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The growth of forestry, mainly eucalyptus, driven by the industry demand for pulp and paper, has significantly changed the landscape around the globe. The so-called agroforestry systems have the advantage of reducing pressure on native forests in different regions of the world. However, this practice can bring impacts to the environment, and contribute to the intensification of agrarian conflicts. The aim of this research is to expose the intrinsic relationship between the dynamic of the forestry expansion in the São Paulo area of the Paraíba Valley, one of the largest agro-producing regions in Brazil, and the regional socioeconomical structure. These results may support further studies in order to define the possibilities and limitations of this type of economic use. With the use of remote sensing techniques using Landsat satellite images, we measured the areas planted with eucalyptus in the study area (Paraíba Valley) between 1986 and 2010. This area was pioneer in this kind of forestry and still is one of the largest producers while still expanding. In the period studied, among positive and negative variations, the planted area increased from approximately 55,000 ha in 1986 to more than 60,000 ha in 2010. This change was driven by industrial demand, as shown by the IBGE data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]