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Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we present a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the location patterns of manufacturing industries in Brazil using a distance‐based measure and micro‐geographic panel data for a 10‐year period. Our results show that 89.9% and 91% of manufacturing at the 3‐digit level have statistically significant localization for 2006 and 2015, respectively, and that these patterns remain high when we consider 4‐digit classification. High‐tech industries have location patterns at short distances, being localized mainly in large urban areas, while low‐tech industries are also localized at long distances. We also present evidence that agglomeration economies affect the degree of spatial concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Fernandópolis, located in the countryside of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, imposed a juvenile curfew in 2005. This decision was not made at the municipal or state level, but in a courtroom. Subsequently, other municipalities in the state of São Paulo decided to adopt a juvenile curfew. To assess the effect of the curfew on reducing crime, this paper uses the difference‐in‐differences estimation to compare its impact, relative to municipalities that did not adopt a curfew. The results suggest that the curfew led to a decrease of 17.9% in thieves per thousand inhabitants in municipalities that adopted it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the 1990s, there was a growing process of administrative decentralization that culminated in the creation of 1,016 new municipalities in Brazil. The aim of this paper is to verify the impact of the municipal secessions on the public expenditures and its association with economies of scale. Based on a Differences‐in‐Differences methodology, the obtained set of evidence indicates that those municipalities that underwent a secession process increased their per capita capital expenditures by 14.7 percent. In addition, we show evidence that strongly suggests that this increase in expenses can be explained by a reduction in economies of scale and rent‐seeking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern for sustainable development reached its greatest form of expression in what is known as the Brundtland Report; however, it was the Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1992 that created the foundations, through agreements such as Agenda 21. Though the success of Agenda 21 depends fundamentally on central governments, local administrations can play a decisive role, which is why European cities have taken on a serious commitment to enforce it by way of the Aalborg Charter. This paper evaluates the advancements by European municipalities in implementing Local Agenda 21, by identifying their determinant factors. The results show that productive and organizational aspects are key factors, regardless of their origin. Likewise, it has been verified that the factors of promotion instigated by supramunicipal bodies of the public administration are extremely effective, whereas political factors are of little relevance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Metro Network in São Paulo has five lines in service with a total length of 107 km in one of the most booming cities in South America with a population of over 11 million inhabitants. The network can still be considered to be in its early stages; the first line was only constructed in 1968 and is now being extended. Whilst the settlement-prone Tertiary soils under São Paulo and also the crystalline basement, with its different grades of weathering and fracturing and high abrasiveness, pose challenges for shield tunnelling, they actually represent optimum conditions for high performance shield tunnelling. The paper deals with the experience gained by operator Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo- Metrô, contractor Construtora Norberto Odebrecht and consultant Maidl Tunnelconsultants in the construction of the metro lines with mechanised shield tunnelling technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper offers a geographical perspective on the way in which health regions have been defined and established in São Paulo as part of overall Brazilian health policy. To accomplish this, I first situate the Brazilian case in the international debate over the regionalization of health services. Second, I examine health regionalization in the case of São Paulo and show how the process is dynamic and complex, involving geographical scales that go well beyond the administrative boundaries of Brazilian municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of the canopy layer urban heat islands (UHIUCL) in a small city in southeastern Brazil using the local climate zone (LCZ) system. We analysed the influence of weather conditions, LCZs characteristics, and local surface relief on the UHIUCL magnitudes. Mobile traverses were used to measure air temperatures during representative nights of wet and dry seasons. Daily maximum magnitudes were observed in compact classes (LCZs 3 and 7) under ideal weather conditions (dry, clear skies, and calm) and higher anthropogenic heat release (weekdays). Seasonal effects on LCZ thermal differences were negligible. The peripheral landscapes were warmer than the city centre in both seasons. Among the warmer areas in the city, magnitudes in compact LCZs 3 and 7 were consistently higher than in LCZ 6. In general, representative sites of the main 'built' LCZs in the study area exhibit similar inter‐zone temperature patterns to those reported for cities of different sizes from tropical and midlatitude regions. Thermal contrasts of ΔTLCZ 3 − D in the study area reveal significant evidence that small cities can have as strong heat islands as bigger cities. These findings highlight the importance of the LCZ system to identify the main controlling factors driving such thermal differences and the need to extend the application of this approach in other South American cities to yield systematic data of UHIUCL for urban planning given the coming challenges of climate change over the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the epicenter of the Zika crisis, brown, black, and indigenous poor women living in municipalities with scarce resources were disproportionally affected. The gendered consequences of the epidemic exposed how intersectional lenses are central to understand the impact of public health emergencies in the lives of women and girls. The demand for Zika‐affected children and women to be research participants is relevant for an ethical analysis of participant protection procedures during a crisis. We investigated how women experienced research participation by analyzing their narratives. Two‐year‐long longitudinal qualitative study in Brazilian sites located in the epidemic's epicenter was performed using mixed methods: ethnography with women from two distinct states and individual semi‐structured interviews with five women in different Zika‐affected states, four of which were community leaders. All women in the study were mothers or grandmothers of Zika‐affected children. Thematic analysis was used for data evaluation. Women perceived being pressured to participate in research and a lack of benefit sharing. Structural determinants of gender inequality, such as its effect on power distribution, were found to impact research participant protection. Formal procedures for research protocols approvals were insufficient in protecting participants because these instruments were unable to account for structural aspects. Communitarian mobilization, through WhatsApp groups, was found to be an important mechanism to create conditions to challenge oppressive structures. Strengthening public health, effective community‐based participation in research planning and implantation of ethical strategies that promotes gender equality can have transformative effect on unequal power structures and promote participant protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using establishment‐level data from Brazil, we estimate the extent to which firm‐ and industry‐level employment and entry decisions respond to changes in the employment decisions of geographically proximate firms and industries. We instrument for employment changes by following Bartik (1991) and Blanchard and Katz (1992). Our analysis suggests the existence of economically and statistically significant effects of municipality‐level shocks in other industries on the employment and entry decisions of firms and industries in the same municipality. Spillovers are heterogeneous across municipalities and vary based on municipality income, distance from regional economic centers, and transport costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political institutions are an essential component to explain income variation. Brazilian municipalities are characterized by a great contrast in the colonization process and its impacts on the current income level and distribution, and other development aspects. This study analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between institutional quality and the municipalities' economic development. We use a spatial moving window method applied to weighted regressions—Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). We find evidence that good institutions increase income and other variables related to economic development. In addition, the institutional quality influence on economic development measures is distinct across the Brazilian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the hitherto unexplored evolution of the size distribution of 185 functionally defined urban areas in Brazil between 1907 and 2008. We apply the traditional power law and the Gabaix-Ibragimov improved estimation method. We find that the power parameter of the size distribution of the 100 largest urban areas increases towards unity, that is, the rank-size rule. Seventeen thousand and twenty cointegration tests of pairwise non-stationary growth paths of cities point to evidence of a common stochastic trend that strengthens throughout the century. Thus, while Zipf's law and Gibrat's law did not formally hold in Brazil's past, these laws are becoming steadily more appropriate descriptions of Brazil's increasingly unequal size distribution of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant fraction of Brazil's population has been exposed to drought in recent years, a situation that is expected to worsen in frequency and intensity due to climate change. This constitutes a current key environmental health concern, especially in densely urban areas such as several big cities and suburbs. For the first time, a comprehensive assessment of the short‐term drought effects on weekly non‐external, circulatory, and respiratory mortality was conducted in 13 major Brazilian macro‐urban areas across 2000–2019. We applied quasi‐Poisson regression models adjusted by temperature to explore the association between drought (defined by the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index) and the different mortality causes by location, sex, and age groups. We next conducted multivariate meta‐analytical models separated by cause and population groups to pool individual estimates. Impact measures were expressed as the attributable fractions among the exposed population, from the relative risks (RRs). Overall, a positive association between drought exposure and mortality was evidenced in the total population, with RRs varying from 1.003 [95% CI: 0.999–1.007] to 1.010 [0.996–1.025] for non‐external mortality related to moderate and extreme drought conditions, from 1.002 [0.997–1.007] to 1.008 [0.991–1.026] for circulatory mortality, and from 1.004 [0.995–1.013] to 1.013 [0.983–1.044] for respiratory mortality. Females, children, and the elderly population were the most affected groups, for whom a robust positive association was found. The study also revealed high heterogeneity between locations. We suggest that policies and action plans should pay special attention to vulnerable populations to promote efficient measures to reduce vulnerability and risks associated with droughts. Plain Language Summary: Drought is a complex phenomenon that affects environmental and socioeconomic sectors, with important implications in public health. This phenomenon may impact different groups among the population unequally, but thus far, very few studies have explored the potential differences in drought effects on mortality in different population groups separated by sex and age. Thereby, further, and conclusive studies are required to get a deeper understanding of the populations at potential risk, especially considering the expected increase in frequency and intensity of drought events in several regions of the world such as Brazil due to climate change, posing a growing threat to health. In this study, we aimed to analyze for the first time the short‐term effects of different levels of drought severity on weekly no‐external, circulatory, and respiratory mortality in 13 major macro‐urban areas of Brazil across 2000–2019 in the total population, incorporating an assessment by sex and six age groups to know ultimately the structure of the population at risk. We found that overall, accounting for the 13 Brazilian urban areas, there were strong gender differences, with females being the most affected. Moreover, drought mostly influenced mortality in children and the elderly. We also found heterogeneity across urban locations. Key Points: Drought influenced positively non‐external, circulatory, and respiratory mortality in Brazilian urban areas in specific population groupsFemales, children, and the elderly were the populations more at riskDrought mostly affected mortality in those locations that suffered higher number and severity of drought conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decentralization reforms, implemented to improve efficiency and service provision, pose a challenge for federal governments that would like to ensure that federal resources are used appropriately by local governments. To overcome this challenge, some federal governments have implemented costly oversight programs aimed at improving municipal governance. For instance, in 2003, the Brazilian federal government introduced a randomized auditing program with the goal of improving municipal performance by exposing episodes of corruption and mismanagement. Yet, we know little about whether these types of programs actually lead to improvements in local outcomes, especially in terms of service delivery. We argue that audits provide opportunities for learning that should improve performance outcomes. To test this argument, we examine municipal performance in over 5,000 Brazilian municipalities from 2001 to 2012. We utilize the random assignment of audits and estimate difference‐in‐differences regressions. We find that audited municipalities experience greater improvements in performance overall compared to unaudited municipalities, though the effect size is modest. We also find evidence that the auditing program indirectly improves municipal performance. These results indicate that top‐down oversight programs, such as the Brazilian one, are useful not only for improving transparency and accountability, but also for the provision of public services as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is to verify the flypaper effect of 476 Brazilian municipalities from 2005 to 2012, considering the new variables as instruments of grants. Political alignment, alignment of the party, and coalition of the mayor with the federal president and of the state governor were considered as instruments of grants. A municipal tax autonomy index was considered as a control variable, which represents the percentage of local taxes in the municipal total revenues. The results allow concluding that the flypaper effect exists in Brazilian municipalities and is intensified by the alignment of the representatives in the same way of theoretical literature (Hamilton 1983; Hines & Thaler 1995; Inman 2008) and previous empirical studies in Brazil. Moreover, evidences of higher flypaper effect were found in municipalities with low tax autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Income inequality scholars suggest that extreme income inequality leads to spatial segregation, political power concentrated in the high-income (elite) class, and thus, uneven public resource access. This work argues that income inequality may also predict higher levels of vulnerability of urban municipalities to climate-related hazards. Method. Using factor analysis and multilevel regression models, this research tests whether income inequality is a predictor of vulnerability to flood hazards. Results. The analysis shows that income inequality significantly predicts higher levels of a key component of vulnerability in urban Brazilian municipalities. Conclusion. By providing empirical evidence for the theorized linkages between income inequality, spatial segregation, and uneven public resource access, this work bolsters the claims of income inequality scholars who suggest high levels of income inequality have negative social consequences. Additionally, this work is relevant to climate change vulnerability scholars as it underscores the importance of considering income inequality as part of urban climate change vulnerability assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sometimes dubbed Brazil's Venice, Recife is situated on a series of islands, articulated by waterways, on the country's northeast coast. The nation's ninth largest city, it has a historical core, but also shares many urban challenges common to other Brazilian metropolises: a beachfront blighted by speculative development, a semi-derelict port area and extensive zones of poor neighbourhoods. Architects and academics Circe Monteiro and Luiz Carvalho from the multidisciplinary research group INCITI (Research and Innovation for Cities) at the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, describe here why, despite a history of inconsistent development, this could now be Recife's moment to transform itself as the urban agenda comes to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General consensus exists concerning the relevance of networks and space in poverty situations, despite a considerable dispute on the prominence of each element. While social-support and poverty debates highlight the joint importance of space and networks, the research agenda on contemporary communities suggests that networks have recently started replacing space in social integration. These debates mainly consider networks and ties normatively and are restricted to the global North, hampering the formulation of comparative interpretations and more theoretical conclusions. This article discusses the relationship between space, sociability and poverty, based on research results on networks of poor individuals in two major Brazilian metropolises -Salvador and São Paulo. Research indicates the existence of great heterogeneity in the networks of poor individuals, although with substantial differences, on average, to middle-class individuals. Certain types of networks and sociability are systematically associated with better living conditions, employment and income. Additionally, network mobilization by individuals presents important regularities associated with social mechanisms, understood as regular patterns that trigger or cause certain results. These mechanisms explain to a great extent the heterogeneity of networks, and mediate the individual's access to opportunities and everyday assistance. They therefore contribute decisively to the production (and reproduction) of urban poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the concept of gateway cities as it applies under conditions of contemporary economic globalisation. A case study of Brazilian cities within domestic and global banking circles is used to show that city gateway functions in Brazil are more complex than is generally supposed. Principle components analysis of banking activity across both leading Brazilian cities and world cities generates six ‘common’ banking location strategies comprising separate subnets of cities: there are three largely regional strategies, two transnational strategies, and one national strategy. Although Sao Paulo is confirmed as the dominant gateway city in Brazil, the city subsets show a range of uses of cities by banks in Brazil including a Curitiba subnet emerging as an incipient strategy that actually bypasses Sao Paulo. The general finding is that under conditions of contemporary globalisation concentration and dispersion processes in Brazil are operating simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant portion of the literature concerning intraurban residential location has involved the development of a utility maximization bid-price model which relates income and distance to work. When distance-overcoming costs are monetary, a positive income-distance function is predicted, and studies in several Anglo-American cities have provided some confirmation. If expenses are made to be temporal, the model forecasts a negative relationship because the opportunity cost of commuting is directly variable with income. A study was conducted in Piracicaba (pop. 125,000), Brazil, and neither positive nor negative income-distance functions were encountered for any of the transportation differentiated groups. The findings indicate that the prevalence of walking, bicycling and other commuting modes which consume large amounts of time does not adequately explain the "non-western" residential pattern (negative income-distance to the Central Business District function) which is common in many Latin American cities. The results also suggest that hypotheses which consider spatial relationships between residences and sites other than the place of work may prove to be more fruitful (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the issue of residential segregation by race in Brazilian urban areas. It poses several questions related to racial segregation in Brazil. The issue is one that is not self-apparent and requires establishing new cognitive frames, which do not depend on previous ones about segregation, which have generally been based on the often legalized black-white segregation of the United States or South Africa, and are free of the racial democracy ideology, which obscures an understanding of how race and class operate in Brazil. To measure segregation, the article examines the extent of evenness in the distribution of racial and household income groups across metropolitan areas, or the extent to which social groups are differentially, distributed across neighborhoods in an urban area. The concept of evenness is particularly suitable for capturing the amount of segregation found among the mosaics of households and neighborhoods that characterize the landscapes of Brazilian metropolitan areas. Besides centralization, segregation may also be measured on the dimension of exposure or interaction. An exposure index measures the extent to which members of a certain social group live in the same neighborhood with those of another group. It thus measures the individual experience of segregation. This measure is largely driven by the social composition of an area.