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Based on the Devonshire theory, the E-induced effects of polarization, dielectrics, hysteresis loop, and energy storage are investigated. Numerical simulations confirm that the ferroelectrics with soft ferroelectricity with properties of small and E-sensitive polarization, abrupt decrease of dielectric peak with increasing E, sloped and slender hysteresis loop with central narrow when approaching Tc, and symmetry energy storage peak, much less than Tc, towards high temperature with increasing E, can be the candidate of high energy storage materials. E-induced polarization effect is related with thermodynamic parameters of ferroelectrics. Peak of energy storage shifts to high temperature under high-E. Larger induced polarization is corresponding to higher energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the effects of sodium pyruvate (SP) on metabolic acidosis.Methods: For thein vivoexperiments, we evaluated effects of SP on an ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)-induced hyperchloremic acidosis rat model. SP was infused at overall doses of 2, 4, and 6 mmol·kg− 1for the SP1, SP2, and SP3groups, respectively. Treatment with sodium bicarbonate (SB) was used as a positive control (2 mmol·kg− 1), and treatment with normal saline (NS) was used as a volume control (2 mL·kg− 1). Blood was sampled from the ophthalmic venous plexus for pH, blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, creatinine (Cr), and urea analysis after injection. For thein vitroexperiment, propionate was applied to induce intracellular acidosis in human endothelial cells. Intracellular pH (pHi) was fluorimetrically measured after the addition of SP.Results: In thein vivostudy, the pH of SP1group showed no significant difference compared with that of the NS group. The SP2and SP3groups had a higher pH than the NS group (P< 0.01). The SP3group had a higher pH than the SB group (P< 0.05) and SP1group (P< 0.05). Moreover, SP treatment ameliorated the abnormality of calcium and decreased the blood potassium levels. The SP3group had higher glucose levels than SP1group (P< 0.05). No significant differences were observed between all the groups in the plasma Cr and urea levels. In thein vitrostudy, the pHi increased immediately after the addition of SP.Conclusion: The data suggest that intravascular treatment with SP represents a novel therapeutic strategy to ameliorate metabolic acidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Development of personal glucose meters (PGMs) for blood glucose monitoring and management by the diabetic patients has been a long history since its first invention in 1968 and commercial application in 1975. The main reasons for its wide acceptance and popularity can be attributed mainly to the easy operation, test-to-result model, low cost, and small volume of sample required for blood glucose concentration test. During past decades, advances in analytical techniques have repurposed the use of PGMs into a general point-of-care testing platform for a variety of non-glucose targets, especially the food hazards. In this review, we summarized the recent published research using PGMs to detect the food safety hazards of mycotoxins, illegal additives, pathogen bacteria, and pesticide and veterinary drug residues detection with PGMs. The progress on PGM-based detection achieved in food safety have been carefully compared and analyzed. Furthermore, the current bottlenecks and challenges for practical applications of PGM for hazards detection in food safety have also been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, scholars have started to investigate how the valence of user comments presented alongside online videos influences viewers' experiences of and responses to those videos. The present experiment adds to this literature by investigating the role of user comments that accompany an online political satire video in particular. Moreover, it advances our knowledge of the effect of comments by investigating firstly how user comments shape viewers' experiences of political satire and, secondly, how these experiences subsequently influence viewers' behavioral intentions. The results show that the valence of comments influences viewers' behavioral intentions and that this effect is mediated by viewers' subjective knowledge gain and their eudaimonic entertainment experiences in response to the political satire video. Although the valence of comments also affects political satire viewers' hedonic entertainment experiences, these specific entertainment experiences do not impact viewers' behavioral intentions. These results show that comments do not only shape viewers' experiences as they are watching political satire online, but they also have consequences for what viewers intent to do offline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study numerically investigates the effects of stratified temperature distributions on the end-gas combustion mode in a constant volume reactor. The initial temperature in the reactor was globally stratified with linear gradients. The effects of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) characteristics are addressed through a comparison between the results of a non-NTC fuel and an NTC fuel. The compressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved with detailed chemistry. The results show that the addition of large temperature gradients such as −10 or −5 K/cm can prevent the pressure wave development associated with end-gas autoignition, and the knocking intensity is significantly reduced. In contrast, small temperature gradients such as −1 K/cm lead to the generation of the developing detonation mode and thus to large knocking intensities. In the NTC fuel case, the knocking intensity becomes relatively large because the spatial gradient of the ignition delay time decreases even with the addition of large temperature gradients, especially in the NTC regime. Based on all the results, a correlation is presented between the initial temperature and the reaction front speed (the spatial gradient of the ignition delay time) for the prediction of end-gas combustion mode. The correlation suggests that the possibility of preventing large knocking intensities by temperature gradients is reduced under high-pressure conditions because of the increase in the reaction front speed. Consequently, this study suggests that very large temperature gradients would be required under high-pressure conditions to prevent large knocking intensities under the concept of thermal stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic fibrosis (CF) increases risk for mental health symptoms. This study evaluated patient and caregiver screening for anxiety and depression symptoms as related to pulmonary function (PF) and health-care utilization (HCU). Participants included adolescents, young adults (AYAs; N = 119) and their caregivers (N = 104). AYA depression symptoms correlated with number of hospitalizations (NOH; r = 0.194, p =.035) and length of stay (LOS; r = 0.198, p =.031). AYA LOS correlated with caregiver depression (r = 0.230, p =.019) and anxiety (r = 0.339, p <.001) symptoms. Caregiver anxiety symptoms (sr2 = 0.044), depression symptoms (sr2 = 0.039), and AYA PF (sr2 = 0.193) predicted HCU. Psychosocial screening and intervention are recommended for standard care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normative theory on the functioning of the public sphere requires citizens to actively engage with the information that is provided to them. For a long time, however, the possibilities of user-content interactivity have been limited due to the one-directionality of the traditional mass media. Moreover, a re-occurring question is to what extent less-versus-more entertaining forms of news evoke audience engagement. This study analyzes the user-content engagement on online platforms in response to journalistic content and infotainment; more concretely, we compare whether the satire genre is more likely to evoke user-content interactivity than regular news and partisan news shows. To test our hypotheses, a large-scale data analysis of social media posts by a wide variety of American TV shows on Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter has been conducted. Results demonstrate satire's potential to encourage user-content interactivity: Satire videos generated (a) more likes and (b) more comments than the clips of regular news. However, we also find that (c) satire videos are related to less controversy, which arguably indicates that satire hampers the exchange of diverse ideas. Compared to partisan news – which shares many features of satire, but often lacks the humor component – satire elicits more likes but less commentary and less controversy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on autoignition propagation modes were often performed based on constant-volume configuration. However, the reactant mixture in reciprocating engines always experiences significant variable volume and ever-changing thermodynamic conditions, which may affect autoignition initiation and subsequent development during knocking combustion. In this study, the autoignition reaction wave propagation induced by thermal stratifications was investigated numerically, with addressing the role of reciprocating piston motion and primary flame compression. Compression heating was considered to emulate the compression and expansion caused by reciprocating piston motion, and different combustion boundary conditions and fuel properties were performed to investigate the impact on autoignition propagation modes. The results of hydrogen cases show that similar to constant-volume configurations, various autoignition propagation modes (including thermal explosion, detonation, and deflagration) can be observed. However, the normalized temperature gradients demarcating different autoignition propagation modes change significantly under variable thermodynamic conditions of reciprocating engines. Such an influence can also be embodied in engine combustion phasing. It is found that the intense autoignition involving detonation development prefers to occurring around the Top Dead Center with higher chemical reactivity and energy density. Furthermore, similar studies were further carried out for isooctane and the significant influence from reciprocating piston motion is still observed. Besides, it is found that almost all the autoignition events induced by thermal stratifications develop into deflagration rather than detonation for isooctane. The underlying reasons can be elucidated through the detonation peninsular diagrams for different fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comedy can hold political actors accountable, for instance through satire. But what kind of moral negotiation concerns comedians? Utilizing an understanding of accountability as a dynamic of interaction between media actors and the values of their audience, this study explores the concept of comedy accountability, combining qualitative interviews with case study analysis. Five ethical values central to comedy accountability are proposed: truth-telling, freedom of speech, order and cohesion, human dignity and equality, and nonmaleficence. Results show the values to be highly present both in media commentary and in the claims of comedians, with an emphasis on freedom of speech and nonmaleficence for defenders of controversial comedy, and an emphasis on human dignity and equality and nonmaleficence for protesters of controversial comedy. The negotiation of these values happens predominantly within the market frame of accountability, with defenders also using legal-regulatory and professional responsibility arguments while protesters use public responsibility arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the high-choice media landscape, satire has the potential to help news and politics break through information apathy barriers and reinvigorate democratic debate. While scholarly attention to the genre of satire has increased, interest in satirists themselves has been sparse. Using a theory of non-deliberative forms of public discourse and the idea of role conceptions, this study presents an analysis of interviews with Swedish satirists working in broadcasting media. Results showed that being Eye-openers and Questioners – meaning providing alternative perspectives and problematizing societal norms – were the primary contributions of satire, according to satirists. There were differing roles to take on when it came to social bonding and solidarity: Unifier, where the aim was to be bridge-building in a polarized debate, and Divider, where the main focus was to inspire critical thinking and foster independence from consensus. The role elements Reporter, Explainer and Solver were also introduced and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the recursive parameter estimation problem of the exponential autoregressive (ExpAR) model. Applying the Newton search and multi-innovation theory, a multi-innovation Newton recursive algorithm is presented for identifying the ExpAR model. In order to improve the computational efficiency, the hierarchical identification principle is employed to decompose an ExpAR model into two sub-models, and to derive a hierarchical multi-innovation Newton recursive algorithm. A simulation example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bio-organic fertiliser (BOF) fortified by Bacillus cereus was used as a biocontrol method to reduce tobacco bacterial wilt disease and improve soil quality. The effects of BOF application on the control of tobacco bacterial wilt disease were compared against conventional fertiliser (CF) and improved fertiliser (IF). Further, comparisons of soil physiochemical and microbiological differences were conducted. BOF was the most effective treatment in controlling tobacco bacterial wilt disease, with a control percentage of 31.43% after 95 d of tobacco transplantation. After BOF treatment, the contents of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and organic matter in rhizosphere soils were all significantly higher than in those of the CF and IF treatments, while available potassium content and soil pH were lower. The BOF treatment significantly promoted the growth of cultivable bacterial populations in the soil compared to the other two treatments, with increases in cells of 178.19% compared against the CF treatment soils. The BOF and IF treatments also significantly promoted the diversity of soil bacteria during the rapid-growth stage compared against the CF treatment. Thus these results suggest that BOF treatment can improve the ecological stability of soils and help mitigate tobacco bacterial wilt disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been a popular theory in English, Japanese, and Chinese scholarship that a "victory of Confucianism" occurred during the Han dynasty. Some members of these academic communities challenge this theory. However, it has long been overlooked that they do so by adopting different terminology and research frameworks. English scholarship uses the expression "victory/triumph of Confucianism" to refer to the dominance or growth of Confucianism during that period, while the Japanese use "the establishment of Confucian doctrine/religion as the state doctrine/religion" (jukyo kokkyoka 儒教國教化) and the Chinese use "dismissing the hundred schools and revering only the Confucian arts" (ba chu bai jia du zun ru shu 罷黜百家, 獨尊儒術). The expressions, as the current issue illustrates, exemplify three different ways of studying the history of Han Confucianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct bandgap semiconductors are very essential to fulfil the demand for the advancement in optoelectronic devices. Therefore it is important to predict new potential candidates having such unique features. In current work, Sr3X2 (X=N, P, As, Sb and Bi) compounds have been reported for the first time by well trusted FP-APW+lo method. For the better prediction of the energy band gap, mBJ is used alongwith routine generalised gradient approximation (GGA). The results show small and direct energy band gaps at Γ-Γ symmetry points with magnitude in the range from 0.62 eV (Sr3P2) to zero energy band gap (Sr3Bi2). In partial density of state Sr-d state and X-p state are contributed in the band structure. The compounds show mostly covalent bonding nature. The frequecy dependent optical properties in the linear optical range are also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of state-space models of bilinear systems is studied in this paper. The parameters to be identified of the considered system are coupled with the unknown states, which makes the identification problem more difficult than that of the linear state-space model. For the coupled variables, this paper introduces the interaction estimation theory to study an on-line algorithm for joint state-parameter estimation. To be more specific, a state observer in the bilinear form is established by minimising the state estimation error covariance matrix in the same way of a Kalman filter on the condition that the parameters are known. Then, a bilinear state observer based recursive least squares algorithm is developed using the least squares method. Moreover, for the purpose of improving the computational efficiency, a bilinear state observer based two-stage recursive least squares algorithm and a bilinear state observer based multi-stage recursive least squares algorithm are proposed by decomposing the system into several subsystems based on the hierarchical identification. Finally, a numerical simulation is employed to show the specific performance of the proposed approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Shenqi FuZheng injection (SFI) has been suggested as a complementary treatment of chemotherapy in China. However, little is known about it in western countries. Objective: This study assesses the clinical effect of SFI combined with chemotherapy for breast cancer patients. Materials and methods: Both English and Chinese databases were searched covering the time period of 1999– 2018 for relevant studies comparing the effect of SFI plus chemotherapy treatment with chemotherapy alone in patients with breast cancer. Target outcomes concerning treatment effect, performance status, immune system and toxic effects were extracted and combined using Stata version 15.0 software. Quality assessment was performed using the Jadad scale. Results: Forty-nine trials were included based on certain selection criteria. Only seven studies were rated as high-quality publications. Results of meta-analysis showed that SFI intervention can significantly improve objective tumour response, performance status, NK, CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio and reduce occurrence of leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, haemoglobin reduction, liver dysfunction, gastrointestinal reaction, nausea and vomiting, bone marrow suppression and ECG changes. However, no significant difference was found between SFI and the control group regarding CD8+ levels, and renal disorders. Discussion and conclusions: SFI intervention appeared to be effective in improving clinical efficacy, immune function and reducing toxicity when combined with chemotherapy for breast cancer. However, our findings still need verification by high-quality trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil lead (Pb) pollution is wide spread in China. The Chinese government is taking ambitious actions to tackle the soil pollution issue, with the latest soil quality standards and the Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation Law enacted in 2018. This study assesses the spatio-temporal distribution, pollution levels, major sources and health risks of Pb in surface soils in China in the past three decades (1990–2017). Traffic emissions (mainly leaded gasoline), mining, smelting, and e-waste recycling were main contributors to soil Pb pollution and pose a risk to food security and human health. The weighted arithmetic mean of Pb concentrations was 35.9 ± 0.21 mg/kg. Southern China suffered from severer soil Pb pollution with hotspots of the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, Shaanxi and Hunan. The average soil Pb concentration increased marginally during 1990–2001 due to increased industrial and transportation activities; afterwards, it decreased by ∼30% during 2001–2013, reflecting the effectiveness of the ban on leaded gasoline in 2000. However, there was a slight increase in recent years. Therefore, it is critical to establish a comprehensive evaluation and monitoring system, strengthen pollution source control, properly manage the environmental and health risks at severely contaminated sites, and conduct green and sustainable remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the parameter estimation issues of a special class of nonlinear systems (i.e. bilinear-in-parameter systems) utilising the measurement input-output data. The estimation idea is based on the data filtering technique and the over-parameterisation method to represent the system as a linearly parameterised form. Then, by means of the filtered model and the noise model, a filtering based over-parameterisation generalised extended gradient iterative (F-O-GEGI) algorithm is developed for estimating all the parameters. For purpose of improving the precision of parameter estimation, a filtering based over-parameterisation generalised extended least squares iterative (F-O-GELSI) algorithm is derived by formulating and minimising two separate criterion functions. By these foundations, the F-O-GEGI algorithm and the F-O-GELSI algorithm with finite measurement data are presented. The simulation example is provided to test and compare the presented approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good port data management system can undoubtedly improve a port's operations. This, in turn, affects the economic development of the port city or region. Given the fast-changing global environment, forecasting the container throughput of a port is of vital importance. There are many existing time series forecasting methods, which can be used to forecast a port's container throughput. However, there is limited research comparing the performance of different commonly employed methods on the same time series. This study attempts to bridge this gap. This paper first presents several time series forecasting methods, including machine learning-based methods such as Support Vector Regression. Next, these forecasting methods are employed to forecast the port's container throughput using the same set of historical secondary data. Finally, a comparison is made and discussed. Six time series methods were employed for forecasting a port's container throughput and their performances were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible and medicinal mushrooms have usually been considered as a sustainable source of unique bioactive metabolites, which are valued as promising provisions for human health. Antrodia cinnamomea is a unique edible and medicinal fungus widespread in Taiwan, which has attracted much attention in recent years for its high value in both scientific research and commercial applications owing to its potent therapeutic effects, especially for its hepatic protection and anticancer activity. Due to the scarcity of the fruiting bodies, the cultivation of A. cinnamomea by submerged fermentation appears to be a promising substitute which possesses some unique advantages, such as short culture time period and its high feasibility for scale-up production. However, the amount of fungal bioactive metabolites derived from the cultured mycelia of A. cinnamomea grown by submerged fermentation is much less than those obtained from the wild fruiting bodies. Hence, there is an urgent need to bridge such a discrepancy on bioactive metabolites between the wild fruiting bodies and the cultured mycelia. The objective of this article is to review recent advances and the future development of the mycelial submerged fermentation of A. cinnamomea in terms of enhancement for the production of fungal bioactive components by the optimization of culture conditions and the regulation of fungal metabolism. This review provides valuable information for further biotechnological applications of A. cinnamomea as well as other mushrooms being the source of bioactive ingredients by submerged fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For multivariable equation-error systems with an autoregressive moving average noise, this paper applies the decomposition technique to transform a multivariable model into several identification sub-models based on the number of the system outputs, and derives a data filtering and maximum likelihood-based recursive least-squares algorithm to reduce the computation complexity and improve the parameter estimation accuracy. A multivariable recursive generalised extended least-squares method and a filtering-based recursive extended least-squares method are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective and can produce more accurate parameter estimates than the compared methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great urban transformations are diffusing across the global South, removing the original landscape of urban margins to make of them a new urban frontier. These processes raise questions of both validity and legitimacy for ethnographic practice, requiring critical reflection on both spatiality and method in fieldwork at the urban margins. This paper draws on fieldwork experience in Beijing’s green belts, which could also be labelled the city’s urban margin or frontier, to reflect on the space-time of encounter in the field. I aim to demonstrate how space foregrounds not only our bodily experiences but also ethnographic investigations of the daily life, and hence becomes amethod. Beijing’s green belts symbolise a historical–geographical conjuncture (amoment) emerging in its urban metamorphosis. Traditional endeavours (immanent in various spatial metaphors) to identify field sites as reified entities are invalidated over the course of the space-time encounter, requiring a relational spatial ontology to register such dynamics. The use in fieldwork ofDiDi Hitch, a mobile app for taxi-hailing and hitchhiking, reveals the spatiotemporal construction of self–other relations needing recognition via the dialectics of the encounter. In this relational framework, an encounter is never a priori but a negotiation of ahere and nowbetween different trajectories and stories as individuals are thrown together in socially constructed space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research comprises an analytical study of theGyrolift, a new type of robotic wheelchair mobility aid adapted from the Segway self-balancing human transporter, and suggests additional contributions to its development. TheGyroliftis equipped with an agility module that uses a verticalization system designed to assist users to reach a standing position. The verticalization system aids users with reduced mobility but with adequate control of their upper limbs to stand up from a seated position inside the stability constraints of the transporter. It allows users to safely maintain the standing position while moving to interact with the environment and access objects at elevated levels. The contribution of this research resides in an analysis of the stability performance of the verticalized self-balancing transporter system, through model-based design and the utilization of optimal control techniques. The control strategies developed could improve future designs of this type of self-balancing transporter system in terms of stability and enhanced disturbance rejection, thereby providing overall and reliable robustness. The results indicate that an alteration to the self-balancing transporter by integrating a verticalization chair will degrade theGyrolift’sstability margins. The results further reveal disturbances that may cause instability, and an enhanced actuating system to improve stability performance is thus proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common chronic microvascular diabetic complication. The presence of DR may indicate microcirculatory dysfunction in other organ systems besides visual morbidity. The objective of this study was to develop a simple diabetic retinopathy risk score to identify DR in Chinese overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and methods. A multicentre hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Guangdong Province between August 2011 and March 2012. The evaluated 2699 patients included 1263 males and 1436 females, with an average age of 59.4 ± 13.0 years. Results. The diabetic retinopathy risk score was conducted by age, duration of DM, history of antihypertensive drug treatment, and waist circumference. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for DR was 0.700 (95% CI 0.671-0.729). Comparing Youden's index of different values, the optimal cut-off point was 20 to predict DR. The odds ratio for one unit increase in the diabetic retinopathy risk score associated with the risk of DR was 1.104 (95% CI 1.089-1.120). Conclusions. Our data suggest that the diabetic retinopathy risk score could be a reliable primary screening tool for the presence of DR in Chinese overweight/obese patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review will give a brief introduction to the growth and characterization methods of both binary and ternary compounds, in particular those exhibiting one-dimensionality, of the family to orient the readers about the material system to be discussed. A section will deal with the size and shape selection in group III nitride nanomaterials with a stress on intriguing morphologies such as nanowires, nanotips, and nanobelts. Complex structures, such as hierarchical and core-shell structures, will be introduced. Optical, electrical, and mechanical property, such as hardness, will be discussed in a greater detail, distinguishing the bulk from the nano wherever possible. Available models of electrical conduction and photoconduction in nanomaterials and their dependence on the actual size of the objects will be presented and compared. Optical properties of ensemble and single nanostructures, wherever possible, will be addressed in detail. The section on application will focus mainly on the sensor applications, including chemical sensors, gas sensors, and biosensors, with a thrust on DNA sensing. Because popular applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field effect transistors (FETs) have already been reviewed extensively, only major contributions to this field—for example, nano-LEDs—will be discussed. Some recent advances in the group III-nitride materials family will be presented that will indicate future directions of research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of surfactants, whose major components are natural mixed carboxylates from the heels of vegetable oil and fats such as soybean oil, vegetable oil, animal oil, and tea oil etc., was developed. An orthogonal-test-design method was used to screen the alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding systems by measuring the transient interfacial tensions at the oil/aqueous interface, and the optimal formations were obtained. The results show that the oil recovery can be increased by 26.8% of the original oil in place (OOIP) using the core-flood experiment. The wastewater resulting from the production of SDC (natural mixed carboxylates) also has high surface activity, especially the wastewater of SDC-V, which was treated as SDC solution, and can increase the oil recovery ratio by 19.0% (OOIP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]