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Objective/context: This article introduces debates on Nancy Cartwright's concept of nomological machines applied to international relations theory. What the neo-neo synthesis claims as the essence of the international system is a set of conditions imposed upon international phenomena for the latter to fit into the theories themselves. It argues that the law-like explanations tailored by neorealism and neoliberalism are by no means a representation of the world as it is, but rather a predication of the world as these theories want it to be. Methodology: It critically reviews the foundations of neo-neo theories, suggesting a philosophical methodology by reframing the ontological terms of neorealism and neoliberalism based on the concept of nomological machines. Conclusions: This article contends that neo-neo theories could benefit from a capacities-oriented approach, which offers a less categorical understanding of how explanations of international phenomena are tailored, allowing alternative principles to provide invaluable insights about the international system. Originality: This paper innovates by intersecting the ideas of nomological machines with the metatheoretical debate on international relations, thus enabling theoretical improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This study has two main goals. First, it explores the structural and organizational dynamics of the textile industry and the market in early modern India, eighteenth-century Gujarat in particular. In this context, the paper also examines how the ascendancy of the English East India Company in the political economy of Western India and the region’s transition to a colonial economy impacted the industry, the market, and the relationship between weavers and merchants. Methodology: This paper draws on the literature on textile production and trade, as well as on capitalism in early modern and colonial India, and uses evidence about Gujarat from the records of the English and Dutch East India Companies. Originality: This paper argues that the relationship between weavers and merchants in Surat/Gujarat was dynamic, complementary, and at times, contentious. None of them was able to dominate the relationship, and the English East India Company could not substitute a coercion-based production relation for a market-based one. Conclusions: The dynamics—such as product specialization and innovation, division of labor, the contract system, and forward buying—point to the existence of commercial capitalism in the textile economy. The paper also argues that because of the extraordinary diversity of people engaged in the industry and their varying professional and transactional experiences, it is relevant to recognize that commercial capitalism represents a mode of production that co-existed with others in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: The paper provides a comprehensive overview of Latin American mining history, exploring cross-pollination opportunities between mining historians and scholars of the emerging field of the new history of capitalism. The analysis spans from the region’s integration into global markets during the 1500s to the twilight of export-led growth in the early twentieth century. Methodology: The study builds on an overview of both classic and contemporary literature, offering new insights into understanding existing data on mining history within a global context. By incorporating perspectives from geology, ecology, and economics, the article investigates the connections between specific mineral deposits and different paths of capitalistic development across Latin America. Originality: The paper sketches some of the gaps in the analysis of global and local flows of minerals and comments on notable contributions to the broader field of Latin American history. It introduces innovative approaches for the study of output cycles, geological and ecological endowments, technological spillovers, and mining economics. Conclusions: First, the existing literature has predominantly focused on precious metals, with few scholars studying non-precious metals and non-metallic minerals. Second, the narratives surrounding mining history have been primarily centered on silver, overshadowing the significance of bimetallism in understanding the emergence of global capitalism. Thirdly, examining the microeconomic dynamics of mining in the region may present fresh opportunities to explore the impact of mining on sectoral and managerial transformations. Finally, studies of the two-way interaction of capitalism and mining need to include research on the energy and environmental systems that underpinned mineral extraction and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: The article aims to analyze child recruitment as a form of human trafficking. Beyond the theoretical perspectives that focus on security or rights, it addresses the topic as a form of unfree labor. By means of a case study focused on child recruitment by right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia, the paper analyzes how children entered and exited illegal armed groups, the functions they performed, and the exploitation they endured. The research argues that child recruitment operates as a large-scale labor-market uptake in the wartime social order, where the “employers” are paramilitary groups, and the labor force, in part, consists of children and adolescents. Methodology: This case study relies on different sources of information: a database on child recruitment provided by the special Justice and Peace Unit of the Colombian Attorney General’s Office (989 cases between 1981 and 2005), sentences of Peace and Justice, testimonials given by victims in judicial processes, and semi-structured interviews with different actors. Conclusions: The paper shows that child recruitment as a form of trafficking is functional to wartime social order in contexts of poverty and inequality. There is demand and supply; thus, both girls and boys, who worked as soldiers, are not only victims but also agents that make decisions in challenging conditions. Therefore, if the socioeconomic options for these children, even after their demobilization from the armed group, are still a choice between bad and worse, joining a violent (no longer “armed” but “criminal”) group will remain a feasible alternative. Originality: The article contributes to the academic literature on a recent topic, such as the overlapping between child recruitment and human trafficking in armed conflict and post-conflict situations. It also contributes to the literature on “unfree labor,” as the study focuses on an actor (illegal armed groups) that has not been analyzed until now. Finally, the research demonstrates the limits of understanding human trafficking (and child recruitment as a form of trafficking) as a problem of security or rights entitlement. It highlights the analytical and political advantages of categories such as “unfree labor” to provide effective solutions for the prevention and reintegration of child soldiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the allocation of climate adaptation aid in sub-national and local jurisdictions in Ecuador. We examine the influence of physical and socioeconomic vulnerability and local capacity as explanatory variables for aid allocation. As part of the study, we introduce projections of physical vulnerability to determine whether inter-generational aspects of climate justice are taken into account, and use geographically weighted regression models to study the spatial distribution of aid allocation in sub-national and local jurisdictions. The findings show that physical and socioeconomic vulnerabilities influence the allocation of adaptation aid. However, projected changes in patterns of precipitation and temperatures are not associated with this variable. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of current climate aid is uneven, leaving clusters of vulnerable jurisdictions unattended. Finally, the study finds no association between local capacity and the allocation of adaptation aid. Findings suggests a bias towards allocating more adaptation aid in areas with more intense current weather events, and that the allocation of adaptation aid may not contribute to creating adaptation scenarios where justice for current and future generations is central to decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forgiveness is often distinguished from other ways of eliminating (or reducing) blame, such as letting go. In this paper, I focus on a conception of forgiveness as normative landscape change (alteration of the rights and obligations of relevant parties), and explore the distinction between forgiveness—understood in this way—and letting go. I highlight the explanatory power of this approach for distinguishing forgiveness and letting go, and contrast it with an alternative way, in which the focus is instead primarily on a kind of attitude change. I conclude by comparing the implications of both forgiveness and letting go for other phenomena we care about, such as reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the literature on forgiveness is dedicated to understanding the reasons to forgive and what changes in attitude are required to do so. But philosophers have been much less attentive to what happens after agents forgive. This is a serious oversight, since the reasons to forgive do not always retain their force and it is not always possible, or advisable, to maintain the changes in attitudes that forgiveness requires. Fortunately, Monique Wonderly has begun to fill this lacuna in the literature with her recent work on un-forgiveness. According to the author, un-forgiveness involves altering our attitudes, by either reinhabiting an adversarial stance towards an agent for their wrongdoing and/or returning one’s relationship with them to the state it was in prior to forgiveness taking place. While Wonderly’s account of un-forgiveness is both novel and illuminating, it is incomplete. In this paper, we argue that one can also un-forgive by forgetting that the wrong in question occurred and/or that the previously forgiven agent was the perpetrator of the wrong. We contend that not only is it possible to un-forgive by forgetting, but doing so can be both justified and morally important. We defend our view by considering the objection that un-forgiveness by forgetting can negatively impact victims’ relationships with wrongdoers as well as addressing the concern that agents cannot exercise their agency over their memories in order to un-forgive by forgetting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of forgiving seems to require that a person can remember a specific moment in their personal past in which they were harmed in some way. Forgiving, then, often requires episodic memory, which may be understood as memory of events or experiences in one’s personal past. What is it that grounds acts of forgiveness? One of the most prominent ideas is that, fundamentally, forgiveness involves a change in emotion; it requires that negative emotions associated with the event are abandoned, withdrawn or overcome. In this paper, we outline one way in which the emotion and meaning of past events may be modulated. In particular, we suggest that by thinking more abstractly about an event we can shift our emotional response to it. We outline one way in which this form of more abstract thinking, which can help us distance ourselves from the negative emotion associated with a past wrongdoing, can show up in memory. We propose that emotionally distant memories, or memories in which the emotional content has undergone some change, may often be recalled from an observer perspective, in which the individual recalls the event from an external or detached point of view. Recalling a past wrongdoing from an observer memory may help put it into perspective and afford the emotional distancing required to facilitate forgiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the income gender gap has been widely researched to date, less attention has been paid to the wealth gender gap. This paper analyses individual-level data taken from the Spanish tax agency between 2012 and 2017 and documents the existence of an increasing wealth gap in Spain in this period. Through a comparative analysis, we find a clear difference in wealth accumulation patterns between the two genders, especially with regards to holdings of equity in productive companies. We also find that both women and men in the highest quantiles of the wealth distribution have increased their wealth and that men hold more assets that women. With respect to income distribution, the data shows that men's income accounts for a larger share of total income, which reinforces the gender gap related to economic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: During the eighteenth century, officials from different colonial powers attempted to turn the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada—present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama—into an economically viable territory. The Spanish Crown embraced its most radical jurisdictional reform in centuries to exercise effective state control, extract more revenue, and defend the colonies from foreign incursions. This article explores the particularities of New Granada’s economic governance and argues that colonial officials produced local discourses of political economy to turn unfamiliar spaces into familiar places for economic, political, and military ends. In doing so, producing knowledge about the land and its resources became a key bureaucratic practice that shaped the imagining of a paradoxical territoriality in Northern South America. First, I detail the impact of political economy frameworks on imperial governance and bureaucratic practices. I then showcase how administrative narratives, mapping projects, and fiscal networks reveal the workings of Bourbon economic governance and the search for regional integration. Methodology: This article is built from an analysis of archival documents consisting of a selection of evidence from chorographic texts about New Granada and its provinces produced between 1720 and 1808. Originality: Reflecting on the ways in which the pursuit of knowledge for wealth creation affected the creation of territorialities contributes to uncovering how the imperial political economy was never a top-down imposition. Local officials negotiated it vis-à-vis singular geographical realities and knowledge production practices. Conclusions: Chorographic texts were central devices of imperial reform. The search for wealth production and territorial integration occurred in colonial outposts, not in intellectual treatises in Europe. In forging New Granada as an integrated, potentially rich place, bureaucrats’ experience of moving across the territory and inscribing the landscape on paper shaped perceptions of cohesion and difference, economic dependence, and regional fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper analyzes factors related to political incentives for public organizations to cease operations. It suggests that political turnover has a negative effect on the duration of these types of entities. However, this effect differs according to the size of the governing coalition. Methodology: Semi-parametric models and Cox regressions are used to estimate the survival of 415 public organizations in Colombia. Conclusions: The data show that a change in the presidential administration allows the new president to reshape the administration according to their interests. Data analysis also indicates that the larger the size of the government coalition, the lower the probability that a public entity will be eliminated. Originality: The article uses an original database containing longitudinal information on public organizations in Colombia for the period 1958 to 2020. This database contains 415 observations on the organizational characteristics of each entity. This paper contributes to the scarce literature on the termination of public organizations in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformations in the frameworks of reflection and action that promoted territorial documentation policies, developed in coordination between the National Direction of Migration and the provincial and municipal governments in the southern area of Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina. Based on an ethnographic approach to the activities of a local office, the Dirección de Entidades y Colectividades de La Plata, and interviews with its main managers, we focus on the interrelation between documentation policies and the visibility (and production) of the electoral potential of foreigners that crystallized during the implementation of these programs. Unlike the literature that focuses on the analysis of the intentions (explicit or implicit) of the laws and projects, and on the difficulties encountered in achieving the purposes stated in them, the originality of the article is given by its monitoring of positions, relationships, languages, and objects that were produced (to some extent unexpectedly) during their implementation. This strategy reveals that the documentary programs and the officials who carry them out have gradually become part of the networks of the so-called territorial policy, in which the relevance assigned to foreigners has increased. The fundamental shift in this dynamic is the progressive recognition of its electoral potential and the conceptualization of the migration issue as an area of strategic dispute for local and provincial political life. Thus, the main conclusion is that throughout the implementation of these programs, migration policy became politicized; that is, it acquired a "political" status in the consideration of different relevant actors. This recognition lasted even after document operations were discontinued in 2016 and was part of their reinstatement in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the insights that can be gained from using a multidimensional poverty measurement method based on the capability approach to analyse the scale, characteristics, and spatial distribution of poverty in segregated cities. We assess the poverty gaps between formal and informal neighbourhoods and across districts, compare the results with income-based poverty estimates, and analyse the dimensional composition of poverty and disparities across population subgroups. The results show a weaker correlation between multidimensional and income-based measures and less overlap in terms of who is identified as poor in informal settlements than in the rest of the city. After adjusting for underrepresentation of the slum population in the household survey, informal settlements account for 10% of the city's population but nearly half of the multidimensionally poor. The results highlight the need to design poverty reduction policies that target informal neighbourhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: Much of the research on conflict resolution has focused on the conditions for getting parties involved in a conflict to sign a peace agreement. Less attention has been paid to what happens next. In this document, we offer a review of the factors shaping peace agreement implementation (PAI). Methodology: The paper is based on a review of the available academic literature on the factors that shape peace agreement implementation (PAI). Conclusions: We conceive the implementation process as composed of multiple temporal stages (short- to long-term), layers (from international to local), and dimensions (including politics, justice, the economy, and culture). In an implementation phase, all these need to be addressed in parallel, as they exert mutual impact and shape each other’s progress. Originality: The general overview presented here will provide scholars and policymakers with a broad sense of the most important debates within the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a queer feminist analysis of gendered discourses in South Africa's (SA) (2020-2025) National Action Plan (NAP) on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS). It builds on an extensive field of WPS scholarship by using the case study of SA's NAP to illustrate how policy can be used to harness critical gendered language and create possibilities for radical (re)imaginings of gendered peace. While a considerable knowledge base that explores the gendered discourses of NAPs on WPS already exists, a key gap in the literature --that has only more recently begun to be explored with greater rigor-- is the bridging of queer and feminist theories to further push the boundaries of discursive policy analysis. Against this backdrop, feminist critical discourse analysis (CDA) was applied to the NAP case study to surface dominant and counter-discourses on gender and their possible inclusionary/exclusionary effects. Key findings centre the potential value of policy discourses which, in their fragmentation, ruptures, continuities and ambivalences, can facilitate opportunities for queer peace at the instrumental level and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the geopolitics of becoming a digital searcher using the transmissions produced by the Madres Buscadoras de Sonora collective from the crematoriums and clandestine graves identified between December 23, 2020 and July 9, 2021 in the valley of Guaymas in the south of the state of Sonora, Mexico. The study is intended to highlight that the Madres' search is immersed in a process of de-territorialized governmental necropolitical victimization, which drives them to go into the analyzed area. The work is based on the digital observation of the collective's social network transmissions and on an interview with the leader during the protest that took place outside the Attorney General's Office (FGR) on October 11, 2021, three months after the murder of Aranza Ramos Gurrola. The paper's contribution lies in reconstructing the geography of the transmissions broadcast at the indicated place and time. It is argued that such transmissions are a way of sustaining low-resolution digital searching. For the Madres, becoming searchers is a task that involves maintaining a mobile digital infrastructure to translate the barbarism they encounter into a citizen forensis. The article shows that the Madres Buscadoras de Sonora's pursuit of becoming digital searchers is immersed in a governmental necropolitics that does not produce citizens but victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colombian armed conflict caused specific Afro-descendant communities to sustain multiple and generalized human rights violations. The Inter-American system for the protection of human rights, of which Colombia is a part, recognized the damages caused in ethnic/ancestral territories, in order to guarantee adequate reparations to the victims. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the differential ethnic impact of the armed conflict. To do so, we use an intersectional perspective that includes the way in which anthropological expertise is integrated into the appraisal conducted by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (hereinafter "IACHR Court"). The paper is intended to contribute to victim recognition and reparation. Using a qualitative approach, the theoretical framework is based on the case study of the Afro-descendant communities displaced from the Cacarica river basin. The case illustrates how the rights of victims to truth, justice, and reparation appeal to social and forensic anthropology to ensure the recognition of the damages caused and to vindicate the victims' and their families' right to memory. In view of the multiplicity of affectations that characterize forced displacement in Colombia, we present a pioneer case in the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (an example par excellence of how to understand the affectation of rights from an ethnic/ancestral and gender perspective): that of the communities of Cacarica, which recognize themselves as tribal. The case study demonstrates that social and forensic anthropology are necessary for the redress of victims' rights in this context. At the same time, it highlights that identifying Afro-Colombian people as victims in both their individual and collective facets reveals a complex reality, in light of the coexistence in ethnic/ancestral territories resulting from the differential impact of the armed conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has exposed, reproduced, and created new inequalities in Latin America and the world. In this introductory paper, we discuss the impact of extant inequities on vulnerability to COVID-19 but we also identify new, and some unexpected, vulnerabilities. We emphasize vulnerabilities to the disease as well as vulnerabilities to policies and other responses in the fight against COVID-19. Building on insights from Peter Hall and Michele Lamont's work on social resilience, we draw on the papers of this special issue to identify the important role of the state in addressing vulnerabilities and discuss the types of social resilience that vulnerable groups have turned to in their response to COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: In the early twentieth century, Peru rejected legal pluralism and, once again, selected a highly European-inflected penal code, undergirded by the prevailing tenets of legal positivism. In doing so, criminal courts became a particularly contested site, where indigenous and mestizas (mixed-race) women shaped and negotiated racial sentiments constructed around their sexuality. In also shaping the meaning of the law itself, I contend that virginity—or lack thereof—patterned legal positivism in Peru. I first detail the historical impact of legal positivism on Peru’s judiciary. I then showcase women’s courtroom narratives (alongside other juridical testimonies) that reveal their struggle for political inclusion. Methodology: This article is built from an analysis of primary and original archival data and is the synthesis of 55 cases of alleged sexual transgressions occurring in the region of Cuzco from 1924 to 1949. Originality: This paper is significant because it is one of only a few that examine the history of legal positivism and rape prosecution in the early twentieth century by incorporating primary archival data to show how women were protagonists in shaping Peru’s unique legal, political and cultural history. Conclusions: Expanding the arguments of imminent Andean scholars of postcolonialism, I argue that the ‘coloniality of law’ in Peru is illuminated by the collusion of legal positivism and fin de siècle racial ideologies that created a new subjectivity for women. In addition to refashioning repressive honor codes (literally embodied in ideas about morality and chastity), the new penal code also broadened a gap where indigenous and mestizo women argued their juridical humanity in criminal courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper explores the relationship between corporate networks and business influence to figure out the conditions of state capture. Methodology: We analyze corporate networks through interlocking directorates in three Central American countries - Panama, Costa Rica, and El Salvador - using network analysis, and we pinpoint the relationship between the structure of the corporate network and two corporate political actions: contributions to presidential campaigns and revolving doors. Conclusions: Results show corporate networks were fragmented in the three Central American countries, except for a well-connected business cluster in Panama. The organization of business elites based on a single cohesive business cluster could facilitate coordination to finance political parties, which gives them more strength to demand government posts. On the other side, the absence of connections between business elites makes it difficult to reach agreements and weaken business influence. Findings suggest that networking among some (not all) business elites can be a source that precedes state capture, as it organizes access to the state through collective mobilization of resources and coordinated action planning. Originality: This paper is the first study on networks of interlocking directorates in Central American economies and combines original data on contributions to electoral campaigns and revolving doors. Therefore, it can be a benchmark for future studies on business power. In addition, this study introduces the analysis of interlocking directorates in the literature on state capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper analyzes the discourse of three supranational policy instruments produced by the International Labour Organization and the United Nations regarding the political participation of Indigenous Peoples. We argue that these discourses promote a utilitarian view of the environment and pose severe limitations on substantial political participation by Indigenous Peoples. Methodology: To support this thesis, we present the results of a Critical Discourse Analysis that reveals how political participation is shaped through discourses, social actors are represented within hierarchical relationships, and nature is defined in terms of an exploitable resource. Conclusions: Our conclusions show that these documents stimulate a form of political involvement by Indigenous Peoples that excludes the administrative and political consequences of dissent and that represents consent as the only possible outcome. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to understand the resonance of these policy instruments within national legal frameworks and their political, environmental, and cultural effects. Originality: The article challenges the conventional assumptions that the success of supranational policies on Indigenous Peoples' participation depends on the efficiency of their implementation process. Instead, it proposes a discursive comprehension based on the social practices and power relationships that configurate the policies' discourse to the detriment of substantial political participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper studies the role of the Chilean state during the great drought of 1967-1969 as a mediator between human beings and nature. Institutional adaptations and the effort to improve the infrastructure were elements of continuity with respect to previous droughts, but there were novelties as well, such as attempts to pursue weather modification and the artificial melting of glaciers. The support of technologies and scientists operating from peripheral state institutions was essential for these purposes. All the above took place in the context of the Cold War when the predominant environmental imaginaries made human intervention look favorable and necessary for the modernization of countries. Methodology: Diverse primary sources were used, such as ministerial documents, decrees, bulletins, and reports of different state institutions that allowed understanding the logic of state management during the water crisis. Similarly, research in national and international press helped identify how imaginaries about the environment were expressed and disseminated publicly, which tended to validate novel efforts to control nature. Originality: This is an original study for Latin America, which addresses the early appearance of science and technology in the efforts of what today would be known as geoengineering: mainly through the observation of new actors, which expanded the traditional forms of mediation between humans and nature, led by the state, concerning climate crises. Conclusions: In the 1960s, optimism grew for the human capacity to control and manipulate water resources by appealing to ways other than those previously known, associated with infrastructure development. Expert knowledge was placed at the service of peripheral institutions of the state to promote these changes with lasting consequences. The human desire to control nature at all costs was validated, which helps explain the temporal projection of experiments with artificial rain and glacier control to the present day in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article studies psychoanalysis in the 1910s and aims to understand the impacts of the Great War and soldiers’ neurosis on the psychoanalytic movement and knowledge through the Fifth International Psychoanalytic Congress in 1918 in Budapest. Methodology: In dialogue with cultural studies on the Great War and intellectual history, this paper investigates psychoanalytical spaces of sociability, such as the International Psychoanalytical Association and its congresses. Originality: A thorough historiographical review reveals few detailed publications on the Budapest Congress itself. This article fills the gap by synthesizing prior findings about the congress, connecting the historiographies of psychoanalysis and World War I. Conclusions: The congress in Budapest was a milestone for psychoanalysis, considering the first governmental recognition of psychoanalytical treatment, theoretical changes produced by war neurosis, and institutional modifications in the International Psychoanalytical Association, such as the expansion and democratization of psychoanalytical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address the challenges to ethnographically-oriented qualitative research in Uruguayan state facilities for children and adolescents. Based on two qualitative studies, we examine the relevance of conducting research in enclosed institutions that manage the daily lives of children and adolescents within a state framework. Several methodological challenges and questions arise including the different dimensions of institutional access, transit and permanence; the rapport and communication with research participants and key institutional actors; and the writing and dissemination of the results of this type of research. We discuss the possibilities and obstacles associated with qualitative methodologies when carrying out state ethnographies, and the importance of such studies as a way to evidence the living conditions of children and adolescents in these institutions. In the conclusion, we reflect on the ethical dimensions of research. State ethnographies allow us to think about the future of qualitative research, and especially of ethnography, in relation to an ethical task that is constructed in the encounter with those others that shape the research processes. An ethical-political approach that gives agency to the participants in our research, despite the fact that living conditions in these institutions often violate people’s right to be heard. We wonder about the ethical and political relevance of the knowledge produced, considering that public information about some affected groups does not necessarily imply an improvement of their living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to explore the role of violent crime on adolescent fertility choices. It reviews the hypothesis that violent crime shortens life expectancy, which leads individuals to make earlier decisions about childbearing. We model the adolescent fertility rate (AFR) for the 10-14 and 15-19 years age groups separately. We use a panel data set for Colombia at department level from 2003 to 2014, using Arellano-Bond estimator with department fixed effects. The empirical findings suggest that crime has a positive effect on AFR among adolescent aged 15-19, and is statistically significant at 10%. The results of this paper contribute to explaining the connection between crime and fertility choices in Colombia. It provides further insight into the different factors affecting AFR, and stimulates public debate on the need to strengthen the country's institutions and to ensure access to quality education and the promotion of early interventions programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper examines the arguments of the Constitutional Court of Colombia in a sentence declaring that Pentecostalism represents a threat to indigenous cultures and to the country’s cultural diversity. The sentence was issued in 1998, a few years after the political Constitution (1991) declared that Colombia is a pluralist nation that protects the cultural diversity of the country and the right to religious freedom. Methodology: A qualitative and hermeneutical study of the sentence was implemented to understand the arguments presented by the Court. Subsequently, a critical analysis of those arguments was carried out, questioning the pluralist presuppositions related to key categories such as “indigenous cultures,” “religion,” and “diversity.” Conclusions: The pluralist institution has been unable to recognize the dynamic and manifold realities of lived religion, as well as the problems related to the double marginalization of a religious minority within an ethnic minority. Furthermore, the pluralist imperative to protect cultural diversity places limits upon alterity and promotes new forms of exclusion. Originality: The jurisprudence under scrutiny is not studied in its legal or ethical dimensions—as it has been done in the past—but as the implementation of a pluralist ideology grounded in a certain worldview. Thus, pluralism is critically examined in its ontological, axiological, epistemological, and praxeological principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Universal Child Allowance (AUH) is an Argentine cash transfer programme that conditions payment to parents on the fulfilment of health and education conditions for their children. While the impact of the AUH on education is well known, its effects on health have been less explored. This paper assesses the direct effect of the programme on children attending routine medical exams and receiving scheduled vaccinations, the health conditions of the programme, along with indirect health-related outcomes to explore the wider potential effects on child health. Using microdata from the Argentine Social Debt Survey (EDSA), a quasi-experimental design is implemented to determine the average treatment effect on AUH recipients. The AUH is found to have no effect on the behaviours on which it is conditioned or on dental visits, but it does increase food security. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the design and implementation of programme conditionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analysis the incidence of Free Trade Agreements (FTA) on the duration of exports in Colombia. With firm-product-destination level data, duration models were estimated in discrete time that allowed identifying that the FTAs have a negative incidence on the probability of cessation of active commercial relations before the entry into force of the agreement, however, they increase the exit hazard from those that start after the agreement. This double effect is robust for different types of products and even for exports with a certificate of origin. However, incursions by firms with at least one year of experience in the export sector carry greater prospects for their duration. It is concluded that the role of the learning and knowledge acquired is key to achieve a better use of the agreements and maximize the probability of success of the incursions in the countries with FTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the first years of the 21st century, agricultural prices reversed the trajectory that had dominated for decades. The purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of such change. The methodology used was based on a classic approach to prices and information of Input-Output Tables from the World Input-Output Database (2012, 2016). The indicators included; rent captured by the average technique, land use, and accumulated price impacts following changes in the cost of imported oil, real wages, and total labor productivity. The results have confirmed that agricultural prices have increased due to increased intensive production and the new institutional context related to higher oil prices, higher wages, and slow technical progress. In conclusion, these elements make up an elevated minimum price level higher than in previous decades, which provides some space for structural change policies in primary developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this paper investigates the borderscaping processes that irregular migrants face as well as their living conditions in Madrid. It aims to study how internal borders/social boundaries are constructed in the city as irregular migrants live their lives, and how they deal with work, life, access to healthcare, etc., in a borderscapes context that is present in everyday life. In doing so, this paper highlights the practices which irregular migrants use to overcome borderscapes in an urban context of precariousness while they employ different tactics to successfully negotiate and give meaning to the urban space. This paper provides an insight into how, through explicit ways of challenging borders, such as activism, or subtler ways, by just using the public space, irregular migrants are fighting for their place in Madrid. Finally, this study is a contribution to the academic literature on the relation between irregular migration and its impact on multi-ethnic cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: The text focuses on pointing out some of the top challenges facing the history of emotions currently in light of the contributions the field of study has produced from its creation. Methodology: To the extent that the field of history of emotions continues to expand, it is vital to bear in mind that the contributions will be different if the people who work from this standpoint focus, for example, on the individual or the social framework; on events or processes; on specific emotions or their articulation with historical processes; on specific audiences or a broader public; on unique geographical contexts or comparative reflections on different ambits. Originality: The piece presents a balance on the main methodological, thematic, and theoretical challenges faced by academics who work from the perspective of the history of emotions, at a time when the field has reached a high level of sophistication, and suggests synthetically a series of work pathways that point to strengthening the contributions made from this field of study. Conclusions: This reflection concludes that the history of emotions can progress in different directions and that the varied analytical alternatives at the disposal of historians devoted to this field have the potential to affect different types of audiences, within and without the specific sphere of emotions, and to solidify the contribution made from the field to knowledge in general. One of the main questions this paper highlights is the pressing need for further studying emotions in geographic areas outside the United States, Europe, and Australia, among which Latin America stands out as an important one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the relationship between poverty and armed conflict in Antioquia, Colombia. The poverty analysis it uses is framed according to Sen's capability approach, which constitutes the conceptual basis for the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) subsequently developed by Alkire and Foster. The MPI is measured employing data from the government database SISBEN, which is used by the Colombian authorities to identify beneficiaries of social assistance programmes. The paper considers three poverty dimensions: living standards, health, and education. Armed conflict is measured using count data on violent events recorded for every municipality in the Department of Antioquia between 1996 and 2010. The relationship between poverty and armed conflict is then analysed using exploratory and non-parametric methods such as kernel distributions. Results suggest that the MPI is robust when compared multidimensional cutoffs. The MPI box-plot maps suggest that poor people are located in Antioquia's peripheral areas. Kernel distributions show that areas most affected by conflict tend to show higher levels of multidimensional poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Occupational Therapy (OT) interventions using a dialogical perspective with therapists and people with functional diversity.1 Framing the dialogue between the discourses that participate in the therapeutic process, the paper reflexively explores the interferences in the forms of subjectivity that the discipline promotes under the governmental umbrella. The research uses ethnographic and narrative material as the basis of its methodology. The material suggests that OT, like other health disciplines, constitutes a governmental mechanism of bodily regulation that produces subjectification through certain procedures: distributing persons in space, regulating their use of time, and perfecting their performance of activities. The reflection allows us to reconsider the construction of the "patient" in OT interventions considering the rights of persons with functional diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief article seeks to introduce the reader to this special number on industrialization in contemporary Latin America. It does so considering three issues. First, the importance of industrialization in sustaining high rates of economic growth leading to high levels of income per capita. Second, the long-standing debate in global historiography regarding the successes and failures of industrial policy: markets vs. states. Lastly, Latin America's industrial trajectory through the lenses of four historiographical tendencies, and the ways in which each of the four original papers relate to the extant literature, and contribute to enhancing our understanding of one of the most important economic transformations in the history of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a philosophical approach to Jean and John Comaroffs' work by fleshing out and theoretically articulating the form of critique that the Comaroffs employ in their reading of the "postcolonial" condition. Even though Walter Benjamin's classical correlation between law and violence provides the framework for the kind of critique the Comaroffs perform, I want to show that when the question refers to what kind of critique they undertake in the context of the postcolony, as well as what form it needs to take in the specific context of the postcolonial world, it is the Comaroffs' critical approaches to Michel Foucault rather than to Benjamin that become particularly illuminating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between legislative and judicial branches in constitutional democracies has been the subject of several academic debates. Nevertheless, this literature has made little reference to congresspeople's role as active subjects in judicial scenarios, especially when they present complaints against legislation enacted during their incumbency. This study seeks to address the question of why members of the Colombian Congress make use of constitutional review to overturn laws that they took part in debating. Through the use of quantitative and qualitative analysis, this paper explains how the use of constitutional complaints by members of congress is not limited to a political strategy of opposition by independents and opposition parties, but also serves members of the governing coalition for at least three different purposes: i) to deviate from the political approach of the Executive bill when they do not agree with the contents or when the reforms affect the interests of their constituency; ii) to "clean up" Executive bills of content introduced by the opposition during the law-making process; and iii) to advance certain points of their own political agenda, avoiding the political cost of opposing the reform as it passes through the legislative process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1993 and 2005 Colombian municipalities experienced a polarization process, as municipalities' unemployment rates followed different evolutions that are relative to the National average. This process was been accompanied by the creation of unemployment clusters. This paper uses a spatial Durbin model to explore the influence of various factors in determining differences in regional unemployment rates and proposes a decomposition methodology to quantify how much of the variation in unemployment rate is explained by the variables included in the model and how much is explained by the variables omitted. According to our findings, differences in labor demand, immigration rates, and urbanization are factors behind the observed municipal unemployment disparities. This paper also explores whether different groups of regions will react differently to a labor market impulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the practices developed in France, Italy, Greece, and Germany in order to accommodate rock'n'roll music and bring it closer to their own music styles and societal norms, as these are heard in the initial attempts of their music industries to create their own versions of it. The paper deals with these practices as instances of the French, German, Greek and Italian contexts to institutionalize rock'n'roll according to their positions regarding the USA, their historical and political situations, and their cultural and musical past and present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the political dynamics of capital account policy in South Korea. The first part is devoted to the historical evolution of capital account policy from the 1960s to the present day. It highlights the path of substantial financial opening that began in the early 1990s with two distinct waves of capital account liberalization before and after the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. The second part of the paper aims to detect the political origins of why capital account liberalization has not been complete and sustained. It locates them at the level of domestic informal institutions: first, the ideational legacy of the previous developmental state model - economic nationalism - that was predicated upon substantial barriers to international capital movements. Second, the political power of the export-oriented sector, namely of large conglomerates, that prefer exchange-rate stability and thus restrictions on capital inflows. This paper offers a heuristic argument based on a single case study which needs to be subjected to further empirical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the misuse of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) to censor political and other forms of speech online, with a particular focus on its impact in Latin America. It reviews the characteristics and scope of the DMCA and highlights several cases in North and South America in which the legislation has been used to remove online content. The paper briefly outlines the international and regional standards that govern freedom of expression and how DMCA takedowns violate these norms. Finally, it presents existing proposals to mitigate the use of the DMCA to censor protected speech and offers additional recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia presents a revealing and much needed case study which helps us to understand the formulation of foreign policy on climate change in rising developing countries. This paper analyzes the main factors which shape Colombia's position, and provides useful insights into the evolution of the country's international stance on climate change and the role in it of the bargaining among government agencies and interest groups. It concludes that Colombia's policy has been governed by its institutional structure, ecological vulnerability, emission abatement costs, wish to enhance its global prestige and seek benefits from international cooperation, strategic aims at the United Nations climate negotiations, and the limited influence of domestic pressure groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses matched survey and administrative data on first-year Economics students who were studying at the Javeriana University in Bogotá, Colombia, in 2015 in order to estimate peer effects on student grades. We employ the strategy proposed by De Giorgi, Pellizzari & Redaelli (2010) to identify and estimate these peer effects. Our results show that peer effects are economically significant in their context, that they result from the sharing of specific rather than general skills among peers, and that they flow mainly from peers with whom students interact frequently and who are considered to be leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between civil conflict and educational achievement in Colombia. We use multilevel analysis to deal adequately with the hierarchical structure of the data and an instrumental variables approach to tackle the possibility of bias associated with endogeneity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to understand the relationship between civil conflict and educational achievement in exit examinations through the use of multilevel analysis. The results show that the relationship between the intensity of the conflict and performance on exit examinations is not as straightforward as it may seem at first glance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will focus on a comparative study of the royal oath ceremonies in Spain and New Spain starting with the 16th century, when the ritual was established, to later consider some examples from the 18th century. A process of consolidating a Latin American and Hispanic identity began in the 17th century and was reflected in religious and political festivals everywhere. The royal oath ceremony was a renewal of vows of loyalty to the Crown, which was especially important in a monarchy composed a variety of different kingdoms. This ritual was very important in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, where a king ruled from afar over subjects scattered throughout a vast territory that was ethnically and culturally very diverse. The ceremony was therefore used in the 18th century to assert matters of identity through ritual gestures and the images that adorned the ephemeral architecture created for it. Accounts of festivities and prints depicting the event as it took place in places like Lisbon, Barcelona, Valencia, Majorca, Mexico and Lima will be studied from a comparative point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantifies the effect of an increase in temperature and precipitation on the average output per worker in the Colombian manufacturing industry. In order to address this issue with rigor, a methodology has been developed using a theoretical model and an empirical estimation. The estimation of the empirical model was made with economic data from the Annual Survey of the Manufacturing Industry, the Monthly Manufacturing Sample and climate data from IDEAM. The results show evidence that temperature (- 0.3 % / + 1 %) has a negative effect and precipitation (+ 0.03 % / + 1 %) has a positive effect on average output per worker. The results build on previous literature arguing that worker's productivity is a channel through which climate and climate change affect economic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the legal regime for humans in outer space, taking into consideration the recent and impending development of space tourism, and surrounding the question of the legal regime applicable to space tourists. For the rescue agreement to be applicable to all humans in space (including space tourists), especially in cases of accident, distress, emergency or unintended landing, an actualization of that agreement is needed. This paper defends that such change is not only necessary, considering the recent developments of outer space technology, but it is also in accordance with the original purpose of the legislator and the humanitarian character of the whole regime for humans in outer space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental idea developed within this paper --he result of a thorough study of the recent bibliography on the relationships between the Komintern and Latin America-- is that there exist new conditions, following the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in an attempt to approach, upon less passionate and less compromised bases, from the standpoint of the political parties, the history relevant to analyze the political cultures in Latin America during the XX Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document analyzes and assesses the new PPP legal model adopted in Colombia in 2012 using the framework of the governmental program Fourth Generation of Road Concessions (4G). The principal objective is to establish whether the new model responds to or reflects the principal criticisms, problems, risks and recommendations collected throughout 20 years of concession experiences and disclosed in economic studies. Such concerns are mainly dominated by costly and increasing renegotiations, delays in the provision of roads, high rates of litigation and a cumulative gap in transport infrastructures. This paper uses economic theories such as the principal-agent problem and game theory to expose the solutions to previous mistakes presented in the new PPP model and reveal the potential risks that remain for the model in relation to implementation that could lead to the failure of the 4G Program. Overall, it aims to provide recommendations for the minimization of misleading information and the breaking down of a transcendental central government program of public works provision for the competitiveness of Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the suitability of the economic reintegration strategy for former Colombian combatants, taking into account the challenges facing this population. It argues that the international discourse primarily consists of a market-centred versus a people-centred perspective, each with a distinct approach to economic reintegration. The paper finds that in Colombia there was a lack of inclusion of key stakeholders in the initial design of the process. As a result, the economic reintegration strategy ended up merely accommodating certain neoliberal ideals and thereby leaned towards a market-centred approach. Lately, steps have been taken towards an increasingly people-centred approach. This is currently reflected in improved results of the process, which predict a brighter future for economic reintegration of former combatants in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines contemporary conceptualisations of the migration and development nexus, using a spatial lens. It challenges mainstream conceptualisations based on static and bounded understandings of space and place; it incorporates Marxist and postcolonial understandings of migration and development; and it politicises the way in which this nexus can be conceptualised. The "double pincer of migration" is a metaphor that captures the "freedom" to follow capital, the "selection" performed by regulatory mechanisms that prevent such freedom from fully realising itself, and the agency of migrants treading the pincer, who, while being caught up by the structural forces shaping the double pincer, render it fluid and selectively enabling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]