinados momentos, tal conciencia puede convertirse en actoría pública capaz de oponerse a la postergación indefinida de las soluciones requeridas para detener el dolor en el presente. This article argues that sensationalist television publics, linked through the circulation of public affect, can act politically. It draws on conversations in an urban Salvadoran neighborhood at a particular historical conjuncture, just after attempts to privatize the public health care system (in 2002–3) led to the largest mass mobilizations since the war. This argument, that gazing at wretched bodies can be more than a passive act of private consumption, counters liberal and leftist critiques. The “liberal lament” insists that sensationalist images only depoliticize pain and suffering. It fails to see the value of public acts of shared understanding. It thus rejects many poor and working-class people's capacity to take part in discussions about the nation and the state. This article shows that viewers of melodramatic news often know full well the political context in which the suffering of impoverished bodies occurs. At certain moments such awareness can contribute to a public agency refusing deferral to an indefinite future solutions to immediate pain in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Salvadoran corpora were used to analyze word-final nasal variation in a situation of dialect contact. To determine the effect of ethnicity on the variation, two different interviewers, one an out-group member and a speaker of Mexican Spanish, the other an in-group member and a speaker of Salvadoran Spanish, interacted with Salvadorans, born or claiming family ties to San Sebastián, El Salvador, now living in the Holly Spring area of Houston. To explore the impact of the speech community, the same Mexican interviewer gathered data in Segundo Barrio, which – unlike Holly Spring – is an area of Houston where Mexicans are the overwhelming majority. The Houston data were compared to data gathered in situ in San Sebastián, the latter serving as the control group used to quantify possible modifications in the contact speech samples. The Houston data showed that Salvadorans interviewed by an in-group member of the community produced higher rates of nasal velarization; their velarization rates closely matched the patterns characteristic of the non-contact variety. In addition, Salvadorans in Holly Spring velarized more than their counterparts in Segundo Barrio. The Houston informants used lower frequencies of nasal velarization to out-group interviewers, thus showing accommodation and producing linguistic patterns closer to those found in the contact Mexican variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how migrant parents' gender affects transnational families' economic well-being. Drawing on 130 in-depth interviews with Salvadoran immigrants in the United States and adolescent and young adult children of migrants in El Salvador, I demonstrate that the gender of migrant parents centrally affects how well their families are faring. Gender structurally differentiates immigrant parents' experiences through labor market opportunities in the United States. Simultaneously, gendered social expectations inform immigrants' approaches to parental responsibilities and remitting behaviors. Remittances—the monies parents send—directly shape children's economic well-being in El Salvador. I find that even though immigrant mothers are structurally more disadvantaged than immigrant fathers, mother-away families are often thriving economically because of mothers' extreme sacrifices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the historical developments in El Salvador which are represented by violence, polarisation and misinformation. It describes the reflections on patterns of power in the country and the development of state terror. It addresses the historical ideologies on politics of threat and fear that have reverberations in El Salvador's peace. It explores how violence is measured in El Salvador, and argues on the flaws in data collection mechanism and political manipulation. It also argues that the role of the state in the promotion of symbolic violence should not be overlooked in post-authoritarian period.

This article analyzes the experiences of Neris Gonzalez, one of the three Salvadoran plaintiffs who brought a successful lawsuit against the former heads of the Salvadoran military for the torture she suffered in 1979. In analyzing the presentation of the case, I focus on the specific transformations that political and historical disputes undergo as they are subsumed into the formal rules of U.S. tort litigation. Further, I pay special attention to the ways legal narratives are designed specifically to appeal to a jury comprising 10 lay U.S. citizens, who have no familiarity with Salvadoran history. I demonstrate how torts litigation requires a depoliticization of the plaintiff and a personalization of history. I argue that, due to the form of the court fails in addressing the historical disputes in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse denture users’ oral care habits with regard to the use of their prostheses. Background: Rehabilitative treatment is only successful when patients are motivated and aware of correct prosthesis use and hygiene. Materials and methods: Questionnaires were distributed to 150 complete denture users at the Federal University of Bahia School of Dentistry, the Esmeralda Natividade Health Center, the Bahian Science Development Foundation and a Salvador nursing home. The questionnaire included information on gender, age, length of prosthesis use, cleaning methods and materials, etc. The data were analysed using EpiInfo version 6 software. The chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: Questionnaire results showed that 78% of the subjects, with an average age of 67.3 years, had used the same complete denture for over 5 years. 64% slept with their prostheses and 44% removed them from the mouth only for cleaning. None of the patients interviewed knew anything about brushes designed specifically for complete dentures. 37.3% had a restricted diet and 44% believed that a complete denture would last for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the edentulous patients surveyed had limited awareness of prosthetic hygiene and long-term oral care despite extended periods of denture use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although important work is being done in the emerging field of negotiation architecture and “shaping the game,” little of it has found its way into the classroom. Simulation exercises are among the most powerful pedagogical tools available to negotiation educators, but most existing exercises have static architectures in the form of fixed parties, issues, and interests. This article summarizes existing research on negotiation design and proposes a framework for designing “manageably dynamic” exercises that can be used to teach key game-shaping concepts. The framework is illustrated through an in-depth discussion of an exercise based on the negotiations to end the civil war in El Salvador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the value of death and death imagery in postwar El Salvador. It started with the seemingly random violence of a fatal bus crash, then to other categories of suffering undervalued by institutional discourses. This shift in the meanings of death consist a political project undermining the collective agency that sustained revolutionary efforts. Death's value has been privatized and individualized in a way that has led anguish.

A pilot project in rural El Salvador tested the integration of family planning into a water and sanitation program as a strategy for increasing male involvement in family planning decison making and use. The organizations involved posited that integrating family planning into a resource management and community development project would facilitate male involvement by diffusing information, by referring men and women to services, and by expanding method choice to include the new Standard Days Method through networks established around issues men cared about and were already involved in. This article examines data from a community-based household survey to assess the impact of the intervention and finds significant changes in contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and behavior from baseline to endline. Because the differences between baseline and endline are greater than the differences between participants and nonparticipants at endline, the study demonstrates the power of informal networks for spreading information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]