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Thermal safety issues of batteries have hindered their large‐scale applications. Nonflammable electrolytes improved safety but solvent evaporation above 100 °C limited thermal tolerance, lacking reliability. Herein, fire‐tolerant metal‐air batteries were realized by introducing solute‐in‐air electrolytes whose hygroscopic solutes could spontaneously reabsorb the evaporated water solvent. Using Zn/CaCl2‐in‐air/carbon batteries as a proof‐of‐concept, they failed upon burning at 631.8 °C but self‐recovered then by reabsorbing water from the air at room temperature. Different from conventional aqueous electrolytes whose irreversible thermal transformation is determined by the boiling points of solvents, solute‐in‐air electrolytes make this transformation determined by the much higher decomposition temperature of solutes. It was found that stronger intramolecular bonds instead of intermolecular (van der Waals) interactions were strongly correlated to ultra‐high tolerance temperatures of our solute‐in‐air electrolytes, inspiring a concept of non‐van der Waals electrolytes. Our study would improve the understanding of the thermal properties of electrolytes, guide the design of solute‐in‐air electrolytes, and enhance battery safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sample holders for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) based on micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) have recently become popular for investigating the behavior of nanomaterials under in situ or environmental conditions. The accuracy and reproducibility of these in situ holders are essential to ensure the reliability of experimental results. In addition, the uniformity of an applied temperature trigger across the MEMS chip is a crucial parameter. In this work, it is measured the temperature homogeneity of MEMS‐based heating sample supports by locally analyzing the dynamics of heat‐induced alloying of Au@Ag nanoparticles located in different regions of the support through quantitative fast high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning TEM tomography. These results demonstrate the superior temperature homogeneity of a microheater design based on a heating element shaped as a circular spiral with a width decreasing outwards compared to a double spiral‐shaped designed microheater. The proposed approach to measure the local temperature homogeneity based on the thermal properties of bimetallic nanoparticles will support the future development of MEMS‐based heating supports with improved thermal properties and in situ studies where high precision in the temperature at a certain position is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the electrical characteristics of micro‐LEDs with various pixel sizes on GaN substrates, demonstrating that small sizes have high current density due to superior current spreading. Due to the p‐electrode ohmic contact's temperature dependence, which is supported by TLM measurements, the ideal factor declines as temperature rises. We also show the temperature sensitivity in proportion to device size at a certain current density, which is susceptible to carrier non‐radiative recombination brought on by surface defects. We comprehensively present the thermal properties of GaN‐on‐GaN homoepitaxy micro‐LEDs, laying the groundwork for improved device stability and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3‐based ceramics with high remnant polarization Pr have shown outstanding potential in the application of high‐power ferroelectric transducers. However, low depolarization temperature Td is an obstacle for their application. Here, a composition design strategy was proposed to simultaneously improve the Td and Pr in BNT‐based materials. Ultrahigh Pr of 40.56 µC/cm2 and relative high Td of 184°C were synergistically achieved in (Bi0.5Na0.5)(Ti0.995Mn0.005)O3 (BNMT) ceramics by adding 1.0 mol% BiGaO3 (BG), which is superior to other reported lead‐free systems. The excellent ferroelectric properties were attributed to strengthen ferroelectric order as evidenced by increased rhombohedral distortion. Meanwhile, the enhanced depolarization temperature, increasing from 168°C for x = 0% to 184°C for x = 1.0%, can be ascribed to the suppression of the thermal‐induced ferroelectric‐relaxor phase transition by adding BG. Those results enable the BNMT‐BG systems ceramics to be an attractive candidate for application in high‐power supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the melting conditions and furnaces used to the obtained final colors has always been a question raised when investigating formulations and recipes of historical glasses. The focus of the present work is the reproduction of three recipes of red enamel glass of the manuscript by Neri, L'arte vetraria (1612) following the translation and comments by Kunckel's in Ars Vitraria Experimentalis (1679). The reproductions include the production of each individual compound of the selected recipes following instructions, and the final glass production in electric and wood‐fire furnaces to assess the effect of different melting conditions. A multianalytical approach was used to fully characterize the produced samples allowing the study of the enamel chemical composition, color, crystals formations, and thermal properties. The results indicate that no significant color differences may be attributed to the melting conditions. However, it revealed that the samples produced in the electric furnace at 1200°C present a high crystallinity degree and the formation of white crystals at room temperature in a short period of time. The formation of crystals on glass is critical, and historically, to avoid it, these recipes must have been made at temperatures between 1050 and 1100°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the electrical characteristics of micro-LEDs with various pixel sizes on GaN substrates, demonstrating that small sizes have high current density due to superior current spreading. Due to the p-electrode ohmic contact's temperature dependence, which is supported by TLM measurements, the ideal factor declines as temperature rises. We also show the temperature sensitivity in proportion to device size at a certain current density, which is susceptible to carrier non-radiative recombination brought on by surface defects. We comprehensively present the thermal properties of GaN-on-GaN homoepitaxy micro-LEDs, laying the groundwork for improved device stability and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals breeding in nest‐boxes experience nesting environments in which they did not originally evolve. Despite the central importance of nesting microclimate for offspring fitness, little is known about the thermal properties of human‐provided nest sites compared to natural ones. In particular, comparisons with offspring in the nest are lacking. Here, we compare microclimate (temperature and absolute humidity) from the onset of breeding, thus starting with nest‐site choice and ending with the post‐fledging stage, quantified in natural cavities and nest‐boxes used by several species of hollow‐nesting birds in a temperate deciduous forest. We confirm that across all nesting stages, nest‐boxes were thermally unstable when compared to natural cavities, with higher temperature maximums, larger amplitudes and worse insulation from maximum ambient temperatures relative to natural cavities. Surprisingly, as average humidity of natural cavities was previously shown to be higher than in nest‐boxes, in the presence of actively thermoregulating young, nest‐boxes were more humid than natural cavities. When offspring were in the nest, internal microclimatic shifts were mitigated three times more effectively in natural cavities than in nest‐boxes (in terms of mean daily differences from ambient temperature). Artificial cavity microclimate is likely to amplify the adverse effects of projected temperature increases by compromising thermoregulation of developing animals. We stress that conservation efforts should focus on the protection of areas offering natural breeding‐hollows to reduce the potential impacts of climate change on breeding animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the relationship between the temperatures of the solar corona and planetary magnetosheaths. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, the maximum temperature of the planetary magnetosheaths cannot exceed that of the solar corona. A theoretical investigation is presented into the expansion of the solar corona, the propagation of solar wind, and the compression of planetary magnetosheaths by bow shocks. The method used is general and fits the dynamics of multiple components, thermal anisotropy, and non‐Maxwellian plasmas in the steady state, and approximate formulas are obtained. The results indicate that, for the steady state, planetary magnetosheaths at the subsolar points in the solar system have approach peak mean temperatures. Second, a systematic statistical survey of the average temperature of the planetary magnetosheaths is presented and shows that the average plasma temperature of the subsolar point magnetosheaths of Earth and Saturn are 206 eV (2.39 MK) and 171 eV (1.98 MK), respectively, which are close to that of the corona. The statistical results are consistent with the theoretical estimations. These results are of significant use for estimating the thermal properties of the planetary magnetospheres. Plain Language Summary: This research focuses on the relationship between the temperatures of the planetary magnetosheaths and that of the solar corona. It is thus an interdisciplinary problem in solar‐terrestrial physics. A theoretical investigation is presented on the expansion of the solar corona, the propagation of the solar wind, and the compression of the planetary magnetosheath by bow shocks. An approximate formula for the relationship between the temperatures of the solar corona and that of planetary magnetosheaths is obtained. The quantitative results indicate that the peak temperature of the planetary magnetosheaths are comparable and approach that of the solar corona. A statistical investigation is made of the average temperatures of the magnetosheaths of several planets, and it shows that, although the proton temperatures are several times the electron temperatures, the average plasma temperatures of the magnetosheaths of Earth and Saturn are almost the same as that of the solar corona. This work advances our understanding of the thermal properties of planetary magnetosheaths and also advances research into the formation of plasma sheets. Key Points: A quantitative relationship between the temperature of the steady solar corona and that of the planetary magnetosheaths is shownThe theoretical investigation indicates that planetary subsolar magnetosheaths have approach mean temperaturesA statistical study confirms planetary subsolar magnetosheaths have approach mean temperatures, and these are close to that of the corona [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although KNN‐based ceramics with high electrical properties are obtained through a variety of strategies, the temperature sensitivity is still one of the key technical bottlenecks hindering practical applications. Here, we use a new strategy, meticulously tailoring phase boundary, to refine the ferroelectric boundary of KNN‐based ceramics, leading to high piezoelectricity companied with improving temperature stability. The highest d33 value in this system reaches 501 pC/N with a TC ∼ 240°C, whereas a large strain of ∼0.134% can be kept with 10% lower deterioration until 100°C. The origin of high piezoelectricity is mainly attributed to the well‐preserved multiphase coexistence and the appearance of nanodomains, which greatly facilitate the polarization rotation. Instead of the changed intrinsic thermal insensitivity, the precision phase boundary engineering plays an important role in strengthening the temperature stability of electric‐induced strain. This work provides a simple and effective method to obtain both high electrical properties and excellent thermal stability in KNN‐based ceramics, which is expected to promote the practical applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium frequency transformer (MFT) plays a key role in future power systems and new energy systems. It is very important for the safe operation of MFT to correctly calculate the temperature rise and hot spot position. According to the heat dissipation of transformer, the equivalent thermal network model of the core-type transformer is established in this paper. The traditional thermal network model ignores the heat dissipation of the magnetic core column and the inner surface of the yoke to the air. In this paper, the magnetic core column is divided into the air surrounding part and winding surrounding part. The heat dissipation on the inner surface of the yoke is further considered. The improved thermal network model is verified by finite element simulation. The results show that compared with the traditional thermal network model, the improved thermal network model proposed in this paper can more comprehensively analyse the temperature field distribution and calculate the node temperature more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of a part made by fused filament fabrication substantially depends on the coalescence level achieved between the polymer beads. This paper describes an innovate approach quantifying the influence of the polymer temperature on the coalescence kinetics between two molten polymer beads. The models presented in the literature were modified to introduce two major thermo‐dependents intrinsic characteristics of the polymer, its surface tension and viscosity. The accuracy of the developed model was confirmed by the good correlation between calculated and experimental data. The influence of the polypropylene temperature has been found substantially different for different polymer grades. The results revealed that the change of viscosity influences the coalescence kinetics much more than the surface tension. The developed model is applicable to study the coalescence of any polymer beads in the range of temperatures between the crystallization and degradation temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cold Pool feature of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) is a body of cold bottom water that develops in the spring and persists through the summer‐autumn months. It is maintained by northerly currents and can be traced back to Arctic water masses. The Cold Pool provides habitat for many boreal species at latitudes far south of their normal range and plays an important role in the population dynamics of lower and upper trophic level organisms. Here, we describe changes in the extent and thermal properties of the Cold Pool using both observations and models. Two indices are developed based on a gridded, interpolated bottom temperature dataset; the first is a mean temperature indicator, and the second is a spatial extent indicator. The temperature indicator showed a significant increasing trend over the study period 1968–2019 and a single change point in 2008. Similarly, the area indicator declined significantly, also displaying a change point in 2008. Cold Pool maximum temperature and minimum size were observed in 2017, which is also known as a heatwave year in the MAB. The indices presented here support the view of a rapidly warming Cold Pool that is being limited in its spatial extent. Changes in Cold Pool hydrography will likely affect boreal species distributions and total ecosystem productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluates the application of pulsed electric field (PEF) and investigates the effects of drying temperature on the thermodynamic and thermal properties of red rice starch (Oryza Sativa L.). The grains underwent extraction process using 0.5% of sodium metabisulfite; the pastes were pretreated with application of PEF (10 and 30 kV/cm); and the pulse frequency was 600 Hz, 6 μs wide, and 90‐s residence time. The pretreated pastes were subjected to temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C with an air velocity of 1.0 m/s. Evaluation of the thermodynamic properties and thermal properties of the PEF‐pretreated starch was carried out after adjusting the diffusive models using boundary conditions of the first and third types. PEF showed maximum reduction in the time process of 180 min (46.15%) for the PEF 30 kV/cm at a temperature of 60°C. The boundary condition of the third type showed a coefficient of determination (r2) greater than.98 and low values of the χ2 function with diffusivity ranging from 2.159 to 7.877 × 10−5 m2/min. A decrease in activation energy (44.59 kJ/mol) was observed revealing positive and decreasing values. The different intensities of PEF resulted in greater moisture transport presenting a uniform distribution within the starch throughout the drying process. The temperature and gelatinization enthalpy were also influenced by PEF. Therefore, PEF can reduce the costs of the drying and gelatinization process reducing environmental impacts generated by high energy consumption. Practical Applications: The results obtained will contribute to the optimization of industrial production and will serve as a basis for the implementation of a pretreatment of FPE for large‐scale application. This method is promising because it modifies the cellular structure of biological cells such as red rice starch and increases the convective drying rate, reducing drying time and energy expenditure in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fused filament fabrication (FFF) process of polymer‐based composites has been developed due to its capability to make complex geometries and shapes with reasonable mechanical properties. However, the improvement of mechanical properties of the obtained parts and products are still under study and are interesting for designers. There are several strategies to enhance these desired properties of produced pieces, for example optimizing the process parameters and/or using different architecting designs. This paper presents the effect of some overriding process parameters (liquefier temperature, print speed, layer height, and platform temperature) on the temperature evolution and mechanical behavior of PA6 reinforced with chopped carbon fibers produced by FFF. Due to deposition of multilayers, there is a cyclic profile of temperature in the FFF process, which is a considerable note related to fabrication and consequently the strength of the manufactured parts. In parallel with the study of process parameters effect, this cyclic temperature profile has been measured. The preliminary results related to physicochemical and mechanical properties revealed that differences in crystallinity percentage exist and failure stress/strain can be considered as an indicator to evaluate the mechanical properties of FFF manufactured products. Moreover, measuring the temperature profile of the deposited filaments revealed that process parameters have a considerable influence on the cooling process of deposited filaments which itself affects the bonding of adjacent filaments. The higher temperatures led to slower cooling rate. Finally, the results confirm the impact of mentioned parameters roles on the bonding formation in the FFF process and also the subsequent obtained mechanical properties of the printed parts. Therefore, selection of the optimized and suitable process parameters is an important design consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, total of 60 extracted human teeth were divided into four groups. Group I and II were subjected to LCU A (2550 mW/cm2) and Group III and IV to LCU B (700 mW/cm2), respectively. The increase in temperature level from baseline was recorded using K type thermocouple while curing of dentin bonding agent and composite resins. The temperature rise was significantly higher for Light Curing Unit A which had higher intensity light than Light Curing Unit B. Remaining dentin thickness of the prepared tooth also has significant role in the temperature rise. Hence, light curing units should be used with caution to avoid over‐exposure of teeth. Dental practitioners need to prepare teeth with silicone indices and pre‐assessment of radiographs to avoid over‐preparation. Regular check of intensity of light curing unit using commercially available intensity meter is advocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Demonstrate ability to produce reasonable simulations of temperature using numerical models of the human body with a limited number of tissues. Methods: For both a male and female human body model, numerical simulations were used to calculate temperature distributions in three different models of the same human body: the original model with 35 tissues for the male model and 76 tissues for the female model, a simplified model having only three tissues (muscle, fat, and lung), and a simplified model having six tissues (muscle, fat, lung, bone, brain, and skin). Results: Although a three-tissue model gave reasonable specific absorption rate estimates in comparison to an original with many more tissues, because of tissue-specific thermal and physiological properties that do not affect specific absorption rate, such as rate of perfusion by blood, the three-tissue model did not provide temperature distributions similar to those of the original model. Inclusion of a few additional tissues, as in the six-tissue model, produced results in much better agreement with those from the original model. Conclusion: Reasonable estimates of temperature can be simulated with a limited number of tissues, although this number is higher than the number of tissues required to produce reasonable simulations of specific absorption rate. For exposures primarily in the head and thorax, six tissues may be adequate for reasonable estimates of temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of drying at different temperatures viz; 60, 70, 80, and 90°C on gorgon nut flour (GNF) was envisaged by the hot air oven method. The resultant flours were known as GNF‐60, GNF‐70, GNF‐80, and GNF‐90, respectively. The effect of drying on rheology and technofunctional properties was studied. The drying at different temperatures resulted in significant changes in technofunctional and pasting properties of GNF. The water and oil absorption capacities increased with the increase in drying temperature from 0.45 to 0.70 g/g and 0.35 to 0.46 g/g, respectively. The viscosity of the GNF decreased with the increase in drying temperature from 1592 to 990 cP. The increase in the drying temperature resulted in an increase in the swelling power and solubility from 7 to 11 g/g and 29% to 117%, respectively. The rise in temperature increased the gelatinisation peak temperature and reduced the gelatinization enthalpy.. The shear rate dependency on study shear stress and study shear viscosity showed a nonNewtonian behavior for all the samples. The storage modulus, G′ was found greater than the loss modulus, G″ and increased with the rise in temperature from 60 to 90°C indicating the dominance of elastic behavior. The FTIR and XRD spectra revealed structural characteristic peaks with increased intensities at a higher temperature. The drying of the GNF at different temperatures is being reported for the first time and resulted in a significant alteration of the technofunctional and rheological properties. The study will serve a basis for the exploration of the GNF in industrial‐related processing operations. Practical implications: According to the report jointly published by the World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, about 650 million of the total world's population went hungry in 2019, with the expected 120 million addition to this figure due to Covid‐19 pandemic by the end of 2020. The economically lower class people are mainly involved in hunger and malnutrition due to either unavailability or higher costs of the nutritionally rich food resources. Exploration of underutilized and nutritionally rich sources becomes the need of the hour in this type of situation. Gorgon nut being a nutritionally rich and underutilized crop of mainly Asian continent, can serve as an affordable food source to fight this hunger and malnutrition problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure groundwater flux and thermal parameters around a borehole performing a heat dissipation test by heating the armor of a single fiber‐optic cable and interpreting the resulting heating curves with a new analytical method. The procedure is similar to thermal response tests, but benefitting from the high spatial and temporal resolution of distributed temperature sensing and lasting longer, so as to measure advective dissipation. Field installation relies on an innovative method in hydrogeology, which is based on the installation of the FO cable in the annular space of the well, close to the aquifer matrix. The proposed new analytical method, expands the traditional Moving Infinitesimal Line Source Model to account for the effects of the field set up and cable materials. In fact, we show that the resulting temperature build‐up goes through four periods easy to identify using the log derivative of temperature (dT/d (ln(t))): Initial response, skin (cable insulation), conduction dominated and advection dominated. We test the proposed method in an unconsolidated shallow aquifer with controlled pumping. Results are of the same order of magnitude of independent estimates of groundwater velocity. Key Points: Groundwater flux is quantified by performing a heating test with a single fiber‐optic cable installed outside de borehole casingA new analytical approach to estimate groundwater flux with a heat dissipation test employing fiber optics is proposedThe method interprets tests performed with a single cable in a single borehole, saving the costs of drilling observation boreholes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereocomplex nucleated polylactic acid was prepared by the addition of poly(D‐lactic acid) (PDLA) in poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) under various cooling temperatures by monitoring the mechanical properties and heat resistance. Antibacterial performance against the growth of Escherichia coli on PLLA/PDLA doped with various contents of 2‐hydroxypropyl‐3‐piperazinyl‐quinoline carboxylic acid methacrylate (HPQM) was also evaluated. The results suggested that a small addition of PDLA generated stereocomplex crystals while increasing cooling temperature resulted in homo crystals formation in PLLA. The incorporation of PDLA with high cooling temperature increased the heat deflection temperature, impact resistance, and tensile modulus, but decreased the antibacterial performance against E. coli. The addition of PDLA at 2.0 wt% in PLLA at cooling temperature at 80°C showed a synergistic effect to obtain an exceptionally high heat deflection temperature up to 164°C. HPQM was, for the first time, introduced as antibacterial agent in PLLA with an optimum dosage of 1750 ppm. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48970. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermophysical properties of carbon fiber‐based ultra‐high temperature ceramic matrix composites have been determined to aid designers who need these properties when considering using the composites in ultra‐high temperature aerospace applications. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal diffusivity of the composites were measured parallel and perpendicular to the ply direction; the thermal conductivity was measured using the laser‐flash method and the heat capacity calculated from the relationship between the thermal diffusivity, density, and thermal conductivity. Both the CTE and thermal conductivity showed higher values across the ply and increased with increasing temperature as expected, whilst the thermal diffusivity showed higher values parallel to the ply and increased smoothly with temperature. In addition, two different but related oxyfuel torch tests, based on oxyacetylene and oxypropane, were used to evaluate the thermo‐ablation behavior of the composites. The tests showed how good the composites were at withstanding the ultra‐high temperatures, high heat fluxes, and gas velocities involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupled groundwater flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones extensively affect water, energy, and solute exchange with surrounding sediments. The local and cumulative implications of this tightly coupled process strongly depend on characteristics of drivers (i.e., discharge and temperature of the water column) and modulators (i.e., hydraulic and thermal properties of the sediment). With this in mind, we perform a systematic numerical analysis of hyporheic responses to understand how the temporal variability of river discharge and temperature affect flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones. We identify typical time series of river discharge and temperature from gauging stations along the headwater region of Mississippi River Basin, which are characterized by different degrees of flow alteration, to drive a physics-based model of the hyporheic exchange process. Our modeling results indicate that coupled groundwater flow and heat transport significantly affects the dynamic response of hyporheic zones, resulting in substantial differences in exchange rates and characteristic time scales of hyporheic exchange processes. We also find that the hyporheic zone dampens river temperature fluctuations increasingly with higher frequency of temperature fluctuations. This dampening effect depends on the system transport time scale and characteristics of river discharge and temperature variability. Furthermore, our results reveal that the flow alteration reduces the potential of hyporheic zones to act as a temperature buffer and hinders denitrification within hyporheic zones. These results have significant implications for understanding the drivers of local variability in hyporheic exchange and the implications for the development of thermal refugia and ecosystem functioning in hyporheic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The room temperature reaction of Na4Sn2S6·5H2O with CoCl2·6H2O and 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine (2‐AMP) or trans‐1,2‐diamino‐cyclohexane (DACH) leads to crystallization of two compounds with the compositions [Co(2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine)3]2 Sn2S6·10H2O (1) and [Co(trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane)3]2Sn2S6·8H2O (2). In both compounds [Sn2S6]4– anions are present that are charge balanced each by two Co2+ centered complexes. Each of the two CoII cations are sixfold coordinated by six N atoms of three 2‐AMP or DACH ligands within slightly distorted octahedra. In compound 1, the two complexes are linked by one [Sn2S6]4– anion via strong N–H···S hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric charge neutral trimeric units, that are further linked by weak C–H···S and N–H···S hydrogen bonds into chains that are directed along the a axis. These chains are further joined by N–H···O and O–H···O hydrogen bonds into a 3D network, with the H2O molecules forming chains along the b axis. The crystal structure of 2 is similar to that of 1 featuring trimeric units which are also linked into chains. Between the chains water molecules are embedded that link the chains into a 3D network. Upon heating 2 in a thermobalance the water and ligand molecules are removed in discrete steps, indicating that compounds with more condensed thiostannate networks will form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How water could affect thermal transport properties is a key question that needs to be quantified experimentally when it is incorporated as structurally bound hydroxyl groups in the lattice of mantle minerals. In this study, thermal diffusivity (D) and thermal conductivity (κ) of San Carlos olivine aggregates with various water contents (up to 0.2 wt.% H2O) were measured simultaneously using transient plane‐source method up to 873 K and 3 GPa. Experimental results demonstrate that water content can significantly reduce the thermal diffusivity (D) and thermal conductivity (κ) of olivine aggregate. With the increase of H2O content from 0.08 to 0.2 wt.%, the absolute values of D and κ for olivine samples decrease by 5–13% and 17–33% and by 3–8% and 14–21%, respectively. D and κ of olivine aggregate decrease with temperature but increase with pressure. Heat capacity is influenced by pressure negatively. Combining the present data with surface heat flow of the Moon as well as heat production, the calculated temperature profiles provide new constraints on the lunar geotherm and possible H2O content in the lunar interior. Plain Language Summary: It is believed that incorporation of even trace amount of water can significantly affect thermophysical properties of olivine. Nevertheless, there have not been any robust experiments under high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions simultaneously. In this study, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of olivine were measured as a function of water content (from dry to 0.2 wt.% H2O) from 1 to 3 GPa and 300 to 873 K. Our results demonstrate a profound role of water in reducing thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of olivine. Using the present results, a temperature profile of the lunar mantle has been established based on surface heat flow and heat production of the Moon. Our model provides new constraints on temperature distribution and water content in the interior of the Moon. Key Points: Effect of water on the D and κ of olivine were measured up to 873 K and 3 GPaD and κ decrease with temperature and water content but increase with pressureNew constraints on temperature and H2O content of the lunar interior were provided [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key challenges in the development of high‐temperature energy harvesting (HTEH) technology is to clarify the relationship between temperature‐dependent material parameters and device power generation capabilities. However, at present, the research on temperature stability of piezoceramics mainly relies on thermal annealing technology, which cannot follow the actual temperature dependence of the piezoelectricity, and it is even more difficult to predict the temperature stability of HTEH. To shed light on this field, here, (1−x)BiScO3–xPbTiO3 system was chosen for building HTEH material, and the temperature‐dependent electrical parameters, such as d33, εr, and g33, have been measured by multiple in situ techniques. It was found that the synergistic effect of d33 and εr with temperature helps to obtain a stable g33 value in a wide temperature range. Moreover, in the mode of the cantilever‐type energy harvester, a stable output voltage was obtained at x = 0.64 harvester with <20% change over a broad temperature range of 100‐250°C, and it was verified that the temperature stability of g33 is crucial to the operation stability of HTEH devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulated temperature techniques allow to separate the reversing and non‐reversing contributions of material transitions. To investigate reversible crystallization and melting of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) at microstructural level, in this research, modulated temperature Fourier transform infrared (MTFTIR) and quasi‐isothermal FTIR (QIFTIR) analyses are used. By following the intensity variation of iPP regularity bands, associated with 31 helix structures of different lengths (n repeating units), MTFTIR evidences that, independently from helix length, a reversing coil–helix transition takes place few degrees below the non‐reversing crystallization onset. By comparing spectroscopic and differential scanning calorimetry experiments performed in quasi‐isothermal conditions, the reversing transition was found to be associated with the reversible melting‐crystallization phenomenon. Moreover, QIFTIR evidences that helices of different lengths contribute differently to the reversible transition: the helices composed of n = 10 and n = 12 are active into all the explored temperature range (30–130 °C) whereas the shortest (n = 6) and the longest (n > 15) helices contribute to reversibility at T > 100 °C. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 922–931 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The additional 0.5 °C warming from 1.5 to 2°C global target has a significant impact on the occurrence of extreme temperature events. While the arid and semi‐arid areas (ASA) and humid areas (HA) present different response characteristics to the additional global mean 0.5 °C warming due to their differences in thermal properties. In this study, both the stabilized and transient 1.5 °C (2 °C) global warming scenarios projected by the Community Earth System Model (CESM) are used to compare the extreme temperature responses between the ASA and HA to the 2 and 1.5 °C global warming targets over East–central Asia. The results indicate that cold fixed‐threshold indices (frost days [FD] and icing days [ID]) will decrease more rapidly in ASA, by approximately 10 days (1.5 °C) and 15 days (2 °C) compared to the historical period, respectively. Warm fixed‐threshold indices (summer days [SU] and tropical nights [TR]) will become more common in HA, especially southeast of China. Under 1.5 °C target, the increase of intensity indices is equal to the average temperature warming response (1.5 °C), while the additional 0.5 °C warming makes the response of intensity indices much greater than 0.5 °C. Under 0.5 °C warmer world, the daily temperature range (DTR) will experience a 0.5 °C increase in most HA and a 0.2–0.5 °C decrease in ASA during winter. As a whole, the additional 0.5 °C warming has an amplified effect and the 1.5 °C global warming target could reduce the extreme temperature events significantly over East–central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enhancement of heat capacity (Cv) of nanoconfined liquid is reported using equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using Lennard-Jones type solid-liquid molecular model. Liquid molecules are confined in between two solid surfaces with separation distance varying from 0.6 to 17.55 nm and temperature 100 K to 140 K. The obtained heat capacity of the bulk liquid is in excellent agreement with the published literature. However, in case of nanoconfined liquid, for a particular temperature and gap thickness band, a significant enhancement of heat capacity results in. For 100 K temperature and a gap thickness of 4 nm, the obtained molar heat capacity of the nanoconfined liquid is 46.45 J/mol K, i.e. the heat capacity is enhanced by 133% compared to its bulk counterpart (19.95 J/mol K). However, this broad maximum value of heat capacity shifts to a lower value at a higher temperature. At 120 and 140 K, the maximum heat capacity becomes 29.56 and 26.97 J/mol.K and the enhancement becomes 51% and 40%, respectively. The enhancement of heat capacity is attributed to the variation in density distribution, ballistic transport of thermal phonons, reduced molecular motion and a larger contribution of interfacial thermal resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Polymers derived from natural, minimally-processed materials have recently emerged as a more sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers, with promising applications in biocompatible and biodegradable devices. Plasma-enhanced deposition is well-suited to one-step, fast, and efficient synthesis of highly crosslinked inert polymers directly from natural resources, however, fabrication of biologically active polymers remains a challenge. Plasma processing parameters influence the properties such as surface energy, roughness, morphology, and chemical composition of deposited polymers and thus their final applications. This article reports on the important role of substrate temperature ( TS) in the chemical composition, wettability, refractive index, and crosslinking density of plasma polymers derived from terpenoids. Experiments are conducted as a function of deposition power Pd, and substrate temperature, TS. TS varied from 40 to 280 °C and is externally controlled. Atomic force microscopy analysis reveals the change in deposition mechanism attributed to shadowing effect at higher TS and Pd. Increase in band gap ( Eg) with high Ts deposition for terpenoid based plasma polymers is observed. Swelling behavior analyzed by in situ ellipsometry affirms the enhanced crosslink density with increasing deposition rate. Fourier transform infrared analysis exhibits the formation of additional chemical moieties with increasing TS. Increase in deposition rate with increasing TS at higher Pd supports the theory of direct incorporation of depositing particles as dominant mechanism of plasma polymerization in this study. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45771. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Shape memory polymers (SMPs) attract widespread attention because they are able to maintain a temporary deformation after unloading and recover the initial shape under high temperature conditions. Based on a three-dimensionally constitutive equation of SMPs, a finite element program is followed by compiling user-defined material subroutine, which describes the shape memory behavior of thermo-mechanical experiment. A honeycomb core using SMP is designed, which has the ability to recover the initial shape after deformation and be used as a smart core for sandwich structures. To prove their advantages in the engineering application, a series of thermodynamic behaviors of the SMP honeycomb core are simulated, including loading at high temperature, cooling, unloading at the low temperature, and recovering original shape on heating. Shape memory behaviors of tensile, compressive, bending, and locally sunken deformations are demonstrated and the effect of time and temperature on the recovery process is discussed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45672. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Mixed matrix membranes (MMM) based on polysulfone and chemically modified clinoptilolite were prepared. Clinoptilolite enriched with Ca2+, K+, and Na+ by ion exchange at two test temperatures was prepared. Chemical composition was monitored by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms were also performed. Thermal and morphological properties of MMM were evaluated. CH4/CO2 gas mixture permeability tests at different upstream pressure were carried out. Type of exchanged cation in modified clinoptilolite affected the CO2 permeability. An improvement on the CO2/CH4 selectivity values in the MMM compared to the polymeric membrane was appreciated. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45659. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual temperature- and light-responsive C2H2/C2H4 separation switch in a diarylethene metal-organic framework (MOF) is presented. At 195 K and 100 kPa this MOF shows ultrahigh C2H2/C2H4 selectivity of 47.1, which is almost 21.4 times larger than the corresponding value of 2.2 at 293 K and 100 kPa, or 15.7 times larger than the value of 3.0 for the material under UV at 195 K and 100 kPa. The origin of this unique control in C2H2/C2H4 selectivity, as unveiled by density functional calculations, is due to a guest discriminatory gate-opening effect from the diarylethene unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Physical scaling ( SP) method is a statistical downscaling approach where model-based climate data are downscaled taking into consideration large-scale climate, elevation and land-cover at the location of interest. In this study, the downscaling skills of an ensemble of SP method and its variants and Statistical DownScaling Model ( SDSM) towards downscaling North American Regional Reanalysis ( NARR) temperature data are compared. Two downscaling approaches: direct and indirect, two versions: SP and surrounding pixel information and three functional forms: linear regression, quantile regression and generalized additive models are considered to prepare the method ensemble. To evaluate method performance, a leave-one-out cross-validation approach is adopted. Results indicate that SP method and its variants have comparable skill to SDSM. Further method skill is found to be only marginally influenced by the choice of method version and functional form, and considerably influenced by the choice of approach. The ensemble of models is thereafter used to downscale future air temperature projections made by a global climate model: FGOALS-s2. It is found that downscaled future projections are most significantly influenced by the choice of version, followed by the choice of approach and the choice of functional form in the decreasing order of importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature-dependent development of the European larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae, was studied under long-day conditions L:D 16:8 at three temperature regimes, 15°C, 20°C and 25°C, using the sandwich plate method. By observing the individual developmental progress, we calculated the developmental times and lower developmental thresholds of one entire generation and various ontogenetic stages. The mean developmental time of one generation was about 120, 64 and 37 days at 15°C, 20°C and 25°C, respectively. The egg stage comprised about 9% of the total development or about 16% of the pre-imaginal development. The larval stages took about 39% of the entire and about 66% of the pre-imaginal development. The pupal stage needed about 11% of the total or about 18% of the pre-imaginal development. The lower developmental threshold for one generation was 11.2°C. The egg stage had the highest lower developmental threshold of 12.0°C, the pupa the lowest of 9.8°C and the total larval stages showed a value of 11.2°C. The thermal requirements for I. cembrae have never been studied in detail before. The results will be a valuable contribution for monitoring and risk assessment models to estimate the beetle's phenology and its potential impacts on forest ecosystems under changing climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The influence of the comonomer in the synthesis of poly(propylene- co−1-pentene) copolymers, with rac-(dimethylsilylbis(1-indenyl))ZrCl2/Methylaluminoxane at low temperature, has been studied. Changes in the catalyst activity and molecular weight have been analyzed as a function of copolymer composition, and associated with both content and nature of chain defects. The thorough characterization of chain-end double bonds by means of the 1H NMR technique highlights the particular chain termination pathway, which underlies the so-called comonomer effect. A specific termination mechanism is proposed based on the preferential regio-irregular interaction of the active site with 1-pentene molecules, instead of the one related to the β-H atom of the last regular inserted unit, either propene or 1-pentene. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 843-854 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Silk fibroin exhibits excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability combined with benign processing conditions, attracting considerable research interest for the application as biomedical materials. Among the diverse forms of sponges, hydrogels, films, and mats manufactured from silk fibroin, films are especially appealing due to the high water and oxygen permeability, good cell attachment, and low immunogenicity. Fabrication of silk fibroin films with novel properties has been successfully developed simply by incorporating various functional components into it. In the present study, the properties of thermal insulation and temperature monitoring for the silk fibroin film are demonstrated for the first time through the incorporation of thermochromic microcapsules within it. Moreover, the silk fibroin film is also endowed with improved mechanical properties in terms of tension strength and elongation at break because of the reinforcing effect of thermochromic microcapsules. The silk fibroin film fabricated with novel features in this study can be a good candidate for the application of wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, and bio-related devices in the future. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1846-1852 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Temperature and pressure corrections are necessary to account for the varying mass of air in the sensitive volume of a vented ionization chamber (IC) when performing absolute dose measurements. Locations commonly used to measure the presumed IC air temperature may not accurately represent the chamber cavity air temperature, and phantoms undergoing temperature changes further compound the problem. Prior studies have characterized thermal equilibrium in separate phantoms for Farmer chambers alone. However, the purpose of this study was to characterize the cavity air temperature dependence on changes in the ambient temperature and phantom geometry configuration for a wider and more modern variety of chambers to determine if previously published wait times apply to these chambers as well. Methods: Thermal conduction properties were experimentally investigated by modifying a PTW 0.3 cm3 Semiflex IC with a thermocouple replacing the central electrode. Air cavity temperature versus time was recorded in three phantom geometries characteristic of common absolute dose measurements. The phantoms were (15 ± 1) C before measurement with an IC at the treatment vault temperature of (21 ± 1) C. Simulations were conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the measurements and to simulate temperature response of a PTW PinPoint® and Farmer chamber. The simulation methods were first validated by comparison with measured Semiflex chamber thermal response curves before extension to the other chambers. Results: Two thermal equilibria curves were recorded on different time scales. IC temperature initially dropped to the colder phantom temperature but subsequently increased as the phantom itself equilibrated with the warmer room temperature. In a large phantom of dimensions (25.5 25.5 23.4) cm³, 3 min was required before the IC temperature reached within 0.5 C of its equilibrium within the phantom. Similarly, wait times of 2 min were needed for 7.5 and 2 cm slab phantoms. Conclusions: Recording of temperature in the phantom was deemed far more accurate than measurement in ambient air due to the air cavity thermally equilibrating with phantom temperature instead of the vented ambient air. Wait times of 3 and 2 min are needed for a cube and 7.5 cm slab phantom, respectively, to achieve 0.2% dosimetric accuracy (temperature accuracy of 0.5 C). Chamber volume alone did not determine wait times, as a 0.3 cm³ IC required a longer wait time than a Farmer chamber, suggesting wall thickness as an important variable as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Black garlic is a type of garlic product that is generally produced by heating raw garlic at high temperature with controlled humidity for more than 30 days. Black garlic has appeared on the market for many years. It is crucial to investigate the characteristics of quality formation of black garlic during processing at various temperatures. RESULTS In this study, fresh garlic was processed to black garlic at temperatures of 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C. Moisture, amino acid nitrogen and allicin contents decreased gradually during thermal processing of various temperatures. Reducing sugar, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, total phenols, total acids contents and browning increased. The changing rate of quality indicators and flavour of black garlic varied at different temperatures. Browning intensity reached about 74 when black garlic aged. The sensory score was significantly higher in black garlic aged at 70 °C (39.95 ± 0.31) compared with that at other temperatures, suggesting that 70 °C might facilitate formation of good quality and flavour of black garlic during processing. CONCLUSION Temperature had a remarkable impact on the quality and flavour of black garlic. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverted metamorphic multi-junction solar cells have reached efficiencies close to 46%. These solar cells contain very high-quality materials that exhibit strong luminescent coupling between the junctions. The presence of luminescent coupling has a significant impact on the behavior of multi-junction solar cells affecting the optimal design of these devices. Because of the importance of studying devices under real operating conditions, the temperature dependence of the luminescent coupling is analyzed over a range of 25-120°C. Luminescent coupling analysis results show a reduction of the luminescent coupling current as a function of temperature in two tandem components of an inverted metamorphic triple junction solar cell such as GaInP/GaAs and GaAs/GaInAs solar cells. This reduction is quantified and examined by means of luminescent coupling analysis and modeling, electroluminescence measurements and optical modeling at the device and subcell level. The results of the models are verified and discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthesis of the 2-phosphathioethynolate anion, PCS-, under ambient conditions is reported. The coordination chemistry of PCO-, PCS- and their nitrogen-containing congeners is also explored. Photolysis of a solution of W(CO)6 in the presence of PCO- [or a simple ligand displacement reaction using W(CO)5(MeCN)] affords [W(CO)5(PCO)]- ( 1). The cyanate and thiocyanate analogues, [W(CO)5(NCO)]- ( 2) and [W(CO)5(NCS)]- ( 3), are also synthesised using a similar methodology, allowing for an in-depth study of the bonding properties of this family of related ligands. Our studies reveal that, in the coordination sphere of tungsten(0), the PCO- anion preferentially binds through the phosphorus atom in a strongly bent fashion, while NCO- and NCS- coordinate linearly through the nitrogen atom. Reactions between PCS- and W(CO)5(MeCN) similarly afford [W(CO)5(PCS)]-; however, due to the ambidentate nature of the anion, a mixture of both the phosphorus- and sulfur-bonded complexes ( 4a and 4b, respectively) is obtained. It was possible to establish that, as with PCO-, the PCS- ion also coordinates to the metal centre in a bent fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogeneous temperature regions are necessary for use in hydrometeorological studies. The regions are often delineated by analysing statistics derived from time series of maximum, minimum or mean temperature, rather than attributes influencing temperature. This practice cannot yield meaningful regions in data-sparse areas. Further, independent validation of the delineated regions for homogeneity in temperature is not possible, as temperature records form the basis to arrive at the regions. To address these issues, a two-stage clustering approach is proposed in this study to delineate homogeneous temperature regions. First stage of the approach involves (1) determining correlation structure between observed temperature over the study area and possible predictors (large-scale atmospheric variables) influencing the temperature and (2) using the correlation structure as the basis to delineate sites in the study area into clusters. Second stage of the approach involves analysis on each of the clusters to (1) identify potential predictors (large-scale atmospheric variables) influencing temperature at sites in the cluster and (2) partition the cluster into homogeneous fuzzy temperature regions using the identified potential predictors. Application of the proposed approach to India yielded 28 homogeneous regions that were demonstrated to be effective when compared to an alternate set of 6 regions that were previously delineated over the study area. Intersite cross-correlations of monthly maximum and minimum temperatures in the existing regions were found to be weak and negative for several months, which is undesirable. This problem was not found in the case of regions delineated using the proposed approach. Utility of the proposed regions in arriving at estimates of potential evapotranspiration for ungauged locations in the study area is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background While most research on temperature and mortality has focused on the elderly, little has concentrated on infants, who may also lack thermoregulatory responses to heat exposure. Methods We examined mean daily apparent temperature, a combination of temperature and humidity, and infant deaths in California during the warm season of May through October 1999 to 2011. Deaths from all causes and specifically from congenital malformations, sudden infant death syndrome, abnormal gestation duration, respiratory causes, and circulatory causes were considered in a time-stratified case-crossover analysis of 12 356 infant deaths. Results For all-cause mortality, excess risk was 4.4% (95% confidence interval −0.3, 9.2) per 5.6° C increase for average of same day and previous 3 days apparent temperature (lag 03). The associations for apparent temperature and both all-cause mortality and deaths caused by gestation duration were highest for Black infants (13.3%, 95% CI 0.6, 27.6 and 23.7%, 95% CI −3.3, 58.2, respectively), while White infants had elevated risk for deaths from respiratory causes (44.6%; −0.7, 110.5). We further observed differential effects for neonates (infants aged 28 days and under) and post-neonates (infants above 28 days and under 1 year), and coastal and non-coastal regions. These associations remained even after considering criteria air pollutants. Conclusions This study suggests that infants are a vulnerable subgroup to heat exposure. Further studies should be conducted with a sufficient number of cases of infant deaths in other locales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the effects of temperature, voids at or near the interface on the interfacial fracture behavior, and mechanisms of the Si/a-Si3N4 bilayer systems via molecular dynamics simulations. Under mode I loading, at 300 K, the interfacial strength of the bilayer system without voids is ∼22.5 GPa and it undergoes brittle fracture at the interface. However, at 600 K, failure occurs in the a-Si3N4 layer in a ductile mode. With the existence of void in the Si layer, crack initiates at the void and propagates toward the interface when the temperature is 300 K. However, as temperature increases to 600 K, the defected bilayer system undergoes brittle fracture at the interface at a significantly lowered interfacial strength. With the presence of void at the interface, the bilayer system fractures at the interface with a deteriorated strength regardless of temperature. Under mode II loading, the Si/a-Si3N4 system undergoes three deformation processes: elastic deformation, followed by plastic deformation in the a-Si3N4 layer, and subsequently, interfacial sliding. The presence of voids at different locations and the increase in temperature lower the stresses required for interfacial sliding but do not have significant effect on the shear deformation processes. This study provides an insight to fracture behavior of Si/a-Si3N4 system at certain operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Changes in annual and seasonal temperatures were studied from 18 stations, distributed all over the Basilicata region (southern Italy), for the 1951-2010 period. The analysis is based on high-quality and homogenous daily minimum and maximum temperatures. Both minimum ( Tmin) and maximum ( Tmax) temperatures increase, especially after 1971. Seasonal results show upward trends in Tmin in winter, spring and summer, whereas they show downward trends in Tmin in autumn, especially in the last normal 1981-2010. Tmax also shows upward trends in spring and summer, whereas it tends to decrease during winter and autumn. The intra-annual extreme temperature range (ETR) index also shows a general positive trend, especially during spring. Eleven indices were used to assess the changes in both the cold and warm tails of the daily temperature distribution. The presence of trends was assessed by means of the Mann-Kendall test. The results reveal a general upward tendency on warm days (TX90), warm nights (TN90) and tropical nights (T20) especially because of an increase in temperature after 1971. This datum is fully confirmed in summer which is the season mainly responsible for this trend. The annual occurrence of summer days (SU) and very warm days (TX99) is weakly increasing. The majority of cold extremes, i.e. very cold nights (TN1), cold days (TX10), cold nights (TN10), frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) showed negative trends, thus confirming the overall warming trend in the Basilicata region. This negative trend could stem from the strong increase of Tmin during winter, spring and summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual PEM fuel cell 6-parameter mechanistic model was developed. In parallel, experimental polarization curves were obtained at different temperature and inlet gas humidities conditions. The 6 model parameters were determined by fitting the semi empirical model to the experimental curve using a non linear regression method. Finally, a statistical analysis was carried out in order to determine which operating conditions (temperature and inlet humidities) have a significant effect on which model parameters. A black box model was built in order to relate the model parameter values to the significant operating conditions for each one of them. The obtained model was able to satisfactory reproduce the experimental behaviour of the system at low current densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental changes during seed production are important drivers of lot-to-lot variation in seed behaviour and enable wild species to time their life history with seasonal cues. Temperature during seed set is the dominant environmental signal determining the depth of primary dormancy, although the mechanisms though which temperature changes impart changes in dormancy state are still only partly understood., We used molecular, genetic and biochemical techniques to examine the mechanism through which temperature variation affects Arabidopsis thaliana seed dormancy., Here we show that, in Arabidopsis , low temperatures during seed maturation result in an increase in phenylpropanoid gene expression in seeds and that this correlates with higher concentrations of seed coat procyanidins. Lower maturation temperatures cause differences in coat permeability to tetrazolium, and mutants with increased seed coat permeability and/or low procyanidin concentrations are less able to enter strongly dormant states after exposure to low temperatures during seed maturation., Our data show that maternal temperature signalling regulates seed coat properties, and this is an important pathway through which the environmental signals control primary dormancy depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Temporal and spatial changes in the annual and seasonal temperatures in a typical basin of the Qiantang River were analysed based on the time series databases of daily temperatures from 14 meteorological stations. Both the Mann-Kendall ( MK) trend test and simple linear regression analyses were employed to detect trends in the mean and extreme temperatures. The temperature changes during the three periods of 1960-1990, 1960-2000 and 1960-2006 were investigated at each meteorological station and over the entire basin as an average. The spatial and temporal changes were characterized by significant warming throughout the region, with the minimum temperature (Tn) increasing the most, particularly after 1990. Various percentiles of extreme temperatures, as well as their corresponding frequencies, were chosen to explore the trends of extreme climate change in this region. Linear regression analyses showed a significant warming trend in cold events both on an annual and seasonal basis, especially in the winter. Conversely, the hot events were dominated by an insignificant warming trend ( p > 0.05). When comparing the time series before and after 1990, trend shifts were apparent in both the mean and extreme temperatures, particularly in the spring and winter. In addition to the large-scale circulation, regional factors may have influenced the observed climate change in the studied region. Climate change has already influenced human society by, for example, increasing the frequency of haze in the study region. We conclude that the warming here is mainly attributed to changes in the minimum temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Variability is a very important inherent characteristic of climate and it varies on all timescales. It is also considered an important factor regarding changes of extreme events. On the basis of daily temperature records at 63 stations in the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau during 1960-2008, we examine changes of temperature mean, variability and extremes for the region, and study correlations between multiscale temperature variability and various extreme temperature events. Results show that considering the entire study region, a significantly decreasing trend is observed for intra-annual temperature variability ( StdD), whereas a significantly increasing trend is observed for interannual temperature variability ( IVT). Further relationships between multiscale temperature variability and temperature extremes over the past 49 years show that IVT is positively correlated with cold/warm nights ( TN10/ TN90) and warm days ( TX90), whereas StdD is positively correlated with cold extremes ( TN10/ TX10) and negatively correlated with warm extremes ( TN90/ TX90). Nevertheless, annual mean temperature also plays an important role in the relationships between temperature variability and temperature extremes, for correlations between IVT and cold temperature extremes in two warming periods are quite different. Stations with different temperature trends for mean, variability and extremes in the two warming periods are categorized in the study region, and these temperature characteristics in each category are also affected by local effects, such as elevation, topography and urbanization. However, in strong warming periods, the change of mean temperature still has a dominant effect on extreme temperature events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Knowing the mechanical properties of UV-curable resins at cryogenic conditions is important to ongoing fusion-energy research and to emerging aerospace applications. The tensile and interfacial shear strengths of two commercially available UV-curable resins were measured at room-temperature and cryogenic conditions for both bulk and reduced (subnanoliter) specimen volumes. The tensile properties of cured specimens are remarkably sensitive to both testing temperature and specimen size. For one type of resin, the cold (−150 °C) tensile strength of subnanoliter specimens is ∼9× larger (179 ± 19 MPa) than bulk values at room temperature. The interfacial shear strength between SiC fibers and small volumes of resin volumes is comparable to the bulk, room-temperature tensile strength, but it varies over a wide range at −150 °C (15-53 MPa). All resins were fully cured, and an analysis of fractured surfaces revealed microstructural features. The enhanced strength in microscopic specimens may be related to inhomogeneous stress fields that develop during cure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 936-945 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY The structure of a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) voltage reference with MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold region is proposed. It is based on the conventional structure, operation equivalent to which is achieved from the viewpoint of relations between the voltages and currents of MOSFETs. The derived structure relaxes the occupied area. Experimental results of a PTAT voltage reference implemented on a chip as an example are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]