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Aim: The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the ethical awareness scale for nurses working in Iranian intensive care units. Design: A cross‐sectional psychometric study. Methods: The study was conducted in Oct 2020 to Sep 2021, involving the participation of 200 ICU nurses. The process included translation of the original version of the ethical awareness scale into Persian, following the World Health Organization guideline, for use in Iran. The translated version was then evaluated for reliability, face validity, content validity ratio, content validity index, convergent validity and construct validity. Results: The initial reliability of the scale was established. In qualitative face validity, a few items changed slightly and all items were retained in the quantitative face validity assessment. Based on Lawshe's values, three items were removed from the scale during CVR assessment. All items exhibited acceptable CVI scores. Convergent validity was established with an average variance extracted greater than 0.5. The fit indices, such as CFI = 0.94, GFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.01, AGFI = 0.97 and CMIN/DF = 2.99, supported the structural model of the scale. The fit indices for the structural model of the scale were all within acceptable ranges, suggesting that the model fit the data well. Its reliability was confirmed through the test–retest method, with Cronbach's alpha = 0.84 and McDonald's omega coefficient >0.8. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the Persian version of the ethical awareness scale for Iran (EAS‐IR) is comparable in content to the original version, demonstrating its validity and reliability for assessing ethical awareness among Iranian nurses in ICUs. The scale can be a valuable resource for measuring ethical awareness in the Iranian healthcare context and may contribute to improving ethical practices and decision‐making in ICU settings. Patient or Public Contribution: In this project, no patient or public contribution was necessary, because it was not applied to our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Following a user‐centred redesign and refinement process of an electronic delirium screening tool (eDIS‐MED), further accuracy assessment was performed prior to anticipated testing in the clinical setting. Methods: Content validity of each of the existing questions was evaluated by an expert group in the domains of clarity, relevance and importance. Questions with a Content Validity Index (CVI) <0.80 were reviewed by the development group for potential revision. Items with CVI <0.70 were discarded. Next, face validity of the entirety of the tests was conducted and readability measured. Results: A panel of five clinical experts evaluated the test battery comprising eDIS‐MED. The content validity process endorsed 61 items. The overall scale CVI was 0.92. Eighty‐eight per cent of the responses with regard to question relevancy, usefulness and appropriateness were positive. The questions were deemed fifth grade level and very easy to read. Conclusions: A revised electronic screening tool was shown to be accurate according to an expert group. A clinical validation study is planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few short, validated tools to assess young children's obesity‐related dietary behaviours, limiting the rapid screening of dietary behaviours in research and practice‐based early obesity prevention. This study aimed to develop and assess the reliability and validity of a caregiver‐reported short dietary questionnaire to rapidly assess obesity‐related dietary behaviours in children aged 6 months to 5 years. The Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood Dietary Questionnaire (EPOCH‐DQ) was developed using a rigorous process to determine content and structural validity. Three age‐appropriate versions were developed for (1) infants, aged 6–12 months, (2) toddlers, aged 1–2.9 years and (3) pre‐schoolers, aged 3–5 years. The questionnaire (7–15 items) measures dietary behaviours, including diet risk from non‐core food and beverage intake, diet quality from vegetable frequency, bread type and infant feeding practices. Test–retest reliability was assessed from repeated administrations 1 week apart (n = 126). Internal consistency, concurrent validity (against a comparison questionnaire, the InFANT Food Frequency Questionnaire), construct validity and interpretability were assessed (n = 209). Most scores were highly correlated and significantly associated (p < 0.05) for validity (rs: 0.45–0.89, percentage agreement 68%–100%) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.61–0.99) for diet risk, diet quality and feeding practice items. The EPOCH‐DQ shows acceptable validity and reliability for screening of obesity‐related behaviours of children under 5 years of age. The short length and, thus, low participant burden of the EPOCH‐DQ allows for potential applications in various settings. Future testing of the EPOCH‐DQ should evaluate culturally and socio‐economically diverse populations and establish the predictive validity and sensitivity to detect change. Key messages: Accurate measurement of obesity‐related dietary behaviours is essential for the evaluation of early obesity prevention programmes and monitoring population trends.The 7–15 item Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood Dietary Questionnaire (EPOCH‐DQ) was shown to have acceptable validity and reliability for assessing obesity‐related behaviours of children aged 6 months to 5 years of age.The short length and thus low participant burden of the EPOCH‐DQ allows for potential applications in various settings, including research, population health monitoring and use by health professionals.Future testing of the EPOCH‐DQ should include evaluation across culturally and socio‐economically diverse populations and determine the predictive validity and sensitivity to detect change of the EPOCH‐DQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to evaluate interventions aimed at reducing cesarean births, care practitioners' attitudes are important to measure. The Labor Culture Survey (LCS) is a scale that measures individual and unit attitudes towards supporting vaginal birth. As no equivalent scale exists in Sweden, the aim was to translate, adapt, and validate the LCS and to investigate whether there were differences in attitudes toward supporting vaginal birth between maternity care practitioners. Methods: A cross‐sectional study including midwives, physicians, and nurse assistants working with intrapartum care in five labor wards in Sweden. The original LCS was translated into Swedish, and six context‐specific items were developed for the Swedish setting (SLCS). The translation was tested for face validity. Psychometric analysis was conducted using exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis, parallel analysis, and principal axis factoring. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha. One‐way ANOVA and Tukey HSD were calculated to analyze differences in attitudes between professions on the subscales of the S‐LCS. Results: A total of 539 midwives, physicians, and nurse assistants participated. The final S‐LCS showed a five‐factor solution with the following subscales: Best Practices to reduce cesarean overuse, Unpredictability of vaginal birth, Unit Microculture, Maternal Agency, and Organizational Oversight. Chronbach alpha values varied from 0.60 to 0.83. Midwives were more supportive towards vaginal birth and less fearful of potential consequences of vaginal birth compared with physicians. Conclusions: The S‐LCS demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties for use in Swedish maternity care. Further work to improve the scale should include additional items reflecting the subscale Maternal Agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reliable dietary data for children are necessary to investigate associations with health outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to determine the frequency of intakes of specific healthy and unhealthy food groups in young children. Methods: Participants were 5–9‐year‐old South African children (n = 920) from 10 urban schools. Their parents completed a demographic questionnaire and the food intake questionnaire with food pictures. Based on the literature, four healthy food groups (fruits, vegetables, milk, meat/fish/poultry/eggs) and six unhealthy food groups (hot and cold sugar‐sweetened beverages, candy, salty snacks, cakes and fast foods) were included, with five different frequency responses. Six experienced nutritionists assessed the face validity and content validity. After pilot testing, construct validity and homogeneity were determined in the participants. Convergent validity was determined using urinary sodium and potassium concentrations as biological intake markers. Results: Nutritionists confirmed face and content validity. Caregivers confirmed understanding of the questionnaire. Three factors explained 50.2% of the variance, with most unhealthy food groups as factor 1, fruits and vegetables as factor 2, and animal source protein and milk groups clustered with sugar‐sweetened beverages as factor 3. The frequency of milk group, fruits and vegetables intake correlated negatively, whereas the frequency of salty snacks and fast foods intakes correlated positively with the urinary sodium:potassium ratio. Conclusions: The healthy and unhealthy food group questionnaire has advantages of low respondent burden, as well as acceptable content and convergent validity in South African children. The questionnaire may be used to investigate associations between food intakes and health outcomes. Key points: Simplified methods to collect data on the food consumption of children are required in epidemiological studies.Intakes from specific food groups, namely fruits, vegetables, sugar‐sweetened beverages and snacks, salty snacks, and fast foods, are important.A healthy and unhealthy food group questionnaire was validated and showed acceptable content and convergent validity in South African children.The food group questionnaire has a low respondent burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a scale to determine parents' attitudes and beliefs regarding fluoride varnish. Design and methods: This study had a cross‐sectional design and was conducted between 2019 and 2021. A total of 810 parents were included in the study sample. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), discriminant validity, and convergent validity methods were used to estimate the scale validity. For reliability, the Cronbach alpha coefficient, item‐total correlation coefficients, and test–retest method were used. Results: As a result of psychometric analysis, the scale was found to have a three‐factor structure. The factor loads of the items were between 0.838 and 0.715. The three‐factor construct showed a good fit in confirmatory factor analysis (X2(41): 110.06, p <.001; RMSEA: 0.065; RMSR, 0.02; GFI, 0.95; and NFI, 0.94). Cronbach's α coefficient on the scale was 0.85. The item‐total correlation of the scale was found to be between 0.355 and 0.626. The test–retest intra‐class correlation coefficient of the scale was 0.72. Conclusions: This study suggests that the developed scale is a reliable tool to evaluate the attitudes and beliefs of parents toward fluoride varnish. It is thought that the scale will make a contribution to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Professionals providing self‐management support to parents regarding the care for their child with a chronic condition nowadays is an important aspect of child healthcare. This requires professionals to orient themselves towards partnership and collaboration with parents. The aims of the current study were the development and validation of the S‐Scan‐Parental self‐management Support (S‐scan ‐ PS) as a tool for healthcare professionals to reflect on their attitude and practices regarding the support for parental self‐management. Methods: An existing instrument was adapted together with field experts for professionals to self‐evaluate their support for self‐management of parents. The resulting 36‐item self‐report questionnaire was filled in by healthcare professionals in the Netherlands working with children and their parents. Cognitive interviews, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and test–retest reliability analysis were part of the development and validation process. Results: In total, 434 professionals, including physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and nurses, from 13 rehabilitation institutes and 5 medical centres participated. The cognitive interviews with child healthcare professionals indicated adequate face and content validity. The S‐scan ‐ PS scale had acceptable internal consistency (0.71 ≤ α ≤ 0.91) for the total score as well as the domain scores. CFA showed acceptable root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) model fit (0.066), though not on other tested goodness‐of‐fit indices. Test–retest reliability of the instrument was moderate with an average intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.61. Conclusions: The S‐scan ‐ PS fulfils important psychometric criteria for use by child healthcare professionals to reflect on parental self‐management support. Such self‐reflection might help to improve their approach towards supporting self‐management of parents in the care for their child with a chronic condition. Further research is needed into the construct validity and test–retest reliability of the instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to translate the Nursing Clinical Reasoning Scale (NCRS) into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties. Design: This study was a methodological and cross‐sectional study. Methods: This methodological study was conducted in 2020 in a teaching hospital. After obtaining necessary permission from its developers, NCRS was translated into Persian through the method proposed by the World Health Organization. Then, its face, content, and construct validity and reliability were assessed. For construct validity assessment through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 300 nurses (two 150‐nurse samples), who had randomly been selected, completed the instrument. Reliability also assessed through the internal consistency and the stability methods. Data were analysed using the SPSS (v. 20.0) and the AMOS (v. 5.0) software. Results: The content validity indices of NCRS and its items were 0.97 and more than 0.79, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis revealed an assessment and confirmation factor and an implementation and reflection factor for the scale which together explained 57.30% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this two‐factor structure (χ2/df = 2.11, NNFI = 0.952, RMSEA = 0.053, CFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.94, IFI = 0.95, and NFI = 0.96). The Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient values of the scale were 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. Public Contribution: The Persian NCRS can help nursing policy makers and mentors identify the need for developing nurses' and nursing students' CR skills and implement need‐based educational courses to improve these skills. Moreover, it helps determine whether the educational programmes are effective in improving nurses' CR skills and clinical competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a scale to determine parents' attitudes and beliefs regarding fluoride varnish. Design and methods: This study had a cross‐sectional design and was conducted between 2019 and 2021. A total of 810 parents were included in the study sample. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), discriminant validity, and convergent validity methods were used to estimate the scale validity. For reliability, the Cronbach alpha coefficient, item‐total correlation coefficients, and test–retest method were used. Results: As a result of psychometric analysis, the scale was found to have a three‐factor structure. The factor loads of the items were between 0.838 and 0.715. The three‐factor construct showed a good fit in confirmatory factor analysis (X2(41): 110.06, p <.001; RMSEA: 0.065; RMSR, 0.02; GFI, 0.95; and NFI, 0.94). Cronbach's α coefficient on the scale was 0.85. The item‐total correlation of the scale was found to be between 0.355 and 0.626. The test–retest intra‐class correlation coefficient of the scale was 0.72. Conclusions: This study suggests that the developed scale is a reliable tool to evaluate the attitudes and beliefs of parents toward fluoride varnish. It is thought that the scale will make a contribution to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosing autism or ID using a gold‐standard tool can be time‐consuming, costly, and requires training, which is generally limited in Nigeria, and the rest of Africa. Screening, on the other hand, can be quick and effective, with minimal training depending on the tool (Iragorri & Spackman, Public Health Reviews, 2018;39(1):17), thus making the availability of short screeners a necessity in Nigeria, and the rest of Africa. We identified four screening tools through a previously completed systematic review (Nwokolo et al., Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2022;1–23.), two (SCQ and AQ‐10) for autism and two (SCIL and CAIDS‐Q) for ID, which appeared appropriate for validation for use within African nations. The Nominal Group Technique was used with a purposive group of professionals, parents, and laypersons to select and adapt the existing screening tools for autism and ID for use with older children and adolescents in Nigeria. The group examined the screening tools for cultural relevance, face and content validity. Following the discussions, items were either (1) accepted in the original form or (2) more culturally appropriate examples chosen if at least 75% of participants agreed. The group selected the SCQ for autism and the SCIL for ID. The minimum agreement on all autism and ID measures items was 84%, and this indicated the measures had face and content validity for use within Nigeria. Following the recommendations and consensus of the group, the SCQ and the SCIL 14–17 were agreed on as measures to be validated with the Nigerian adolescents, with only a small number of adjustments needed to allow for different use of language, customs and environment in the Nigerian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examined the impacts of an educational intervention based on the Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold (PLST) extended model on caregiving for people with dementia (PWD). Method: This study was conducted in Isfahan, Iran, from May 2016 to June 2018, with 38 caregivers of PWD as participants assigned to an intervention group. Data were collected using a multi‐sectional, researcher‐developed questionnaire that recorded the demographic characteristics, and measured the dementia‐related knowledge and caregiving practices of the participants. The questionnaire and an educational program were designed in three parts according to the educational needs of caregivers to enhance their practice, skills, and ability to handle challenging behaviours in PWD. The questionnaire's face validity was confirmed by expert review, and its reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient (knowledge section, 0.838; practice section, 0.802). The sampling method used was convenience sampling, and none of the caregivers refused to receive the educational content. Therefore, the evaluation of the program lacks a randomized controlled group. To tailor the intervention program to the participants' needs, the educational content was based on the PLST extended model. Results: The mean scores for knowledge and practice increased following the intervention (P < 0.05). An educational intervention, using the PLST extended care model, thus produced positive impacts in improving the knowledge and practice of caregivers of PWD. Conclusion: Educating caregivers with the PLST extended model, with a specific focus on the cultural and religious backgrounds of societies, is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adults born with intellectual disabilities (ID) and motor disabilities (MD) have higher risk of dysphagia and should be assessed to decrease risk of severe complications. However, standardised assessment tools in Swedish are lacking. Methods: The Dysphagia Assessment Package (DAP) was cross‐culturally translated from English to Swedish (DAP‐SE) and tested for content validity by an expert group. Face validity was assessed by five speech and language therapist (SLT) during meal observations (n = 10), and the clinical relevance was reported in a study‐specific questionnaire. Results: The DAP‐SE was culturally adapted within the process of translation and was found to contain clinically relevant aspects to assess and suggest further interventions for adults with ID and MD. Face and content validity was confirmed by the expert group. Conclusion: This study, in which the DAP‐SE was tested in a small sample size, provides the first indications of the instrument's validity with respect to evaluating mealtimes, swallowing function and swallowing safety in adults born with ID and MD. The study adds to the knowledge on how to translate and culturally adapt an assessment tool to clinically assess dysphagia on a complex and vulnerable patient group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Improving hospital nutrition and mealtime care is complex and often requires multifaceted interventions and implementation strategies to change how staff, wards and systems operate. This study aimed to develop and validate a staff questionnaire to identify multilevel barriers and enablers to optimal nutrition and mealtime care on hospital wards, to inform and evaluate local quality improvement. Methods: Literature review, multidisciplinary focus groups and end‐user testing informed questionnaire development and establishment of content and face validity. To determine the construct validity, the questionnaire was administered to ward staff working in five wards across two facilities (acute hospital, rehabilitation unit). Exploratory factor analysis was used to estimate the number of factors and to guide decisions about whether to retain or reject individual items. Scale reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 138 staff, with most respondents being nurses (57%) and working in the acute care facility (76%). Exploratory factor analysis supported construct validity of four of the original seven subscales. The final questionnaire consisted of 17 items and 4 sub sub‐scales related to (1) Personal Staff Role; (2) Food Service; (3) Organisational Support, and (4) Family Involvement; each sub‐scale demonstrated good reliability with Cronbach's alpha values all >0.70. Conclusion: This novel and brief questionnaire shows good reliability and preliminary evidence of construct validity in this small sample. It provides a potentially useful instrument to identify barriers and enablers to nutrition and mealtime care from the staff perspective and inform where improvement efforts should be focused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and pilot a tool to evaluate Australian dietitians' and student dietitians' ethical and professional practice using social media. Methods: A Social Media Evaluation Checklist was developed based on checklist development literature with a four‐staged process. Stage one included a literature review and input from an expert panel to ensure content validity. Stages two and three were to ensure face validity by categorising the checklist and pilot testing the tool. Instagram profiles and posts were audited by two authors using the checklist in the final stage to analyse ethical and professional use. An account purposely created for this study was used, and the first 25 dietitian and first 25 student dietitian profiles identified using the key words 'dietitian', 'student dietitian' and 'dietitian student' and the hashtag '#australiandietitian' were reviewed. Results: A total of 50 Instagram profiles and 250 posts were audited based on seven categories; (1) financial disclosure, (2) cultural awareness, (3) evidence‐based information, (4) transparency, (5) privacy/confidentiality, (6) professionalism and (7) justifiability. Areas for improvement included advertising transparency which was met in only 12% of dietitian posts, and the provision of evidence‐based information, which was met in 56% of dietitian posts and 72% of student dietitian posts. Conclusions: This study provides insight into the ethical and professional use of social media by Australian dietitians and dietetics students. With the evolving nature of social media, guidance is required. This will ensure dietitians remain, now and in the future, the credible source of nutrition information for the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cambodian Nursing Care Quality Scale. Design: Methodological design. Methods: This study was carried out in several steps: a forward‐backward translation was done, face and construct validity was measured using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was evaluated. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 350 nurses from May 2021 to March 2022. Results: The exploratory factor analysis extracted six factors that explained 60.76% of the total variance. The six‐factor model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha and the intra‐class correlation coefficient were 0.94 and 0.85, respectively. Patient or Public Contribution: Evaluation of the quality of care can lead to the enhancement of the quality of nursing services and patient safety. This will subsequently increase the patients' and community satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to develop and examine psychometric properties of the safety feeling scale (SFS) in adult patients to assess their sense of safety during a hospital stay. Design: Mixed methods design. A SQUIRE checklist was used. Methods: This is a study with two phases of scale development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the scale. In the first phase, the concept of 'safety feeling' was analysed using a hybrid model. Thus, a systematic review and then a qualitative study with hospitalized patients (n = 31) were conducted by conventional content analysis. In the psychometric phase, factorial validity, reliability, feasibility, and responsiveness of the scale were evaluated by different tests in various samples. Results: After integrating the results of the systematic review and qualitative study, a scale item pool with 84 items was developed. In the psychometric phase, 12 items with four factors were specified; 'effective care,' 'confidence in the healthcare team,' 'emotional enrichment' and 'hygienic facilities,' explaining 51% of the total variance of the scale. They were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and stability of the scale were satisfactory. Feasibility and responsiveness were also acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To conduct, translate, and psychometric evaluation of the MISSCARE‐Persian Survey. Design: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Iran in February–June 2021. Methods: The translation of the MISSCARE Survey was accomplished according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Construct validity was performed by (N = 300) exploratory factor analysis and confirmation. To assess the reliability, internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and relative stability was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The study adhered to COSMIN guidelines. Results: The exploratory factor analysis, which resulted in the identification of three factors in the second part of the tool, explained 79.6% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the model's good fit of information. The reliability of the first and second parts of the tool was 0.912 and 0.901, respectively. Additionally, the ICC was found to be 0.687 for the first and 0.706 for the second part of the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurse sensitive indicators measure the quality of nursing care. Although there are some haemodialysis nurse sensitive indicators, there are currently no validated audit tools available to measure the indicators. Objectives: To test the validity of the McIntyre Audit Tool. Design: This study used a descriptive observation design conducted over two phases to assess face and content validity. Participants: An expert panel of haemodialysis nurses (n = 13). Methods: Face validity (phase 1) involved 13 nurses in two focus groups who reviewed the audit tool with qualitative data generated analysed to identify common themes. Phase 2 used a modified version of the audit tool to test for content validity for each item and then scale level content validity was calculated by combining all item scores. Measurements: Ten nurses rated 26 indicators in the audit tool using a 4‐point Likert scale to assess each item for clarity, relevance, appropriateness, and ambiguity. Results: All 26‐haemodialysis nurse sensitive indicators achieved item content validity indices ranging from 0.825 to 1.00 with a scale content validity index average of 0.910. However, based on feedback from phase 2, 6 outcome indicators were removed from the audit tool to reduce staff burden and assist with ease of use. The final audit tool had an excellent average scale content validity index of 0.924. Conclusions: The McIntyre Audit Tool to measure 20 haemodialysis nurse sensitive indicators has been validated. It now requires feasibility and reliability testing before auditing the quality of haemodialysis nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Investigating post‐traumatic growth (PTG) in mothers with the experience of having a preterm newborn hospitalized in the NICU requires a valid tool. This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the post‐traumatic growth inventory (PTGI) in mothers with the experience of having their newborns hospitalized in the NICU. Design: This study was methodological research. Methods: In this study, 250 mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3 to 12 months and had visited paediatric clinics of the selected hospitals in Tehran with the aim of having their children's condition examined were selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire and PTGI. The face validity, the construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and the internal consistency reliability of the inventory were measured using SPSS V22 and LISREL V8.8. Results: According to appropriate values for factor analysis fit indices (FI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.07, IFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.93, RFI = 0.91, NNFI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.07), 21 items and 5 factors were confirmed for this inventory. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this inventory was measured as α = 0.94. Conclusion: According to favourable psychometric properties, the Farsi version of PTGI is a suitable tool for studying PTG in mothers with the experience of having preterm newborns in the NICU. Using PTGI can help nurses in planning family‐centered care interventions to reduce the impact of the mental trauma caused by the preterm newborn's hospitalization in parents. Patient or Public Contribution: Mothers who had newborns with a history of NICU hospitalization during the last 3–12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Personality traits are associated with pain‐related beliefs and coping strategies, and different chronic conditions are linked through specific personality profiles. This highlights the importance of having valid and reliable measures of personality traits for use in clinical and research settings when assessing patients in chronic pain. Purpose: To translate and cross‐culturally adapt the 10‐item Big Five Inventory (BFI‐10) into Danish. Methods: A bilingual expert panel (N = 4) and a panel of laymen (N = 8) translated and culturally adapted the questionnaire into Danish. Face validity was evaluated in a group of persons suffering from recurring or ongoing painful conditions (N = 9). Data were collected to evaluate the internal consistency, test–retest reliability and factor structure (N = 96). Results: Some of the participants in the lay panel considered the questionnaire too short, considering its aim of assessing personality. Acceptable internal consistency was found for two out of five subscales (0.78 for both Extraversion and Neuroticism), while the internal consistency was non‐acceptable for the remaining subscales (0.17–0.45). Test–retest reliability was acceptable for three subscales (0.80 for Neuroticism, 0.84 for Conscientiousness, and 0.85 for Extraversion). Assumptions for determining the factor structure were not met and therefore was this analysis omitted. Discussion: Although face valid, only two out of five subscales had acceptable internal consistency and only three subscales had acceptable test–retest reliability. These findings indicate that interpreting findings regarding personality using the Danish BFI‐10 should be done with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) defines excessive use of fantasy, which replaces human interaction and/or interferes with academic, interpersonal, or vocational functioning. This study tests psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (PMDS‐16) and a short 5‐item version derived from it (PMDS‐5), and their capacity to screen for MD. The relationship between MD, resilience and the quality of life was also explored. Validity and reliability were examined in a sample of 491 participants in nonclinical (n = 315) and mixed‐clinical (n = 176) groups who completed the tests online. The exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis method of parameter estimation without rotation confirmed a one‐factor solution of both instruments. Reliability of both versions was corroborated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (PMDS‐16: >.941; PMDS‐5: >.931). The cutoff score maximizing sensitivity and specificity for MD was 42 in both instruments, but the short version had better discriminating properties. People who identified themselves as maladaptive daydreamers in comparison to those who did not had significantly higher scores in both instruments. Maladaptive daydreamers also had lower quality of life in the psychological and social relationships domains and poorer resilience. Both PMDS‐16 and PMDS‐5 proved to have satisfactory psychometric properties. They have similar psychometric properties, although PMDS‐5 has better discriminating power and can be used effectively for the screening of MD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can nurses assess the self‐management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with cancer after radical prostatectomy (RP)? Patients with prostate cancer who have undergone RP experience multiple LUTS. This study aimed to develop a self‐management scale for LUTS in patients with cancer following RP (SMS‐LUTS‐RP), as well as to verify its reliability and validity. LUTS has physical, social, and psychological consequences for patients. As a result, patients are forced to self‐manage their LUTS and LUTS‐related issues. However, no indicators exist to assess self‐management of LUTS. A total of 246 individuals were surveyed. A 49‐item scale draft, whose content validity and face validity were confirmed, was used to develop a questionnaire for patients with LUTS after RP. The reliability and validity were determined using by item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach's α coefficient. The exploratory factor analysis produced the following 18 items on five extracted factors: 'monitoring of urinary status,' 'coping with daily life difficulties due to LUTS,' 'collaboration with medical professionals,' 'continued training to improve LUTS,' and 'living with LUTS.' The goodness‐of‐fit‐index (GFI) for confirmatory factor analysis was 0.876, and the root mean square error of approximation was 0.075. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.754–0.820. SMS‐LUTS‐RP has desirable psychometric properties and can assess the cognitive and behavioural aspects of self‐management of LUTS in patients with cancer who have undergone a RP. This scale can be used to provide individualized self‐management support according to living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The older person care home population is increasing. As skin ages, it becomes vulnerable to dryness, itching, cracks and tears. These are experienced by most older people, they impair quality of life and can lead skin breakdown, increased dependency, hospital stays and greater financial and human costs. Dryness, itching, cracks and tears can be prevented, but despite best practice guidance, concordance is suboptimal. Objectives: (i) develop and test a theory‐based diagnostic instrument to accurately and prospectively assess barriers and facilitators and (ii) survey barriers and facilitators to care home staff in the delivery of skin hygiene care. Methods: Instrument development and survey. Barriers and facilitators identified from the literature and pilot study were categorised in a Delphi survey of experts (n = 8) to the Theoretical Domains Framework. This model was tested in three rounds for face validity (n = 38), construct validity (n = 235) and test–retest reliability (n = 11). Barriers and facilitators were surveyed in Round 2 and reported in accordance with TRIPOD. Results: A 29‐item valid and reliable instrument (SHELL‐CH) resulted (χ2/df = 1.539, RMSEA = 0.047, CFA = 0.872). Key barriers were delivering skin hygiene care to agitated or confused residents, pressure to rush or engage in other tasks from colleagues, being busy and the unrealistic expectations of relatives. Knowledge of skin hygiene care was a facilitator. Conclusion: This study has international significance having identified barriers and facilitators to skin hygiene care including barriers previously unreported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existing gerontological nursing competencies include the requisite knowledge and skills required for aged care nursing. What were not previously considered were legal and ethical aspects and access to technology, e‐health and social media. Objectives: This study aimed to validate an Australian gerontological nursing competencies scale and assess the factors associated with for aged care nurses in Taiwan. Methods: A methodological study design was used to validate the scale with a sample of 369 aged care nurses from aged care settings including nursing homes, long‐term care facilities and aged care wards in Taiwan. The cultural adaptation and psychometric validation were evaluated. The content validity, construct validity through exploratory factor analysis and the internal consistency of the scale were assessed. Results: The exploratory factor analysis extracted two levels of gerontological nursing practice, 'essential' and 'enhanced', which accounted for 80.8% of the total variance. The internal consistency, split‐half reliability and test–retest reliability were excellent. Aged care nurses with higher levels of education, aged care education as their highest degree and continued education within 6 months, and certified long‐term care education had higher gerontological nursing competencies scores than those who did not. Conclusions: This validated gerontological nursing competencies scale is a reliable and valid tool that can be implemented in future workforce planning, research and postgraduate and undergraduate curriculum and education in Taiwan and other Mandarin‐speaking locales. Implications for practice: Using validated gerontological nursing competencies scales to explain different levels of specialist practice is crucial for addressing negative views about aged nursing and explicitly demonstrate the possibilities for career pathways in gerontological nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Improving the quality of life (QoL) of older people is a key priority for governments, clinicians, researchers and service providers worldwide. However, the lack of culturally appropriate QoL tools for First Nations people is a major barrier to such efforts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Good Spirit, Good Life (GSGL) QoL tool for older Aboriginal Australians. Methods: One hundred and twenty older Aboriginal people living in Perth and Melbourne, Australia, were administered the GSGL tool, along with several other instruments assessing cognition (KICA‐Cog), depression (KICA‐Dep), anxiety (GAI‐SF), health and well‐being (EQ‐5D‐5L and ICECAP‐O) and resilience (ARRQ‐25). Associations between these instruments and the GSGL tool were explored to determine concurrent and known‐groups validity. Internal consistency was assessed with split‐half reliability and Cronbach's alpha. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to investigate construct validity. Results: GSGL scores were positively correlated with ICECAP‐O and ARRQ‐25 scores, and negatively correlated with EQ‐5D‐5L score. GSGL scores differed significantly between participants with a probable anxiety disorder or depression, but not those with cognitive impairment. The Spearman–Brown prophecy estimate was 0.83 and Cronbach's alpha was 0.75. Principal component analysis identified two factors, which were labelled foundation and external. Conclusions: The GSGL tool is a valid tool to assess quality of life in older Aboriginal Australians. The tool demonstrates acceptable convergent, concurrent and known‐groups validity. It was co‐designed at all stages with older Aboriginal people contributing to its strong face and content validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients in intensive care units require comprehensive care. Hence, improving health care quality depends on accurate assessment and documentation. Aim: To develop and validate the content of an assessment sheet for critically ill patients. Study Design and Methods: A Delphi design study was conducted between January and March 2020. The content validity index (CVI) was used to calculate the degree of agreement among the experts to analyse the instrument and the entire set of items. Content validity was determined by seven experts (three critical care nursing professionals, two critical care doctors, and two anaesthesiologists) using a four‐point Likert scale. They evaluated the items in terms of the following: 1 = "irrelevant," 2 = "somewhat relevant if the phrasing is profoundly adjusted," 3 = "relevant with some adjustment as to phrasing," and 4 = "very relevant." The CVI was applied, and the accepted value was ≥0.50. Results: Three rounds of evaluation were required to achieve the minimum index. The items were reviewed for content and face validity. The instrument was validated with 86 items with a total CVI of 0.90, a face validity of 1, and a scale‐level content validity index/universal agreement calculation method (S‐CVI/UA) value of 0.813. Conclusion: This instrument can help nurses, doctors, academics, and students assess patients in intensive care units. Relevance to Clinical Practice: The daily assessment tool may provide a systematic and consistent approach to critically ill patients' assessment to guide interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To translate and validate the Italian version of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS‐ita). Methods: A single‐center cross‐sectional study was performed from October 15 to November 15, 2019 in a public hospital in Milan, Italy. The scale was drafted using the back‐translation method. Prior to administration, the Italian version of the scale was assessed for content validity and retest stability by calculating the content validity index. Internal consistency was investigated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, test‐retest stability by Spearman's rho coefficient. Findings: A total n = 337 nurses participated in the survey by correctly completing the scale. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test (0.81) and Bartlett's test of sphericity (p < 0.001) confirmed the adequacy of the sample to conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The factorial model of EFA without rotation and then with nonorthogonal Promax rotation confirmed the presence of the four constructs identified by the original author. Conclusions: SSCRS‐ita showed promising psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability. The results of this study, together with the lack of in‐depth studies in the Italian health and educational panorama, suggest the need to develop an educational pathway which, starting from the curricula of basic training and continuing with the updating of nursing staff, is dedicated to the detection of the spiritual needs of the patient. Implications for nursing practice: The SSCRS‐ita is the first validated Italian tool concerning the consideration of the needs of spirituality and spiritual care in healthcare contexts; the possibility to use this tool is the first step towards a better integration of the mentioned dimensions of care in a nursing care qualitative perspective in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Student engagement is an important factor to the success of higher education. This study aimed to develop a Generic Student Engagement Scale (GSES) for face‐to‐face and online learning. Design: This was a cross‐sectional psychometric study. Methods: We tested the psychometric properties of GSES in 451 students at the school of nursing and health studies undertaking online and face‐to‐face learning at a local university in Hong Kong between 2016 and 2018. Results: Content validity, face validity and test–retest reliability of GSES were satisfactory. The 29‐item GSES contains five factors "self‐regulated learning," "cognitive strategy use," "experienced emotion," "teacher–student interaction," and "enjoyment of school life" with the good model fit. The GSES is a reliable and valid psychometric instrument to measure student engagement in face‐to‐face and online learning among undergraduates and higher diploma students. Our results implied that student engagement can be assessed in routine or research by using our instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a lack of a valid and reliable instrument that measures objective and subjective knowledge of evidence‐based dietetic practices (EBDP) among registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs). The present study aimed to develop and assess the validity and reliability of an EBDP Questionnaire (EBDPQ) with objective knowledge items (i.e., quiz items) among RDNs in the USA. Methods: Subscales from four existing evidence‐based practice (EBP) instruments were combined and modified for dietetics. Content and face validity and internal consistency were used to assess the full survey. Survey responsiveness and test–retest reliability were evaluated within the objective knowledge subscale. Content experts (n = 11) and nutrition professionals (n = 16) completed validation reviews. Doctoral students enrolled in a research course (n = 12) were used to analyse survey responsiveness. Internal and test–retest relability analyses utilised RDN participants (time point 1, n = 482; time point 2, n = 335). Results: Content validation resulted in a 38‐item questionnaire. Average percent agreement among face validity reviewers was 95.1%. Only the pre‐validation version of the objective knowledge subscale resulted in significantly higher post‐course scores (Mdn = 11.50) compared to the pre‐course (Mdn = 9.75, p = 0.05). The validated instrument had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.91); however, the objective knowledge subscale was low (Cronbach's α = 0.41). A good degree of reliability was found between the two time points (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71). Conclusions: The EBDPQ demonstrated adequate validity and reliability among RDNs. Future research should assess construct validity, with the responsiveness and objective knowledge subscale requiring additional evaluation through an EBDP course. Key points: Subjective measures may not adequately estimate the knowledge of evidence‐based dietetic practices (EBDPs) among dietitians.Subscales from four evidence‐based practice instruments, including both subjective and objective (i.e., quiz items) measures, were adapted for the dietetics practitioner.This instrument demonstrated adequate validity and reliability among dietitians; however, the objective knowledge subscale was low (Cronbach's α = 0.41), likely as a result of too few items and variation in EBDP exposure and training among participants.Future research should assess construct validity and further evaluate the reliability and responsiveness of the objective knowledge subscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop and validate a tool to evaluate the NANDA International, Inc. diagnostic classification. Methods: The tool, EVALUAN‐I, was validated in a non‐probabilistic sample (N = 460) on Spanish Registered Nurses (September–December 2019) in two phases. First, design and construct the instrument in three steps: (1) literature review to define the construct focusing on the orientation toward nursing concepts and theoretical foundations, the level of scientific evidence, the structural configuration, the applicability, the nurses' clinical reasoning skills, and the attitudes toward nursing diagnosis, (2) substantiation of the questionnaire items and design according to the criteria for a diagnostic classification, (3) expert test to establish the face validity and content validity. The second phase revolved around (4) conducting a pilot test and measuring the temporal stability (test‐retest) and Cohen's kappa coefficient; assessing psychometric properties by measuring (5) reliability (internal consistency using Cronbach alpha and interfactor correlation) and (6) construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis). The manuscript follows the STROBE checklist. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee with registration number 2019‐190‐1. Findings: EVALUAN‐I displayed moderate test‐retest stability, adequate construct validity, and excellent reliability. The confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence about the configuration of EVALUAN‐I in relation to nine analytical dimensions: clinical competence, nurses' reasoning skills, attitudes towards nursing diagnosis, discipline's central concepts, classification's contents, physiopathological attributes, level of scientific evidence, diagnostic precision, and conceptual correspondence between terminologies. Conclusions: EVALUAN‐I is a valid and reliable instrument, which can be used to improve the epistemological, normative, and intuitive configuration of NANDA International, Inc. in a structured, systematic manner. Implications for Nursing Practice: Comprehensive evaluation of NANDA International, Inc. in different clinical settings around the world using a validated instrument, like EVALUAN‐I, would allow strengths and weaknesses to be identified and contribute to the classification's development and practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to describe the preliminary development and validation of an instrument to measure the extent that a population health approach was applied in sexual health by public health units in Ontario, Canada. Design: Preliminary scale development and administration occurred in two phases that included item development and validity testing. Measurement and Sample: Two phases of development included: (1) using literature and expert input (n = 6) to develop items; and (2) validation of items by content experts (n = 5) and pre‐testing (n = 3). Results: The validated scale consisted of 69 items across the eight key elements of a population health approach. 15 out of 35 health units completed the survey, representing 43% of health units. Instrument administration revealed that Focus on the Health of Populations and Address the Determinants of Health and their Interactions were implemented more frequently compared to Collaborate Across Sectors and Levels and Employ Mechanisms for Public Involvement, which were infrequently implemented. Conclusion: This preliminary scale is a way for sexual health programs to measure the extent that a population health approach is implemented by their organization. Further testing with a broader sample is needed to strengthen generalizability and address reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Learners in a given massive open online course (MOOC) are usually provided with the same learning materials, guided by the same syllabus, and assessed in the same format. This "one‐size‐fits‐all" approach constrains learners' ability to reap the optimal benefits from online learning. Objectives: This study aims to characterize learners' differences in MOOC learning. Specifically, it examines how learners might vary in their enrolment motivation and the development of continuance intention to learn in a MOOC because of their gender and employment status. Methods: Data were collected via a questionnaire survey. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyse data from 664 learners in a Chinese MOOC. Results and Conclusion: The research revealed significant differences in learners' enrolment motivation across groups defined by employment status, but not for gender groups. Learner groups defined by gender and employment status experienced variant psychological processes when deciding to continue to learn in the MOOC. Major Takeaways: Working adults stressed the instrumental values derived from MOOC learning; therefore, it is vital to design and integrate additional features into the MOOC to satisfy their needs. Besides, it would be critical to understand female learners' and working adults' expectations of MOOC learning, as they are more sensitive to confirmation in determining their attitudes toward learning in a MOOC. A short pre‐course survey of learners' expectations would serve the purpose. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Gender and employment status are associated with varied learning outcomes in MOOCs.Motivation and continuance intention are two critical psychological mechanisms.Confirmation, satisfaction, and attitude are determinants of continuance intention. What this paper adds?: Students' enrolment motivation is significantly different from that of working adults.No significant difference was found in motivation across gender.Working adults' and female learners' attitudes were more determined by confirmation.Students and male learners depended more on satisfaction in forming their attitudes. Implications for practitioners: Working adults stressed the instrumental value derived from MOOC learning.Extra features should be integrated into MOOCs to satisfy working adults' needs.It is critical to understand female learners' and working adults' expectations.A short pre‐course survey could shed light on learners' expectations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In view of the widespread use of digital technologies in English as a foreign language (EFL) learning and the importance of students' approaches to learning (SAL) and digital competence, as well as the threats of technostress in digital settings, digital EFL learning requires a critical examination. Objectives: This study sought to investigate the interrelationships among of SAL, students' digital competence, and the emerging technostress in digital learning of EFL. Methods: Survey and EFL test data of 477 university students taking EFL courses were collected. Partial least square structural equation modelling and cluster analysis were employed to analyze these data. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that a surface approach to learning was significantly positively associated with technostress while negatively associated with digital competence. The deep and organized learning approaches positively predicted digital competence, which further negatively predicted technostress and burnout in digital learning of EFL. Technostress was found to be positively related to exhaustion and cynicism, with cynicism being negatively related to EFL learning outcomes. The cluster analysis identified three clusters of EFL learners and revealed that, overall, high scores in the deep and organized approaches to learning were generally aligned with strong digital competence, low technostress, low burnout, and high EFL learning outcomes. Takeaways: The findings of this study carry important implications for practitioners of EFL learning and teaching in the design of strategies, pedagogies, and EFL learning technologies that improve EFL learning in digital settings while maintaining learners' wellbeing. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Computer‐assisted language learning (CALL) is often perceived as rote learning through a surface approach such as memorization and repetition.Technostress may arise if learners cannot manage their approaches to digital learning properly, but has rarely been studied in CALL.Digital competence enables learners to leverage digital technologies for maximal learning prospects. However, little is known whether and how students' approaches to learning are related to digital competence in CALL. What this paper adds?: A surface approach to CALL was significantly positively related to technostress while negatively related to digital competence.The deep and organized learning approaches positively predicted digital competence.Digital competence negatively predicted technostress and burnout in CALL.High scores in the deep and organized approaches to learning were generally aligned with strong digital competence, low technostress, low burnout, and high CALL outcomes. Implications for practitioners: Authentic and safe CALL environments should be created for students to flourish.Deep and organized approaches to CALL are conducive to digital competence and help reduce technostress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The global prevalence of diabetes in 2019 in adults was estimated to be 9.3%. This study developed in Ecuador, for the first time, instruments to assess patient‐reported outcomes and experiences. Methods: The Experiences of the Person with Diabetes (EPD) Questionnaire is a diabetes‐specific instrument. A mixed‐methods study was conducted. First, a qualitative item development phase that included four focus groups and six semi‐structured interviews with patients was conducted in different rural and urban areas of Ecuador to obtain information on culture, beliefs, demographics, diet and social perspectives. A second quantitative phase for psychometric validation was carried out in primary care settings of rural and urban areas of Ecuador. Results: Forty‐two and four hundred and eighty‐nine participants were included in each phase, respectively. The item development phase resulted in a questionnaire of 44 items (23 for perceived outcomes and 21 for experiences). In the validation study, most participants were women (58%) and from urban areas (57%). Exploratory factor analysis revealed three dimensions for each instrument. Outcomes instrument dimensions were symptoms and burnout, worries and fears and social limitations. Experiences instrument dimensions were information, patient‐centred care and care delivery. Cronbach's α values of the total score and dimensions were high, ranging between.81 and.93 in both instruments. Confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit of the data. Conclusion: The EPD Questionnaire is probably the first instrument developed to assess patient‐reported experiences and perceived outcomes in a middle‐income country that included patients to capture all dimensions relevant for the intended population. Its psychometric properties are robust and could provide valuable information for clinicians and policymakers in the region. Patient or Public Contribution: The development of these instruments has taken into consideration patients and the public since their conception. A qualitative approach gathered relevant information related to the cultural, social and economic burden of different populations in Ecuador. Before validation, a pilot test was carried out with users of the National Health Services to obtain their perspectives and insights of the developed instrument. Finally, during the data analysis, we have given special consideration to social variables such as rural and urban populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original 26‐item Self‐Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003) and 12‐item Short‐Form Self‐Compassion Scale (SF‐SCS; Raes et al., 2011) are scales commonly used in cross‐sectional and longitudinal research to assess the global self‐compassion construct and its six facets. We introduce the Single‐Item Self‐Compassion Scale (SISC; 'I have high self‐compassion') to measure the global self‐compassion construct in time‐, space‐ and resource‐limited contexts (e.g., daily diaries, experience sampling and nationally representative surveys). Additionally, the SISC will expand knowledge about self‐compassion by providing researchers whose primary interest is not self‐compassion with a convenient, face‐valid option to measure self‐compassion. Across 10 samples (four cross‐sectional, four longitudinal and two 7‐day daily diary; N = 2,477), we demonstrated that the SISC has acceptable psychometric properties. Specifically, the SISC was temporally consistent, correlated adequately with the SCS and SF‐SCS, exhibited nearly identical correlational patterns when compared with the SCS and SF‐SCS with a wide range of criterion measures (e.g., self‐esteem, personality, affective and social functioning, mental health and demographic variables) and saved 12 min over a 7‐day diary. Results replicated among students, community samples and across the United States, Turkey and Malaysia. Thus, we provide the field with an alternative measure of the global self‐compassion construct that complements the SCS and SF‐SCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a lack of critical or empirical work interrogating the nature and purpose of evaluating technology use in education. Objectives: In this study, we examine the values underpinning the evaluation of technology use in education through field specialist perceptions. The study also poses critical reflections about the rigour of evaluation instruments development in the educational technology field. Method: A total of 48 domain specialists were surveyed to investigate the face and content validity of 39 items under eight constructs, with both qualitative and quantitative data from the survey analysed. Results: There was an alignment between the constructs that the specialists felt were important and the constructs that have typically been the focus of empirical studies, with field specialists indicating high relevance scores for technology (M = 3.24/4), learning outcomes (M = 3.20/4), affective elements (M = 3.19/4), behaviour (M = 3.15/4), presence/community (M = 3.07/4), teaching/pedagogy (M = 3.01/4), design (M = 2.96/4), and institutional environment (M = 2.86/4). Only a minority of other studies were found to perform face and content validity checks and even then only with small samples of respondents (usually n ≤ 5). Implications: Specialists in educational technology research confirm that all eight dimensions are important to consider when evaluating the use of technology in education. Thorough face and content validity processes should be adopted when developing educational technology evaluation instruments. Further work has validated an eight factor 28 item instrument for evaluating the use of technology in education using a large sample of students from a global open learning online course. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Comprehensive evaluation of technology use is essential to make decisions on learning technology strategies.There is a lack of critical work interrogating how technology use is evaluated in education.There is a need for developing evaluation instruments in the educational technology field. What this paper adds: An examination of 48 field specialist perceptions of important constructs when evaluating technology use in education.Field specialists agreed that eight constructs identified in empirical studies were relevant to educational technology evaluation.Evidence of limited face and content validation processes based on previous empirical work.A comprehensive 39‐item instrument for evaluating technology use in education. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Adopt a broad range of constructs when evaluating the use of technology in education.Apply face and content validation processes involving a large sample of experts.Consider using the 39‐item instrument to evaluate educational technology use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To develop a questionnaire to identify Intensive Care survivor needs at key transitions during the recovery process, and assess its validity and reliability in a group of ICU survivors. Methods: Development of the Support Needs After ICU (SNAC) questionnaire was based on a systematic scoping review, and analysis of patient interviews (n = 22). Face and content validity were assessed by service users (n = 12) and an expert panel of healthcare professionals (n = 6). A pilot survey among 200 ICU survivors assessed recruitment at one of five different stages after ICU discharge [(1) in hospital, (2) < 6 weeks, (3) 7 weeks to 6 months, (4) 7 to 12 months, or (5) 12 to 24 months post‐hospital discharge]; to assess reliability of the SNAC questionnaire; and to conduct exploratory data analysis. Reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency; intraclass correlation coefficients for test–retest reliability. We explored correlations with sociodemographic variables using Pearson's correlation coefficient; differences between questionnaire scores and patient demographics using one‐way ANOVA. Results: The SNAC questionnaire consisted of 32 items that assessed five categories of support needs (informational, emotional, instrumental [e.g. practical physical help, provision of equipment or training], appraisal [e.g. clinician feedback on recovery] and spiritual needs). ICU survivors were recruited from Northern Ireland, England and Scotland. From a total of 375 questionnaires distributed, 202 (54%) were returned. The questionnaire had high internal consistency (0.97) and high test–retest reliability (r = 0.8) with subcategories ranging from 0.3 to 0.9. Conclusions: The SNAC questionnaire appears to be a comprehensive, valid, and reliable questionnaire. Further research will enable more robust examination of its properties e.g. factor analysis, and establish its utility in identifying whether patients' support needs evolve over time. Relevance to clinical practice: The SNAC questionnaire has the potential to be used to identify ICU survivors' needs and inform post‐hospital support services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: Barriers make it hard for pupils to learn. We wanted to assess barriers to learning. We made an assessment called the Assessment of Barriers to Learning in Education‐Autism (ABLE‐Autism).We asked teachers to tell us about the barriers to learning. They told us about lots of barriers. We wanted to include the most important barriers.We used the Delphi method with teachers. The Delphi method helps people to agree what is important.Teachers told us about the most important barriers to learning. We included the most important barriers to learning in our assessment. Background: This study outlines how a modified Delphi procedure was used with special educational needs teachers to select skills and behaviours for inclusion in the Assessment of Barriers to Learning in Education‐Autism (ABLE‐Autism). The ABLE‐Autism is a new teacher assessment to show progress in barriers to learning for pupils on the autism spectrum with coexisting intellectual disabilities in special schools. The research aim was to select items for inclusion in the assessment based on teacher ratings of relevance, comprehensibility and comprehensiveness. Method: Following a review of the literature and teacher focus groups, a list of 86 items was developed and a modified two‐round Delphi exercise was conducted with special needs teachers. Items were selected for inclusion if at least 80% of teachers agreed that the item was (a) able to be understood, (b) important to assess and (c) the median score associated with whether the item was able to be understood and important to assess was 1 (the highest score possible). Results: In the first round, 56 items met the criteria for inclusion and were retained. Thirty items were amended, and, after three items were amalgamated with other items, 27 amended items were included in the second round. After the second round, 14 additional items met the threshold to be included in the final assessment. Conclusions: After both rounds, 70 items were endorsed by teachers and included in the ABLE‐Autism. The input of special needs teachers provided initial face and content validity for the new outcome measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counseling researchers and practitioners use screening tools and assessments to measure, treat, and improve their clients' overall (mental and physical) wellness, which creates a need for screening tools that appraise overall wellness. The author of this study first tested the convergent validity of scores on the Lifestyle Practices and Health Consciousness Inventory (LPHCI), a screening tool for simultaneously appraising global wellness (mental and physical) using a large (N = 796) national stratified random sample of adults living in all 50 of the United States. The author then investigated the capacity of global wellness for predicting symptoms of anxiety and depression and explored demographic differences in global wellness. Findings support the convergent validity of scores on the LPHCI and reveal that global wellness is a significant negative predictor of the symptomology of mental and physical distress. Implications for the potential utility of incorporating global wellness into counseling practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) can lead to significant information needs (IN) related to the risk of cancer development, the need for long‐term monitoring and potential intervention. The present study aimed to develop and perform preliminary psychometric testing for a novel IN instrument specific to OED. Subjects and methods: Patients diagnosed with OED were invited to complete the Oral Epithelial Dysplasia Informational Needs Questionnaire (ODIN‐Q), which was developed based on a known theoretical framework and with items generated via expert input and the literature. Face validity and content validity were initially assessed prior to finalisation of the tool. ODIN‐Q was tested for internal consistency and test–retest reliability along with construct validity. Results: ODIN‐Q consists of 35 items, categorised under six domains, and rated by dual 4‐point Likert scales (amount of information received and degree of importance). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was rated "excellent" for the scale (0.93) and both subscales (0.92/0.94). For test–retest reliability, moderate agreement was found (κ = 0.49–0.53). Regarding construct validity, a significant but limited relationship was found between ODIN‐Q and the Krantz Health Opinion Survey. Conclusion: ODIN‐Q showed adequate psychometric properties of reliability and validity. Further validation is, however, needed to assess its structural validity and responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the MUSIC Inventory in nursing students. Design: Cross‐sectional psychometric study. Methods: Transcultural adaptation of the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation Inventory was carried out using translation to Persian and back‐translation. Then, the qualitative and quantitative face and content validity of the inventory were evaluated. Construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis. To perform construct validity and reliability, a convenience sample of 360 undergraduate nursing students was recruited. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess internal consistency reliability. Results: Cronbach's alpha for all items of the MUSIC inventory was.94, and each factor was between.72–.93. Exploratory factor analysis supported the 5‐factor structure of the MUSIC inventory. These 5 factors explain 66.59% of the overall extracted variance. Three items of the MUSIC inventory, which were related to the empowerment component, were deleted. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the Persian version of the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation Inventory is a valid and reliable tool for Persian language nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor sleep quality predicts poor quality of life, poor self‐rated health, and chronic diseases and mental disorders among older adults. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is the most widely used self‐report measure of sleep quality in older adults. Objectives: This study aimed to assess internal reliability, face validity, content validity and internal consistency of the Slovenian version of the PSQI (PSQI‐SLO) for sleep quality in older adults. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was used to evaluate content and face validity as well as reliability (ɑ, ω and item‐total correlations). Residents of 13 nursing homes and community‐dwelling older adults from all regions of Slovenia were sampled. A total of 831 participants aged 65 years and older participated in the study between March and August 2019. Results: All items were successfully translated to Slovenian. A minor cultural adaptation was made to improve the clarity of the meaning of all items. None of the items had an item content validity index (I‐CVI) score lower than 0.50. Kappa indices were excellent for half of the items and good for the remainder. Internal consistency agreed with prior research (ɑ = 0.74). Intraclass correlation coefficient for global PSQI‐SLO was 0.62 (p < 0.001). The total score of PSQI‐SLO (8.09 ± 3.64 (95%, CI = 7.85–8.34)) was expected and comparable. Fifty‐eight and four tenths' per cent (95%, CI = 55%–62%) had at least one chronic disease and 40% (95%, CI = 37%–42%) lived in a nursing home. Conclusions: PSQI‐SLO showed adequate internal consistency and test–retest reliability, and adequate construct and criterion validity. The instrument can be important in assessing older adults' subjective sleep quality in nursing homes, home environment and clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) knowledge is an important contributor to compliance with clinical practice guidelines and providing best practice care. However, there are no validated instruments for measuring health literacy levels among people with RCRSP. This study aimed to design a valid and reliable instrument to measure RCRSP health literacy and use it to evaluate an education intervention for people with RCRSP. Methods: Development of the patient knowledge questionnaire (PKQ‐RCRSP) included three phases. Phase 1 was developed based on available literature and input from expert clinicians, researchers and patients. Face validity, pilot testing and readability assessment were also undertaken. In Phase 2, internal consistency and predictive validity were assessed in people with RCRSP and other shoulder pain diagnoses. In Phase 3, RCRSP health literacy was assessed. Result: Face validity was acceptable and pilot testing identified minor accuracy issues that were corrected. Literacy level was rated as 'difficult to read' which reflects the medical terminology within the questionnaire. Internal consistency was very good and 81% of questions demonstrated acceptable predictive validity. Health literacy was heterogeneous depending on the question with less than 40% of respondents answering correctly for questions related to the indications, process and the known benefits of RCRSP surgery. Conclusion: The PKQ‐RCRSP demonstrated acceptable face validity, predictive validity and reliability (internal consistency) in assessing RCRSP health literacy. Health literacy among our small sample was poor for questions related to surgery for RCRSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: To maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers' non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim: The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson's Theory of Caring. Method: An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result: The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson's Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson's Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion: The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers' behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers' caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Medication errors are a concern in overall the world. Although there are studies that investigate what may be the main causes that lead to the genesis of the medication error in the home care setting, there is no tool that correlates knowledge, attitudes, and behavior to medication errors in the context of home care. This study aimed to psychometrically test to the questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in the administration of medication in the new setting: home care setting. Design: This observational study was reported according to the STROBE checklist. Sample: Sixty two nurses working in home care setting responded to the online survey. Measurement: The face and content validity of the items generated was assessed. An Exploratory Factorial Analysis descriptive statistical analysis was conducted. The final questionnaire is composed of 20 items. Results: The results of the statistical analyses allowed to validate the questionnaire, ensuring good internal consistency and reliability. Most of the sample pointed out that the use of electronic health record, medication reconciliation and the pharmacist's figure are all useful strategies for reducing the risk of medication errors. Conclusion: The questionnaire is reliable to measure knowledge, attitude, and behavior about medication errors prevention in home care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding factors that can potentially influence patient care and nursing workload in intensive care units is important. Previous studies have shown contradictory outcomes about the relationships between nursing workload and patient and nurse characteristics. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to investigate nursing workload in intensive care units and examine the association between this in relation to patient and nurse characteristics. Design A cross‐sectional design was conducted. Methods: All nurses who were working in the intensive care units of five hospitals and met the study criteria were enrolled in the study. Two demographic questionnaires collected nurse and patient demographic information. The Nursing Activities Score was applied to determine nursing workload in three shifts (morning, evening, night) for each nurse. Data were analysed using the independent sample t‐test, one‐way analysis of variance, and multivariable linear regression analysis. Results: The Nursing Activities Score was calculated for 509 patients who were under the care of 105 intensive care unit nurses. The mean (SD) Nursing Activities Score was 72.84% (22.07%). Morning shifts, male patients, medical treatments, and referred patients from the emergency ward and other intensive care units imposed a higher workload for nurses. Specifically, female nurses, increased number of patients receiving care, and increased patient length of intensive care unit stay were directly associated with increased Nursing Activities Scores. Work in surgical and burn intensive care units were inversely associated with the Nursing Activities Score. Conclusion: This study suggests that the workload of nurses in intensive care units can be affected by both nurse and patient characteristics. Relevance to clinical practice: The findings can be used to ensure appropriate staffing of intensive care units by nurses. However, nurse and patient characteristics should not be considered the only factors that influence nursing workload in intensive care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the process of linguistic and content validity of the Swedish version of the PedsQL™ Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scales and Symptoms Module, measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders.Methods: The establishment of linguistic and content validity was carried out in compliance with international standards on patient-reported outcome measurements. The process included forward translation, expert review and reconciliation, backward translation, backward translation review and interviews with 15 children aged 5-18 years with GI tract symptoms and 20 parents of children with GI tract symptoms aged 2-18 years.Results: The Swedish version of the PedsQL™ Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scales and Symptoms Module (child report 5-18 years, parent report for children 2-18 years) was achieved without major difficulties. Eight issues needed discussion after forward translation, and there was one change after backward translation and three revisions following patient and parent testing.Conclusion: A conceptually equivalent Swedish language version of PedsQL™ Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scale and Symptoms Module for children aged 2-18 years old was developed. This enables improved HRQOL evaluations in children with GI disorders in Sweden. Future research using a larger sample is recommended to evaluate validity and reliability of the Swedish language version of the module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those using intermittent catheterization (IC) have many catheter types and styles to select from; including what manufacturers refer to as discreet catheters. Discreet catheters are often manufactured to be smaller in length, coiled in design, or foldable, thus allowing for easier concealment or discretion when carried in public and offering a degree of personal privacy. This study explores discreet catheter use and its alignment with the lifestyle experience of those who use such catheters. This study assesses the user and user experience with discreet catheters. User experience is defined as catheter choice, associated activities, and urinary tract health. A cross‐sectional survey investigated life and health status of individuals in the Netherlands requiring IC. The study enrolled 1892 individuals of which 784 use a discreet catheter as their primary catheter. Catheter choice: 82% of study respondents state they have the ability to choose the type of catheter they use. Of those indicating not having the ability to choose their catheter, they state their health care professional did not inform them of different catheters, brands, or options. Catheter associated activities: Those employed full or part time are satisfied with their discreet catheter (95.1%) claiming it is discreet, and gives them confidence to live their life the way they choose; that the catheter did not interference with social activities (72.6%), and had little to no interference with work outside of the home (76.1%). Urinary tract infections (UTI): 39.4% report a clinician diagnosed UTI within 6 months prior to the survey. The data indicates that 18.3% of the sample are deficient in UTI knowledge stating they do not know what a UTI is, or what associated symptoms are; 41% followed a clinician suggested regimen for catheterizing; 25.5% altered catheterization schedules to fit daily activities; 33.3% stated they did not follow a regimen, but catheterized when convenient The data supports positive experiences for individuals who use discreet catheters as their primary method of bladder voiding, particularly socially active individuals requiring an element of personal privacy in their life. However, UTI's are a matter of concern due to a reported deficit in knowledgeable about UTI's and symptomology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Partnership between patients and health‐care professionals (HCPs) is a concept that needs a valid, practical measure to facilitate its use by patients and HCPs. Objective: To co‐construct a tool for measuring the degree of partnership between patients and HCPs. Design: The CADICEE tool was developed in four steps: (1) generate key dimensions of patient partnership in clinical care; (2) co‐construct the tool; (3) assess face and content validity from patients' and HCPs' viewpoints; and (4) assess the usability of the tool and explore its measurement performance. Results: The CADICEE tool comprises 24 items under 7 dimensions: 1) relationship of Confidence or trust between the patient and the HCPs; 2) patient Autonomy; 3) patient participation in Decisions related to care; 4) shared Information on patient health status or care; 5) patient personal Context; 6) Empathy; and 7) recognition of Expertise. Assessment of the tool's usability and measurement performance showed, in a convenience sample of 246 patients and relatives, high face validity, acceptability and relevance for both patients and HCPs, as well as good construct validity. Conclusions: The CADICEE tool is developed in co‐construction with patients to evaluate the degree of partnership in care desired by patients in their relationship with HCPs. The tool can be used in various clinical contexts and in different health‐care settings. Patient or Public Contribution: Patients were involved in determining the importance of constructing this questionnaire. They co‐constructed it, pre‐tested it and were part of the entire questionnaire development process. Three patients participated in the writing of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and validate a questionnaire investigating endurance athletes' carbohydrate beliefs, knowledge, information sources, and other dietary and non‐dietary practices related to exercise‐associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: A questionnaire was developed by a review of relevant literature and sports‐related questionnaires, and input from five experienced sports dietitians. Item construct and format was adapted and modified from a previous questionnaire. The modified questionnaire sought information on demographics, nutrition knowledge, beliefs, intended practices, information sources and exercise‐associated gastrointestinal symptoms. A five‐phase validity process was conducted to determine content, face and construct validity, item difficulty and internal reliability of the questionnaire. The Delphi technique was applied with experts over three anonymous rounds. Items were reviewed to determine whether to keep, modify, or delete, rate the relevance of each item using a content validity index (CVI), and provide comments. A content analysis was conducted on all comments after each round. Online interviews were conducted with a pilot group of endurance athletes (n = 15) to assess item difficulty and feasibility. Nutrition knowledge was compared between pilot group of athletes and experts to determine construct validity and internal consistency. A test‐retest process was applied to a second pilot group (n = 8) to verify questionnaire reliability. Results: High CVI (≥.83) and agreement scores were obtained through the Delphi technique. High reliability (r =.942) and acceptable internal consistency (α =.53‐.78) of the questionnaire were obtained. Conclusions: The questionnaire was shown to be a valid and reliable tool that will be of use for clinicians and research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]