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Utilizing the analogy of violence to a volcano, with its seething preconditions that ultimately lead to an eruption, this paper applies negotiated order theory to an analysis of violent outbreaks in 1992-93 in Los Angeles and numerous German cities but not in Chicago, New York, or Dresden. Such theoretical considerations as assumptions, perceptions, power relationships, social structure, communication, and interaction strategies emerge as pertinent considerations. Despite different cultures and histories, similar patterns in Germany and the United States are found, suggesting one possible means of proactive steps to prevent violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the combination of architecture and art as a broader product. The author suggests the replacement of architectural utilitarian design with what the author labels "artistic infrastructure." The philosophy and work of artist Yona Friedman regarding the nature of ethics in artistic design and the reaction of the client is described. Several case exhibitions in Germany, France, and California are given.