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While many know or have used the term Managerialism, the development of a theory about Managerialism remains largely non‐existent. When management becomes an ideology we speak of Managerialism reaching beyond the simple administration of a business organisation. Like many "‐isms", Managerialism carries connotations to ideology, thereby leading to the question: what would the development of a theory of Managerialism's ideology look like? Since Managerialism has been largely been clarified (Klikauer, 2013 & 2015), this paper builds on these ideas to examine the question of a theory of Managerialism ideology. This is tackled in three steps: the paper discusses what an ideology is; this is followed by a brief outline of twelve characteristics of ideology delivering a threefold definition of ideology and leading to two schools of thoughts; finally, the paper shows how ideology and Managerialism are linked. The paper's key argument is that any theory development on Managerialism cannot avoid the issue of ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how entrepreneurs from different national cultures deal with cultural diversity of their entrepreneurial teams. The explorative research looks at six case studies in different stages of the venture process. The paper delivers insights from early to later phases of start-ups. From the case-study research and theoretic considerations the paper develops different propositions. Core findings are: first, in cross-cultural teams monochronic/low-context/high-space entrepreneurs strongly structure tasks. Second, polychronic/high-context/low-space founders tend to supply external contacts to the diverse team. Third, polychronic/high-context/low-space founders have a propensity to stimulate communication procedures. Fourth, enhanced communication in cross-cultural teams seems to be related to creativity. At last, monochronic/low-context/high-space founders tend to deny positive effects from cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper represents an attempt to make visible the impact of enterprise culture on small business enterprise activity. • In doing this it sets out to explore understandings of the enterprise culture phenomenon, by subjecting the conventional conceptualization to critical scrutiny. In particular it queries the way in which the accepted understanding of this phenomenon conceives of the state as an entity involved in a direct, causal prohibitory relationship with individual units such as small businesses. • An alternative understanding of enterprise culture which focuses on attempts by the state to strategically manage the enterprise activities of small businesses without annihilating their existence and their autonomy is proposed. • This alternative suggests that our understanding of enterprise culture should focus on the strategic practices and activities required of small businesses to ensure competitive advantage and the optimal performance of the market economy. • Empirical data drawn from interviews with Irish small business entrepreneurs are presented. These centre on their reaction to the Irish state policy of selectivity, understood as the targeting of state resources at small businesses most likely to grow successfully, through the development of a strategic orientation in their business dealings. • It is widely acknowledged that the likelihood of business failure is connected to a lack of managerial attention to business strategy. This paper demonstrates how an enterprise policy such as selectivity aims to ensure competitive advantage through the development of a strategic mindset on the part of small business entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the context, the details and some of the criticisms levied against the well-known numerical example of comparative advantage that David Ricardo set out in chapter 7 of his PRINCIPLES. Particular attention is paid to the distribution of the gains from trade, to the relative importance of static and dynamic factors and to the political dimensions of trade theory. The paper concludes by relating Ricardo's trade theory to current controversies over globalization, unequal exchange, Third World poverty and the existence of different varieties of capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why seemingly irrational overconfident behavior can persist. Information aggregation is poor in groups in which most individuals herd. By ignoring the herd, the actions of overconfident individuals ("entrepreneurs") convey their private information. However, entrepreneurs make mistakes and thus die more frequently. The socially optimal proportion of entrepreneurs trades off the positive information externality against high attrition rates of entrepreneurs, and depends on the size of the group, on the degree of overconfidence, and on the accuracy of individuals' private information. The stationary distribution trades off the fitness of the group against the fitness of overconfident individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been argued that understanding of entrepreneurship and firm behavior can be advanced by generalizing the static theory of the neoclassical firm so that it can deal with conditions in a dynamic economy. The paper rejects generalization and explains why such a shift causes the nature of the allocation process to change from the neoclassical pattern. Under generalization, critical information becomes prohibitively costly to obtain and entrepreneurial judgment rather than the Pareto rules decides allocation. Thus, the non-optimizing firm becomes dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary goal of The Pennsylvania State University's new Engineering Entrepreneurship (E-SHIP) Minor is to build students' life skills so they can succeed within innovative, product-focused, cross-disciplinary teams. The E-SHIP Minor is designed for undergraduate students majoring in engineering, business, or IST (Information Sciences and Technology) who aspire to be innovation leaders for new technology-based products and companies. This paper outlines five E-SHIP program components to meet this mission: the core courses for the minor, E-SHIP competitions in which students exhibit their products and ideas, the E-SHIP Event Series, student organizations to support out-of-classroom entrepreneurial interest, and team projects for local industry and Penn State researchers. Penn State's engineering entrepreneurship program is reviewed, summarizing both quantitative and qualitative assessment data to date, previewing future assessment plans, and providing a summary of lessons learned during the development and implementation of this program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the USA, corporations make substantial contributions to public-serving organisations with no expectation of financial gain. This paper explores the factors that have encouraged corporate giving in the USA and compares them to circumstances in the emerging capitalist economy of Russia. The outlook for the emergence of a corporate giving model in Russia similar to that of the USA is poor, but improving. To make it work, organisational recipients of corporate generosity need to trust their benefactors, and corporations need to believe that their contributions of surplus profits make good business sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the business and politics of British decolonization in the 20th century. Historians are increasingly interested in the role of British business in the ending of the British empire. A succession of books, articles and theses based on an interrogation of a newly available business and government papers has examined the business-government relations during the decolonization of particular territories. In surveying the subject literature of business, government and decolonization, this article synthesizes a set of currently disparate case studies and provides the general assessment of the roles of British entrepreneurs, firms and commerical associations in the process of retreat from empire. In so doing, it is possible to scrutinize paradigms which have postulated a close relationship between British businesses and British governments during the end of empire. Neo-marxist, neo-colonial analyses view decolonization as a premptive strategy in which British governments, serving the interest of metropolitan capitalism, cynically anticipated and outmaneouvred colonial radicalism by prematuredly transfering political sovereignty to 'moderate' nationalists.

Despite the many disappointments of the UN COP26 conference, both public awareness of global warming and the profile of the environmental movements seeking to halt it have gained political momentum. Climate denialists are in retreat. After four decades in absentia, government intervention is back. The need to tackle climate change is increasingly recognised across the political, business and civic spectrum. This article assesses these developments and argues that such is the scale and urgency of the climate emergency that the time is ripe for cross‐ideological 'green new deal' coalitions to emerge. The article proposes a policy framework that can bring together a range of political and social forces in a common endeavour over a protracted period of time. The new German coalition agreement, with its strategic focus on an ecological, social market economy, offers a signpost to the way ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing debate within radical geography concerned with the trade union response to the hegemony of business interests apparent under neoliberal capitalism. In this paper, I contribute to this debate by exploring recent attempts to renew trade union organisation in the UK following decades of decline. I argue that, despite recent successes in stemming falling membership numbers and signing new recognition agreements, closer inspection reveals flaws in the renewal process that reflect the underlying nature of scale politics within the union movement itself. In particular, centralised strategies at the national level are failing to re-energise local-level union organisation leading to a rather hollow and pyrrhic renewal process. Drawing upon both macro-level analysis and evidence from a particular industry case study, I suggest that unions rethink their organisational geographies and scalar relations if they wish to re-connect with the grassroots and at a broader level remain a progressive force in the changing economic landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 30 or so years since the publication of Gosta Esping‐Andersenapos;s Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism a number of rival welfare state typologies have emerged. This article has two broad aims. First, we review the reviews of welfare state typologies, pointing to issues of often unclear case selection and a wide range of concepts, variables, and methods, resulting in a variety of worlds of welfare and their constituent nations. We show that there is a great variety in the welfare modelling business at two different levels. Reviews vary significantly in terms of the number and composition of included studies, which has made it difficult to sum up the "state of the art." Individual studies included in the reviews also vary significantly in terms of issues such as aims, concepts, variables, and methods. Second, we produce a new review, which adds value as it is based on a clearer search strategy, and includes more recent material that was not available in earlier reviews. This finds that there is a great variety in terms of process (concepts, variables, methods, and number of countries) and findings (the number and composition of "worlds"). We argue that the country classification seems to show less consensus that previous reviews, with fewer "pure" nations (i.e., agreement between studies). We suggest that in order to provide a clear point of engagement, future reviews need to pay more attention to a clear and explicit search strategy, including issues such as inclusion criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing the different companies in which they invest while at the same time performing portfolio optimization for themselves, venture capitalists position themselves as a pure-play or diversified conglomerate through their cumulative portfolios. I examine the effects of two investment strategies of venture capitalists: 1) a specialist “pure-play” strategy that maximizes venture capital involvement and 2) a more generalist strategy of diversification at the “firm” level that minimizes portfolio risk. I find that neither strategy optimizes both venture capital growth and time to entrepreneurial exit, which highlights a need for institutional investors to clarify fund objectives at the time a fund is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that contemporary political theory often contains an obscured supposition that I call the entrepreneurial assumption. This assumption can be seen most clearly when political theorists who do not have economic expertise per se theorize the relationship between their political thought and taxation. In order to explicate the entrepreneurial assumption, the article engages in close readings of John Rawls, Robert Nozick, and Ronald Dworkin. By elaborating on each of these authors' views, the importance of preserving “talent” through a system of taxation, the centrality of the entrepreneurial assumption can be seen more clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing approaches to the study of economic reform have focused on the mobilization of special interests that oppose liberalization and have tended to assume that reform dynamics follow a similar logic across distinct policy arenas. Analysis of the dynamics of capital account and trade liberalization in 19 Latin American countries between 1985 and 1999 demonstrates otherwise. Movement toward liberalization is shaped systematically by the timing and salience of each reform's distributional costs and partisan political dynamics. In turn, the timing and magnitude of costs are mediated by the economic context, while salience depends on the informational environment. Our findings thus differ from the conventional wisdom on several scores, particularly by emphasizing the ways in which good rather than bad economic conditions can facilitate reforms, the conditionality of legislative politics of reform enactment on whether reforms are characterized by ex ante conflict or fears of ex post blame, and how the type of reform shapes its political dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study discusses the five stages of growth of Steria, separated by four crises, and show how these crises were resolved through the creativity and statesmanship of the founder-CEO and his successor. It analyses the key factors that contributed to the success of Steria and conclude by showing that the continuing innovative family-like culture and creative leadership were the underlying forces that drove Steria's evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable innovation is an emerging and fundamental force for change in business and society. Its potential to transform technology, products and markets distinguishes it as an area of entrepreneurial opportunity and a force of ‘creative destruction’ as defined by economist Joseph Schumpeter (1934). Walden Paddlers is a case example of Schumpeterian creative destruction in the area of sustainable innovation. By examining the process by which product and process innovations were achieved by this startup virtual corporation we gain a broader comprehension of how environmental and sustainability considerations can be successfully integrated into business strategy. The company is studied from idea generation through successful launching and management. Key to understanding the outcome was the environmentally related opportunity and the process through which the entrepreneur created innovation through the cultivation and leadership of a network of players. Two premises underlie the analysis: (i) by focusing on opportunity and innovation, the entrepreneurial field offers insights into the relationship between business and the natural environment; (ii) studies of startup entrepreneurial firms implementing environmental and sustainable strategies provide important data that add to our rapidly evolving body of knowledge about the relationship between corporate behavior and the environment. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating new wealth lies at the heart of capitalism: traditionally, entrepreneurship is viewed as the primary engine in wealth creation. However, creating new wealth can also be the domain of corporate renewal efforts. In the strategic management area, three currently popular research streams deal with aspects of corporate renewal: corporate entrepreneurship, corporate venturing, and strategic evolution. Each research stream claims to provide a distinct solution to different managerial dilemmas facing corporations. The article argues that these three approaches are closely interrelated. The main linkage point is the notion of opportunity recognition. Managers need to promote corporate-wide entrepreneurial behaviour as a vital input into strategy formulation and implementation. It is in this context that strategic alliances play a key role in firms. Success depends on participating firms co-evolving strategy while paying close attention to the changing business and technological environment in which the firms must operate. Recognition of this interdependence of alliance strategy with changing environmental forces leads to the emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities as a key benefit of alliances. Approaches are suggested that could help senior managers use alliances as a way to stimulate corporate-wide entrepreneurial behaviour and wealth-creating corporate renewal. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on entrepreneurship in Great Britain during the late Victorian period. In using the total factor productivity index to analyse late-Victorian entrepreneurship, two propositions are confronted. The first is that the late-Victorian economy was characterized by perfectly competitive product and factor markets and by an efficient allocation of resources. The second is that the measured residual derives from the effects of the activities of entrepreneurs. The purpose of what has gone before has been to show that at the theoretical level, whether approached from theories of entrepreneurship or from the body of neoclassical theory, these two propositions are contradictory. The competitive equilibrium assumption necessary to justify using factor shares as the relevant partial elasticities creates a world in which entrepreneurs of whatever variety have no function and indeed cannot exist. It follows that whatever is measured by the residual, and it has already been pointed to its rag-bag nature, entrepreneurship is excluded by the assumptions which are made in order to generate it.