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The sage is a perennial medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Macro-micro elements have an important place in the development of this plant. One of these elements is selenium. This study aims to examine the effect of foliar selenium (Se) application on the agronomic, biochemical, and bioactive properties of sage. The plant height (PH), fresh herb yield (FHY), dry herb yield (DHY), and dry leaf yield (DLY) as agronomic properties, and Se content in the plant (SCP), ascorbic acid content (AAC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and mineral composition (MC) as biochemical and bioactive properties were investigated in this context. The experiment was carried out in four replications over three years in 2018, 2019, and 2020. In the study, 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 800 g ha−1 Se were applied to sage leaves. At the end of the study, it was determined that Se application was effective on the agronomic characteristics of the sage, except for the first year. The application of 100 g ha−1 Se in FHY, DHY, DLY, AA, and TPC properties emerged as the recommended dose since it reached the highest values. In addition, it was evaluated that the Se application did not have a statistically significant effect on the SCP. For years with statistical significance, 400 g ha−1 Se application was recommended in terms of AAC and 100 g ha−1 Se application in terms of AA and TPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed effects of drying methods on drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity, color properties, total phenolic content, antiradical activity and essential oil composition of some selected lavender and lavandin genotypes. Six different genotypes developed by selection breeding at Erciyes University between 2017-2020 were used as plant materials grown under open-field conditions. Six different drying methods (convective, open-shade, open-sun, greenhouse, hybrid and freeze) were performed and compared. Statistical values showed that drying was best described by Wang & Singh mathematical model. Greenhouse drying was the fastest method in terms of drying duration. Freeze drying had relatively good color properties for lavender and lavandin flowers. The greatest effective moisture diffusivity values were obtained in hybrid drying and the lowest in greenhouse drying. The mean values of total phenolic content and antiradical activity of convective drying were statistically lower than from other drying methods. The highest essential oil ratios obtained in following drying methods with decreasing order: convective (5.10%), open-shade (4.65%), freeze (4.53%), open-sun (4.49%), greenhouse (4.33%) and hybrid (2.22%). The linalool ratio ranged between 27.16 to 79.21% and the highest value was obtained in the freeze-drying condition of the G208 genotype. In conclusion, open-shade drying method significantly positively affects bioactive characteristics and essential oil composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, phenolic compounds of Rhododendron honey (also known as mad honey) samples collected from the Black Sea Region were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector system. The major phenolic substances in Rhododendron honeys were found to be chlorogenic and coumaric acids with the amounts of 0.11–191.54 mg/kg and 0–82.83 mg/kg, respectively. Gallic and ferulic acids were detected in the most honey samples. Additionally, significant correlations were determined between the phenolic substances. The present study showed that Rhododendron honeys contained higher quantities of phenolic acids than flavonoids. Chlorogenic and coumaric acids were the dominant phenolic substances detected in honey samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The amino acid composition of twenty-five honey samples obtained from different regions of Turkey (rhododendron and honeydew honey) was determined by a liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry (LC–APCI–MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to characterize and classify the honey samples. In rhododendron honeys, major amino acids were detected as aspartic acid, lysine, and arginine, for honeydew honeys, lysine, arginine, and histidine were found, following the proline. Five principal components (PCs) and four main clusters were obtained from the chemometric analysis that classifies the samples. Five PCs were detected to be explanatory of more than 79% of the total variance in the data matrix. It can be concluded that free amino acids are good indicators for determination of botanical origins and chemometric studies are highly useful for honey characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article was carried out to characterize and compare the phenolic compounds of Turkish honeydew and nectar honeys which have quite different acceptances by consumers and processing type. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) system by means of 20 phenolic standards. Some differences were observed between honeydew and nectar honeys. While pinocembrin and quercetin were not determined in the honeydew honeys, these flavonoids were present in the nectar honey samples. While the main compound of honeydew honeys was catechin, it was chlorogenic acid for nectar honeys. In addition to this results, statistically significant correlations were detected among the phenolic compounds such as between caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid (r = 0.908), chlorogenic acid and coumaric acid (r = 0.836), and caffeic acid and coumaric acid (r = 0.893) in the nectar honeys. Phenolic profiles of these honeys may provide a marker for determination the botanical origin of honeys. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]