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This paper examines defense industrialization in three leading arms-producing states in Asia - India, Japan, and South Korea - and how their experiences compare to China's recent defense industrial developments. It argues that despite decades of considerable effort and investments in pursuit of a techno-nationalist self-arming strategy, these countries have experienced only modest success when it comes to achieving such self-reliance. Most regional defense industrial bases lack the necessary design skills and technological expertise in order to truly innovate, and at best these countries act as 'late innovators' when it comes to armaments production. The experiences of these countries have lessons for China as it attempts to move into the first tier of arms-producing states. China has over the past 15 years made significant progress in modernizing its defense technological and industrial base. At the same time, China faces the same long-term challenges that currently confront other regional arms industries - that is, making techno-nationalism work at the later stages of innovation. This is particularly critical as China's defense industry strives to move from a basically platform-centric to an increasingly network-centric technological-industrial process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid rise of competitive space activities within Asia, this study examines the prospects for increasing international cooperation. After discussing relevant conceptual issues, it surveys the space policies particularly of China, India, Japan, and South Korea and examines the skewed patterns of cooperation seen at the international, regional, and bilateral levels. It then analyzes the historical, technology, and political factors that have impeded, especially regional, space cooperation in Asia to date. The study concludes that expanded regional space cooperation is an unlikely near-term outcome, but the paper also argues that the risks entailed in the current situation are growing and that US policy initiatives could make a difference in helping to lead countries out of this dead-end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The administration of President Moon Jae-In introduced the Republic of Korea's 'New Southern Policy' (NSP-K) in 2017 to pursue a more diversified foreign policy by fostering stronger diplomatic and economic ties with Southeast Asia and India. However, the 2022 presidential election resulted in the victory of Yoon Suk-yeol and a shift in administration. President Yoon has expressed the need to deepen South Korea's engagement with ASEAN and India to reduce reliance on China and adopted a new 'Strategy for a free, peaceful, and prosperous Indo-Pacific region' built on the 'Global Pivotal State' (GPS) Initiative. This article provides a brief overview and assessment of South Korea's NSP-K under the Moon administration, examines its transition under the new Yoon administration, and analyses policy implications within the larger geopolitical context, especially concerning South Korea's ability to establish an independent agenda as a middle power amid growing Sino-American tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the patents of the first high cost and complex biopharmaceuticals have started to expire, biotechnology offers opportunities for developing countries to pursue an upgrading process by entering the sector as early imitators. In the case of biotechnology applied to the health sector, the characteristics of the innovation process and the specificity of the regulatory process for biopharmaceuticals raises new questions as to the learning path open to the developing countries that intend to build an industrial promotion strategy on the basis of early entry as imitators. Given those specific characteristics, it is worth asking how far creative imitation strategies could constitute an opportunity for late late industrializing countries to undertake rapid industrial upgrading processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uncovers the complex inter-relations among natural environmental quality as nature-based solutions (NBS), emotional well-being, mental health, and life satisfaction in state park travelers' behavioral intention formation. This research also explores the moderating influence of national culture. A quantitative approach was made by using the data collected from three distinct cultures (India, the United States, and Korea). The proposed theoretical framework contained a sufficient prediction power for intention. A vital role of study variables in life satisfaction and intention generation was evident. National culture moderates the relationship among constructs in India and Korea but not in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on economic growth and economic development models in Latin America. It states that Latin American governments have used three different economic development models in the 20th Century: the Ricardian comparative advantage model, the import substitution industrialization model, and trade liberalization. It comments on problems with trade liberalization and its negative effects on economic recovery in many Latin American countries. It examines long-run economic growth patterns in Latin Americans between 1960 and 2006 and compares it to Asian economies in China, India, and South Korea which did not use the Washington Consensus framework.

The aim of the current study was to examine the social representation (SR) of hearing aids in people with hearing loss (PHL) in India, the Republic of Korea (ROK), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (US). The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The data collected by using a free association task were analysed qualitatively (i.e. content analysis) and quantitatively (i.e. chi-square analysis, similarities analysis, prototypical analysis). 424 participants with hearing loss The most commonly reported categories across all countries were "beneficial," "cost and time," and "appearance and design." Approximately 50% of the associations reported were negative. There were variations in terms of the categories that were predominant in the SR of each country. "Others actions and attitude" category was predominantly reported by PHL in India. "Disturbance" and "dissatisfaction" of hearing aids and the "repairs and maintenance of hearing aids" categories were mainly reported from the ROK and the US, respectively. The current results highlight the main aspects that PHL report spontaneously when they think about hearing aids. The findings will help to further inform public health campaigns and will contribute to develop culturally appropriate media materials regarding hearing aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Road crashes are considered as the eighth leading causes of death. There is a wide disparity in crash severity and law enforcement efficiency among low-, medium-, and high-income countries. It would be helpful to review the crash severity trends in these countries, identify the vulnerable road users, and understand the law enforcement effectiveness in devising efficient road safety improvement strategies.Method: The crash severity, fatality rate among various age groups, and law enforcement strategies of 10 countries representing low-income (i.e., India and Morocco), medium-income (i.e. Argentina, South Korea, and Greece), and high-income (i.e., Australia, Canada, France, the UK, and the United States) are studied and compared for a period of 5 years (i.e., 2008 to 2012). The critical parameters affecting road safety are identified and correlated with education, culture, and basic compliance with traffic safety laws. In the process, possible road safety improvement strategies are identified for low-income countries.Results: The number of registered vehicles shows an increasing trend for low-income countries as do the crash rate and crash severity. Compliance related to seat belt and helmet laws is high in high-income countries. In addition, recent seat belt- and helmet-related safety programs in middle-income countries helped to curb fatalities. Noncompliance with safety laws in low-income countries is attributed to education, culture, and inefficient law enforcement.Conclusion: Efficient law enforcement and effective safety education taking into account cultural diversity are the key aspects to reduce traffic-related injuries and fatalities in low-income countries like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing a conventional production function, this study advances theoretical and empirical research on the role of economic reforms and human capital on the post-reform economic growth. We construct two unique indices - a composite economic reform index and a human capital index - to perform a comparative analysis of a panel data model and to demonstrate that human capital and economic reforms have had a significant positive effect on economic growth in India and South Korea in the post-reform period. This positive effect is revealed in both contemporaneous and lagged estimations. The impact of reforms is found to be much stronger in South Korea than in India. This study also demonstrates the importance of time-invariant country-specific characteristics, and suggests that policies aimed to improve human capital accumulation have complementary effects on the efficacy of economic reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the subprime-induced financial crisis broke out in the U.S. housing sector in the summer of 2007 and mushroomed into a global financial crisis by September 2008, it was widely believed that the Asian economies, especially the 'big four'-Japan, China, South Korea, and India-would remain largely immune from the worst of the crisis. However, this assumption has proven to be false. All four countries have felt the negative impact of the financial contagion-albeit differently. Whereas China and India have been moderately impacted, Japan and South Korea have experienced heightened financial instability, sharp economic contraction, and a deep recession. What explains the big four's vulnerability to the crisis, and why have Japan and South Korea been affected more negatively than China and India? How have the four countries responded to the crisis, and what can they do to further insulate their economies from the vagaries of the global financial markets? In this article, the author addresses these interrelated issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the patterns of women's employment in four major Asian economies: China, India, Japan and South Korea. It illuminates how the heterogeneous characteristics of political regimes, institutional arrangements and societal values are manifested in the employment system and human resources of each country. It also reveals the varying cultural, social and institutional forces that prevail, despite similar outcomes of women's employment. The contribution adds to existing knowledge of women's employment through the comparison of four major Asian countries which remains under-explored. It also contributes to the theoretical debates of gender and employment by adopting an interdisciplinary analytical framework that incorporates socio-cultural, politico-economic and institutional perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses two research questions: whether interest in Asian communication has been growing over the past 20 years, and whether there is an increasing level of participation and growing contributions among Asian scholars in the field of communication. Using 23 communication journals in the SSCI database, we identify Asia-related journal article titles and count the number of authors of Asian origins. We find that both are clearly on the rise, especially in the fields of new media and public relations. China, Japan, and South Korea have the largest share of title references, followed by Israel, Taiwan, India, and Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare IT firms in two leading Asian countries in the IT industry, South Korea and India, to suggest how to leverage their human resource development (HRD) practices for continued growth. The IT industry in South Korea and India has shown fast growth and notable profits in a short time, but managing their human resources for their continued success is challenging. The research questions in this study were: What HRD practices in the IT industry have supported South Korea's and India's development within a short period of time? How do these HRD practices in the IT industry compare between India and South Korea? Using content and case analysis approaches, this study identified HRD practices in the IT industry in South Korea and India. Findings included four emergent themes: different levels of globalization; talent development; employee turnover issues; and challenges that their IT firms face. Recommendations and limitations of the study were provided for practice and future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of public relations in three dominant Asian cultures namely India, Japan and South Korea. In analyzing the public relations the authors described two types of metaresearch, arguing that "every communication researcher must do meta-research even though none of them is given any formal training in how to do it." Next, the authors review the literature in these three areas pertinent to this study. First, because they use the concept of culture and report on its impact on public relations in the three countries studied here, they review literature in the area of societal and corporate culture. Then, because they have used J. E. Grunig's models of public relations as the theoretical foundation for evaluating how public relations is practiced in the three countries, they briefly review literature on this widely written topic. Having identified the factors that cause the cultures of a society, it is important to understand how societal culture is manifested.

The article offers information on the implications of the Persian Gulf War for regional powers, which are nations allied to or hostile to, or having mixed relations with the United States. Other regional powers include India, Israel, Cuba, South Korea, and the states belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is posed that the Gulf War represented foreign perceptions of the United States. Moreover, it is observed that the essential element to the U. S. power position was not simply the military capability shown in the Operation Desert Storm, but rather the country's ability to act as integrator of various nations and policies.