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This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of cohabitation among college students and focuses on characteristics of students who have cohabited in comparison with those who have not. Data were gathered in interviews with a random sample of 291 students at Arizona State University in 1971-72. The data indicated that 29 percent of the males and 18 per cent of the females were currently cohabiting or had cohabited. Family characteristics examined failed to differentiate between cohabiters and noncohabiters. Personal characteristics which tended to distinguish the two groups were in the areas of religion, life style, and drug use. Cohabiters, compared to noncohabiters, were less apt to attend church, were more likely to identify with a liberal life style, and more apt to be drug users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the assumption that as a country with a joint family system modernizes, the result will be the decline of the Joint family in terms of the property relations among fathers, sons and brothers. There are two important aspects of a Joint family in India: household composition and property held in common. Urbanization and education have not yet resulted in decreasing levels of Joint household participation in India. Legally, though, the Joint family is defined as those holding property in common. It was found that urbanization and education (a) have not increased the proportion of sons who separate their property from their fathers before his death, but (b) are associated with a significant increase in shared property among brothers. Neglecting the property aspect of Joint family life in survey literature may have falsely led to the conclusion that education and urbanization will preclude the cooperation of brothers and other relatives in using family property to its full economic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines sex and class differences in the style and circumstances of parental discipline of the child. Specifically, we have focused on Melvin Kohn's suggestive hypothesis that white-collar parents stress the development of internal standards of conduct in their children and thus are more likely to discipline the child on the basis of their interpretation of the child's motives for a particular act: while blue-collar parents are more likely to react on the basis of the consequences of the child's behavior. Our findings, based on a sample of 210 Washington State couples, support this hypothesis. We found a greater difference in the responses of white-collar parents toward their child when he "accidentally breaks something " versus when he "intentionally disobeys," than there was for blue-collar parents. Other class and sex differences in the parental response to the child were also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the research of John F. Klein, Gene P. Calvert, T. Neal Garland, and Margaret M. Paloma (1969) concerning the use of marriage and family theory in U.S. journal articles during the years 1962-1968. This paper continues the Klein and colleagues' assessment with a second analysis of the data, including the number and type of articles for several countries. The study found that a major part of British literature was empirical. Japanese literature was mostly theoretical-empirical and used an institutional framework. The appendix contains a list of publications from Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Socialist Republic.

Despite the importance of Bowen family systems theory in the field of family therapy, there have been few studies examining family unit functioning. To fill this gap, a self‐report instrument, the Family Unit Functioning (FUF) questionnaire has been developed. The FUF questionnaire is a multidimensional measure specifically for adults (aged 25+) about nuclear and family‐of‐origin responses to challenges. Eighty‐six adults who were enrolled in Bowen theory training programs participated in an online questionnaire. The FUF assessment tests five dimensions of family unit functioning developed by Papero (2020). The investigators employed a confirmatory factor analysis, and the following analyses results indicate support for four of the five proposed FUF dimensional constructs: 1. resourcefulness; 2. connectedness and integration; 4. systems thinking; and 5. goal structure. However, the third construct, tension management, requires further validation using a larger data source to generate a more favourable result. The potential contribution of the FUF instrument for testing Bowen theory, use as a family psychotherapy assessment tool, and as an indicator of psychotherapeutic outcomes is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racially and ethnically diverse and globally underserved populations continue to experience mental health disparities. The goal of this review was to examine the extent to which diverse populations were included in couple and family intervention research over the past decade and whether these studies were conducted with attention to issues of diversity. We performed a review of 271 articles reviewed in the current special issue on the efficacy and effectiveness of couple and family interventions across 11 mental health topics. Overall, only 68 of the 271 (25%) articles included predominately racial/ethnic minority samples or globally underserved populations. Among articles (n = 60) describing US‐based research with racial/ethnic minority samples, there was a pattern of inattention to methodological considerations relevant to diverse populations. Although some progress was noted, more research is necessary. Specifically, we call for research that advances social justice by using critically conscious methods to promote mental health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews family research practice in operationalizing social position and outlines the theoretical and methodological implications of using a variety of class and status indicators. It is argued that alternative indices embody competing theoretical conceptualizations and that researchers are ill-advised to employ specific measures without endorsing the underlying theoretical rationale. The class-status distinction is examined in some detail. It is proposed that adopting the refined conceptualizations and operationalizations that have developed in the occupational prestige approach to social stratification will facilitate building a cumulative literature of family theory and research involving social stratification variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the 13th Seminar on Family Research and its focus on the family life cycle as a social system. The conference, organized by the International Sociological Association's Committee on Family Research and the Centre d'Ethnologie Francaise, was held in Paris, France in September 1973. Four themes prevailed: changes in family cycle in Europe since the 18th century, social stratification and urban-rural differences, family life cycle theory, and research methods in social science.

Introduced by Sprenkle, Blow & Dickey (1999), common factors in marriage and family therapy (MFT) have been discussed over the past two decades. Although the MFT common factors literature has grown, there are misconceptions and disagreements about their role in theory, practice, research, and training. This content analysis examined the contributions of the common factors paradigm to MFT theory, practice, research, and training over the past 20 years. We identified 37 scholarly works including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and chapters. Using mixed methods content analysis, we analyze and synthesize the contributions of this literature in terms of theoretical development about therapeutic effectiveness in MFT, MFT training, research, and practice. We provide commentary on the substantive contributions that the common factors paradigm has made to these areas, and we discuss the implications and limitations of the common factors literature, and provide recommendations for moving common factors research forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how autoethnography, a research method that uses-and even foregrounds-personal experience, can be used as a method for studying families. We first define autoethnography, describe orientations to autoethnographic research, and review research that has used autoethnography as a method for studying families. Although autoethnography has numerous strengths, four qualities make it especially suitable for doing family research. We describe how autoethnography can allow researchers to offer insider accounts of families; study everyday, unexpected experiences of families, especially as they face unique or difficult situations; write against limited extant research about families; and make research more accessible to nonacademic audiences. We conclude by offering criteria for evaluating autoethnography, including risks and limitations of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative inquiry can provide opportunities to utilize and work with theory in new and interesting ways. In this article we suggest that the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze can change, re-create, and infiltrate normative notions of family and innovate inquiry and scholarship. We begin by discussing research, theory, and methodology in family studies and the sameness and simulation present in the field. Then we move to briefly situate Deleuze within a historical and theoretical context, and we discuss immanence and difference as ideas that can disrupt and create potential. Specifically, we discuss Deleuze's concepts difference, rhizome, and becoming. Using these and other ideas, we offer some suggestions concerning how these concepts might be applied in qualitative family inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we demonstrate how the cultural conceptions of a team of five researchers from different cultural and national backgrounds can be used as a source of knowledge during a collective, self-reflexive analytical process. While collectively analysing texts describing daily life produced by first-grade children and their parents in China, Norway, South Africa and the United States, the research team engaged in a collectively negotiated analytical process, which we refer to as an 'analytic negotiating method'. The strength of this process rests on the ability to examine critically the boundaries between the researcher's contextual conceptions and conceptions derived from the texts. Engaging in this kind of negotiated analytical process contributes to scholarship by working towards a level of self-reflexivity that makes the link between empirical data and researcher interpretation more transparent and produces a sensitivity to context that allows insights into the conceptions of childhood that operate cross-culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I join two methodologies by illustrating the application of multilevel modeling principles to hazard-rate models with an emphasis on procedures for discrete-time data that contain repeatable events. I demonstrate this application using data taken from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to ascertain the relationship between multiple covariates and risk of subsequent marital dissolution. I consider both fixed- and random-effects versions of the multilevel model, as well as a Generalized Estimating Equation alternative to estimating random effects. I compare results obtained from the various estimators, noting why differences occur, and recommend when to choose the various alternatives. I also provide a set of SAS and STATA programs that can be used to analyze the NSFG data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An initial definition of marital and family enrichment sets the boundaries for the review. The subareas reviewed include methodology and interpretation; subject characteristics and populations; format, composition, process, and leadership; component effectiveness comparisons; and program effectiveness comparisons. For each area, the major research contributions of the decade are briefly summarized and recommendations are offered for research in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 440 adult couples, some with and some without accompanying children, were observed in eight different kinds of public places. Couples with children were observed to touch, talk, and smile less at one another. The smiling effect may be an artifact of situations in which adults travel without children or of the kinds of adults who travel in situations where children are absent. But it seems clear that children are disruptive of adult touching and talking. This disruption may mean that couples with children experience reduced reward levels and less adequate communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports patterns of self-disclosure of male college seniors to each parent, siblings, and closest male and female friends. The 62 males were randomly selected from the senior class of an Ivy League college. Having filled out a 56-item self-disclosure questionnaire, the students were interviewed about their motivation for disclosure and reserve. The results bear upon generational, kinship and sex patterns of communication. Some findings are consistent with earlier studies on self-disclosure, whereas others appear to reflect some recent changes in male-female relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From Australian data an investigation is made of the ages at which children leave home, and the socioeconomic and demographic variables which influence these. Particular emphasis is given to the differences in experience between sons and daughters, and between children who leave home for marriage and those who leave for other reasons. Overall, daughters leave home when about two years younger than sons, and a higher proportion of daughters leave home for marriage than for other reasons compared with sons. For each sex, the average age at leaving home is youngest when the reason for leaving is education or a job, and oldest when the reason is marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a hypothesis concerning matrimonial and residential choices of men in Yaounde, Cameroun. The emergence of monogamous nuclear families reflects modern aspirations or ends and/or lack of resources or means. Plural marriage is associated with traditional ends, but always traditional means. Topics are research methods used in this study, ethnic isolation, characteristics of monogamous and polygamous city dwellers and their homes, ecological correlations, educational attainment, and housing status.

Data on intrafamily power relations, obtained by observing the interaction of husband-wife-child groups during a laboratory problem-solving session, are related to ratings of marital happiness. Families above the median in husband-to-wife power tend to be high in marital happiness, but no difference in marital happiness was found when families with low- and high-power wives were compared. High parent-to-child power was associated with high marital happiness, but high child-to-parent power was associated with low marital happiness. The findings are interpreted as reflecting stresses which occur as the power structure of the family changes from its present hierarchical form to a more equalitarian form. However, since low husband power was found to be associated with low problem-solving ability, part of the low happiness ratings of families with low-power husbands probably reflects dissatisfaction with the low competence rather than the low power of the husband. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 160 college students from eight different colleges was solicited and tested. Using Kohlberg's method of assessing cognitive moral development and questions about premarital sexual attitudes, the present study discovered a strong relationship between these variables. Subjects with low levels of cognitive moral development chose either traditional morality, the double standard, or permissiveness without affection standard. Those with a moderate degree of cognitive moral development chose permissiveness with affection. Those with a high level of cognitive moral development chose a nonexploitive permissiveness without affection standard. The formulation of premarital sexual standards was discussed and theoretical implications were drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consideration of the statuses through which a woman passes en route to becoming a female family head suggested four components behind the 1940-1970 increase of 1,749,000 mothers aged 15-44 heading a family with a child. Changes in the probability that a mother at risk will form a separate family, rather than living as the child or other relative of a family head, is one component. Population growth, changes in fertility patterns and marital stability are the remaining three components. When applied to ever-married and never-married women it was found that about 36 per cent of the total increase in the number of female family heads was due to the increasing propensity of women at risk of headship to form separate families. A growing population of women aged 15-44, net of other factors, accounted for 17 percent of the increase: population growth in combination with the propensity component explained 68 per cent of the total increase in numbers of female family heads. The decline of childlessness among the married and rising illegitimacy among the never-married was related to about 13 per cent of the total increase, net of other components: in combination with the first two factors these three components explain about 90 per cent of the increase. Declining marital stability, independent of other components, accounts for only 3 per cent of the total increase. There is little difference in the relative importance of components between white and nonwhite populations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study conducted by self-administered questionnaire on a sequential sample of 81 male and 97 female patients attending a hospital V.D. clinic. From socialization theory a relationship is hypothesized between sex-saliency of family and peer group context and level of sexual activity. The hypothesis is confirmed in the case of family context, but the relationship is shown to be curvilinear in the case of the peer group-individuals with unusually high levels of sexual activity are less likely to have been exposed to a sex-salient peer group environment. It is suggested that for these individuals the mass media are an important source of role model behavior. Peer group has a greater impact than family in determining level of sexual activity. Suggestions are made for modification of the theoretical model and for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The responses of a probability sample of 216 undergraduates to items measuring attitudes toward seven family issues were utilized to form a Conventionality Index(CI), the dependent variable. Independent variables categorized as demographic, value, and interaction variables were then cross-tabulated with the CI. As predicted, interaction variables were most significantly and strongly related to the conventionality of students' attitudes toward the family. A stepwise multiple regression indicated that the students' identification with parents, political views, and religiosity were the best predictors of their CI scores. The results are related to Farber's theory' of the orderly replacement of family culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sibling interaction is a very prevalent form of behavior, it has received relatively little attention by sociologists. The topic is important as one aspect of family behavior and for the effects of the interaction on socialization and other dimensions of family interaction, such as husband-wife relations. The present study analyzes data from over 8000 subjects on sibling affect as related to sex of subject and sibling, age of subject (junior or senior high), older versus younger sibling, and family size. Females are more likely to have high affect toward siblings than males, the same-sex sibling is preferred, affect is higher, on the average, toward older than younger siblings, it decreases with age, and is stronger in two-child families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the study about the conceptual framework of family developmental tasks to test the proposed hypothesis that enable educators to formulate generalizations that have more validity and precision. According to the critic, the authors of the research were able to successfully identify the critical area for testing hypothesis. In addition, the critic recognized the efforts of the researchers that they have focused on the empirical test of a portion of the developmental framework and have demonstrated that it is possible to handle middle-range explorations of the developmental framework without being heavily depending on longitudinal research.