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Functional nanocomposites have garnered considerable attention due to their ability to exhibit multifunctional properties and achieve exceptional performance. This current paper aims to analyze the individual and combined effects of magnetite (Fe3O4) and Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of a blend consisting Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) which is made up of Natural rubber (NR) and Polyaniline (PANi). Both nanocomposites were fabricated via melt blending method using an internal mixer, followed by compression via hot/cold pressing. The incorporation of Fe3O4 was observed to consistently enhance the flexural and impact properties compared to GNP-based nanocomposites. Notably, the nanocomposites filled with 6 wt% Fe3O4 displayed the highest flexural strength (2.1 MPa), flexural modulus (31.1 MPa), and impact strength (4.4 kJ/m2). Results from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated a significant improvement in thermal stability within the nanocomposites. The introduction of nanoparticles led to a delay in decomposition and melting processes. The hybridization of Fe3O4 and GNP proved effective in synergistically enhancing both mechanical performance and thermal stability. At optimum content, scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed a uniform dispersion of Fe3O4/GNPs within the TPE-PANi blend, accompanied by strong interactions between the components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the synergistic effects of alginate@montmorillonite (Alg@Mt) hybrid microcapsules for enhancing water purification, focusing on improving the encapsulation of hydrophobic contaminants. Alg@Mt microcapsules were prepared through ionotropic gelation. Characterisation was performed using SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), and release behaviour were also examined. Alg@Mt microcapsules effectively removed phenol and its chlorinated derivatives from water. Incorporating Na-Mt improved structural and thermal properties, EE, and LC. Increasing the clay content to 60% (w/w) raised the EE of phenol and its more hydrophobic derivative, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, from 39.74 ± 3.1% (w/w) and 63.91 ± 2% (w/w) to 60.56 ± 1.6% (w/w) and 82.28 ± 2.3% (w/w), respectively, with more controlled release rates, following Fickian diffusion mechanism. EE increased with phenolic substances hydrophobicity, while LC and release rates were inversely related. This approach is promising for removing hydrophobic contaminants from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The milling plays a crucial role in producing polished rice grains suitable for daily consumption. By using VOSviewer software, 522 articles on rice milling retrieved from the Web of Science database were analyzed to understand the changes in research hotspots. A novel computer simulation technology based on the discrete element method (DEM) can be utilized to simulate rice's motion state during milling. This technology can improve the parameters and configuration of rice milling machines. Furthermore, the integration of machine vision technology and near-infrared analysis enables more accurate classification of rice milling. Any form or degree of milling will bring a reduction in nutrient content. Moreover, changes occur in the proportion of starch, particle size, and structure, which in turn affect the thermal properties, pasting properties, and in vitro digestion of rice. These factors need to be taken into consideration when assessing the quality of milled rice. To improve milled rice quality, future research can focus on: (1) optimizing rice milling equipment and technology, (2) strengthening rice nutrition fortification to alleviate the loss caused by milling, (3) exploring the relationship between the degree of milling and rice composition to balance rice's health benefits and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental inverse approach to simultaneously estimate the temperature-dependent thermal properties of AISI 316 stainless steel. The heat flux conducted to the sample was corrected by using a transducer, evaluating contact resistance at microscopic level, and performing experiments under vacuum. Estimates were severely biased when heat flux correction was not applied. Metaheuristics were used to enlarge the search space, which can cover the thermal properties of all known metallic materials, thereby taking advantage of better thermal modeling adequacy. The estimation reliability was shown by comparison with literature data, statistical significance, uncertainty analysis, and inverse heat flux retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the shear strength and thermal properties of the adhesively bonded joints were investigated of adhesives reinforced with nanoparticles using carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials. The diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA) was used as the epoxy resin. Single lap joint tests of 1% wt. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and 3, 5, and 7% wt. silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticle-reinforced mixed adhesives were performed according to ASTM D5868 standards. The shear strengths of the mixed adhesives obtained by mixing at different ratios were compared with the epoxy resin. Upon conducting an analysis of the shear strengths of nanomaterials, results indicate that the incorporation of 1CNT + 3SiO2 in the nanomaterials showed the greatest improvement, with a 46% increase in shear strength. 1CNT + 5SiO2, 1CNT, and 1CNT + 7SiO2 showed increases of 32%, 14%, and 5%, respectively. The results of a tensile test indicate that pure epoxy exhibited a tensile strength of 5953 N, 1CNT, and 3SiO2, while the epoxy composite demonstrated a significantly higher tensile strength of 8738 N, along with an elongation of 0.72 mm. In addition, the morphology of fractured surfaces was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To investigate damage mechanisms, such as bridging, crack blunting, and branching of nanoparticles were observed. Characterization of epoxy resin and mixed MWCNT + SiO2 nanoparticles reinforced adhesives were also performed using Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Nanoparticles are settled between polymer chains, improving polymer chains' motion and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPolyolefin elastomers are typically copolymers of ethylene with 1-butene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene. Other types of comonomers have not been widely applied industrially. The cost of 1-heptene obtained from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is only half that of 1-octene, making it a viable economical substitute. This work utilized 1-heptene from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and 1-octene from ethylene oligomerization as research subjects. Eight metallocene POEs based on 1-heptene and 1-octene were synthesized using Me2Si(C5Me4)(NtBu)]TiCl2 (Ti-CGC) catalyst. The copolymers’ molecular structures and physical properties were characterized using HT-GPC, Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (TREF),13C-NMR, DSC, Melt Index (MI), and Tensile tests. Compared to 1-heptene, 1-octene more effectively reduces the melting point and crystallinity, while 1-heptene’s stronger comonomer insertion capability facilitates the production of copolymers with higher comonomer content. Similar ternary sequence distributions and molecular dynamics indicate that ethylene/1-heptene and ethylene/1-octene copolymers possess comparable chain microstructures. Both ethylene/1-heptene copolymers and ethylene/1-octene copolymers exhibit excellent toughness and mechanical properties. Although the activity and insertion capacity of ethylene and 1-heptene decrease at low comonomer concentrations, they significantly improve at higher comonomer concentrations. Thus, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of metallocene ethylene/1-heptene copolymers can effectively reduce raw material costs and be a cost-effective alternative to ethylene/1-octene copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFunctionally graded design transforms polymer composites without altering their properties. These composites change only the surface exposed to severe temperatures, leaving the rest unchanged. This study analyses ceramic additions’ effects on polymer thermal stability and crystallinity. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) examined viscoelastic behaviour and thermogravimetric stability. Alumina, silicon carbide, and hafnium carbide ceramic powders increase thermal stability. DMA examined how ceramic additives affected composite viscoelasticity. The functionally graded design barely affects ceramic adhesive thermal properties. The ceramic adhesive remained stable at 800 °C with only 6% weight loss, while the other two disintegrated before 600 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronsized spherical CL-20/RDX composites with uniform size were prepared by an electrospray method. After preparation, the morphology, crystal structure, thermal decomposition property, explosion performance and mechanical sensitivity were characterized. Different structures existed in the CL-20/RDX composites with different molar ratios. The CR11e composites had the lowest apparent activation energy and the lowest critical temperature of thermal explosion. The explosion pressure and mechanical sensitivity of CL-20/RDX composites were lower than that of raw CL-20 and decreased with increasing RDX content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of the best properties of Polycarbonate (PC) and Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) has resulted in the development of commercially available PC/ABS blends that have been found to be useful in many molding applications. PC has excellent mechanical and optical properties, but predominant use of bisphenol A in PC synthesis raises concerns regarding its potential environmental harm. In this study, we have studied the alternative for the PC/ABS blend by replacing PC with the bio-based PC and ABS with the Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA). A blend of bio-based PC and ASA was prepared by the melt blending techniques and investigated mechanical, thermal, and degradation (hydrolytic and soil burial degradation) properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation and characterization of composite materials composed of polypropylene (PP) as the base mixed with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) at various weight percentages (0.5, 1.5, and 3 wt.%) using a melt extrusion method operated at a temperature between 190 °C and 200 °C is described. The impact of the addition of the HNT filler on the PP nanocomposites was investigated based on the thermal and mechanical properties. The thermal characterization was conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Significant increases in the rheological properties were observed with the addition of a high content of HNTs. The water absorption decreased with increasing HNT. The SEM micrographs showed that the HNT fillers were homogeneously dispersed throughout the entire PP matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe donor-acceptor (D-A) strategy has proven to be one of the most effective methods for tuning the band gaps, absorption characteristics, and optoelectronic properties in conjugated polymers. Two novel D-A conjugated polymers, PDBSTPD-1T and PDBSTPD-2T, were synthesized using dibenzosilole (DBS) and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) as the building blocks. These polymers were linked through either a single thiophene or two thiophene rings as π-bridges and were copolymerized using a Suzuki coupling reaction. The effect of the incorporation of the different π-bridges on the electrical/optical properties of the prepared copolymers was also investigated. The synthesized polymers, PDBSTPD-1T and PDBSTPD-2T, were soluble in organic solvents and demonstrated high molar mass along with excellent thermal stability. The conjugation of the electron-accepting TPD unit with the electron-donating DBS unit produced relatively deep HOMO levels, which were fine-tuned to be −5.44 and −5.36 eV via the addition of the different π-bridges. PDBSTPD-1T and PDBSTPD-2T displayed absorption wavelengths between 350 and 650 nm with high Egopt of 2.01 and 1.97 eV, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis presented several diffraction peaks, and the π-π stacking distances of PDBSTPD-1T and PDBSTPD-2T were 3.45 and 3.65°A, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the practical applications of biochar as an innovative and sustainable conductive filler in composite materials. Utilizing the conventional melt-blending method, we prepared conductive pinewood biochar-filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) composites and systematically examined their electrical, mechanical, rheological and thermal properties. Our results reveal a significant enhancement of electrical and mechanical properties upon the inclusion of conductive pinewood biochar in the PLA/PBAT matrix. With the addition of 10 wt% of conductive pinewood biochar, the average surface resistivity of the composites decreased by three orders of magnitude, measuring $4.86 \times {10^{10}}{\rm{\Omega }}/{\rm{sq}}$4.86×1010Ω/sq, which meets the antistatic requirements for polymer composites. Additionally, the average tensile strength of the biochar filler composites improved by 53% with an addition of just 1 wt% of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study presents a pore network (PN) model with transient heat transfer and quasi-steady transitional vapor transport that is for the first time applied to irregular porous structures that are obtained by reconstruction of X-ray tomography image data. In contrast to previous studies, the irregular pores are not approximated by spheres but implemented in their original shape. Secondly, instead of assuming cylindrical throats as pore connections, the actual distance between pore centers as well as the pore cross sections are used for the computation of the vapor transport coefficient. The control volume elements of the computational model are matched with the cells obtained by Voronoi tessellation. The improvements have clear advantages over former approaches where the reconstructed void space is usually strongly simplified by balls and sticks confined in a regular lattice structure. A freeze-dried sample of maltodextrin DE12 with 20% (w/w) solid content is used for benchmarking the new methodology. Its morphological and thermal properties are determined by the novel PN model. The simulation results of primary freeze-drying (FD) are compared to reference cases in two ways. First, the differences in heat and mass transfer kinetics as compared to regular PNs are emphasized. Secondly, the PN simulation results are confronted with a simple literature model that neglects pore size distribution (PSD) and transient heat transfer. It is shown that already in small domains with relatively narrow PSD, the variation of the mass transfer coefficient affects the computed sublimation fluxes and yields a significant deviation from the simpler literature model. Moreover, it is revealed in this study that the structure has a significant impact on the sublimation front temperature. This is demonstrated by the comparison of FD in the irregular PN to a regular PN with almost identical PSD but different porosity. The development, verification, and benchmarking of the new PN model can be seen as an important step for studies of the structure dependence of FD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Sapozhnikov plastometer is equipment that is commonly used, particularly in Asia, for measuring the contraction of the coal bed as well as the plastic layer thickness during the coking process. The relationship between the Sapozhnikov contraction X and the maximum plastic layer thickness Y values and other thermal rheology testing techniques is not fully understood. It leads to difficulties in the interpretation of data using different thermal rheology properties measurement techniques. In this work, a series of coal samples were analyzed in parallel using the automatic Sapozhnikov plastometer, the Gieseler plastometer, and the Ruhr dilatometer. The measurement results were compared to assist in the interpretation of data generated using different coal thermal rheology property measurement techniques. The Sapozhnikov X results are found not comparable due to the difference in sample particle size and testing conditions for component coals with the wide range of maximum mean reflectance (Ro), but a significant linear correlation on the contraction/expansion behavior between Sapozhnikov and Ruhr dilatation test is observed for experimental coal blends Ro between 1.00 and 1.20. Sapozhnikov Y results are linearly related to the melting range from both the Gieseler plastometer and the Ruhr dilatometer for all the experimental single coals and coal blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An embedded-atom method (EAM) potential for the Pd–Ba alloy system has been developed in order to forward computational research in this alloying system as there is no EAM potential available for this alloy system. The force-matching method has been implemented to develop the EAM potential first, and then, optimisation to converged density-functional theory (DFT) data sets has been done to generate the accurate and reliable potential for the Pd–Ba alloy system. Some physical, elastic and thermal properties of BaPd2 crystal have been calculated through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using the developed EAM potential and then verified these properties with the help of DFT analysis in order to examine the performance of the potential. The presence of some even peaks of BaPd2 in virtual XRD spectra using MD simulation has been justified by DFT analysis. Slight deviations in melting points calculation at different compositions of the Pd–Ba alloy system have been observed. Higher Ba–Pd interaction using radial distribution characteristics and slower kinetics for inter-diffusion through diffusional characteristics study of BaPd2 have been reported using MD simulation with the developed EAM potential. In spite of some discrepancies due to deficiency in the potential, a closer agreement between MD and DFT analysis has been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we propose a sensing scheme based on an all-dielectric metamaterial with the smooth reflection and transmission spectral lines in 10-60THz, and verify the applications of the measuring the resonance characteristics of Xuan paper samples. The reflection and thermal conductivity of Xuan paper samples enhance with the concentration of alum water increasing and weaken due to the thickness increasing. These results provide a solid foundation for this metamaterials in measuring the reflective and thermal resonance properties of Xuan paper samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper large deformation of the skew microplate made of laminated composite enhanced with graphene nanosheets is investigated using first shear deformation theory (FSDT) when the plate undergoes combination of mechanical and thermal loads. Halpin-Tsai model is utilised to model mechanical properties while for thermal properties Schapery model is considered. First, shear deformation of the plate was obtained while using Green-Lagrange tensor the non-linear strain of the microplate is extracted using the von-Karman assumptions. Then, by Modified Coupled Stress Theory (MCSD), the components of Cauchy and Couple stress tensors are specified. Finally, using Hamilton Principle the governing equation of the microplate and boundary conditions are computed. After deriving analytical governmental equation results are presented for the simple support boundary condition and the proposed model is validated by previously reported data and it proves to be promising. Primary results showed that with raising skew angle deflection and bending moment decreases which means microplate becomes more rigid in higher skew angles. Higher mechanical loads lead to higher deflections and bending moments. Four different configurations of the layers were analysed from which angle-ply configuration possessed highest deflection and bending while UD configuration revealed the lowest values of deflection and bending moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-layered graphene and graphene oxide have been used as reinforcements in nanodevices and nanocomposites due to their extraordinary mechanical and thermal properties. However, compared to graphene, graphene oxide has a lower Young's modulus and lower thermal conductivity. Nanodevices and nanocomposites based on multi-layered graphene and graphene oxide require different mechanical properties and thermal conductivity. This study employed molecular dynamics simulation to investigate 10 models of multi-layered graphene and graphene oxide (in the form of different layer arrangements) in single, double, and triple layers. The results showed that an increase in the number of graphene oxide layers leads to irregularities in the nanosheets, resulting in decreased thermal conductivity (by 64.4%) of the nanosheets decreases. Furthermore, the greater number of graphene layers in multi-layer nanosheets resulted in an increase in Young's modulus (by 79.3%) and tensile strength (by 73.7%). Moreover, the arrangement of graphene and graphene oxide is a crucial factor that can significantly impact the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the models. Moreover, an increase in temperature can lead to a decrease in Young's modulus of multilayered nanosheets. Increasing the number and size of graphene layers enhances both the ultimate tensile strength and the critical energy release rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prepregs are highly dependent on the resin, its chemical composition, and physical properties. Resin is the perishable part of prepreg materials and usually requires controlled storage, otherwise, its processability and properties may be affected. Oven curing prepregs are recognized to have longer life out of the freezer than those designed to cure in autoclave, and one of them, prepreg 2511, is the focus of this research. Prepreg 2511 has a formal out-time limit of 28 days at clean room environment (23°C/50% relative humidity), and 24 months shelf life, when frozen at −18°C, while common prepreg designed to be cured in autoclave, usually have 15 days of out-time and 12 months of shelf-life. It is known that the real shelf life and out time of epoxy-based materials tends to be longer than suppliers' recommendation. Aiming to assess 2511 performance after those 28 days of exposure to clean room ambient, during and after 24 months in freezer; the material was exposed to this environmental condition for more than 28 days and tested periodically using different methods, including, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography tack, among others. In resume, the goal of this research was to identify 2511 longest out life without losing its properties and which of the tests used during these experiments would be more sensitive to capture its aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The projected global population is expected to reach around 9.7 billion by 2050, indicating a greater demand for proteins in the human diet. Cereal bran proteins (CBPs) have been identified as high-quality proteins, with potential applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. In 2020, global cereal grain production was 2.1 billion metric tonnes, including wheat, rice, corn, millet, barley, and oats. Cereal bran, obtained through milling, made up 10–20% of total cereal grain production, varying by grain type and milling degree. In this article, the molecular composition and nutritional value of CBPs are summarized, and recent advances in their extraction and purification are discussed. The functional properties of CBPs are then reviewed, including their solubility, binding, emulsifying, foaming, gelling, and thermal properties. Finally, current challenges to the application of CBPs in foods are highlighted, such as the presence of antinutritional factors, low digestibility, and allergenicity, as well as potential strategies to improve the nutritional and functional properties by overcoming these challenges. CBPs exhibit nutritional and functional attributes that are similar to those of other widely used plant-based protein sources. Thus, CBPs have considerable potential for use as ingredients in food, pharmaceutical, and other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, artificial wildlife structures are used widely to enhance breeding habitat or provide shelter for a host of wildlife species. They are commonly used to enhance roosting habitat for tree-dwelling bats. A remnant population of Nationally Critical long-tailed bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) survives in South Canterbury, New Zealand, but optimal roosting habitat is rare and breeding success low. To enhance breeding habitat, 96 Schwegler bat boxes were deployed as artificial wildlife structures in trees in regenerating indigenous forest (n = 44) and farmland (n = 52) close to known, but poor quality, maternity roosts. Schwegler boxes have similar thermal properties to high quality natural roosts. Boxes were inspected five times over 12 years. Long-tailed bats, or their signs, were detected in 10% of boxes. In addition, a new population of geckos (Woodworthia ‘Southern Alps’) was detected (occupying 26% of boxes), South Island rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris chloris) nested in 35% of boxes and a range of invertebrates was detected, but not identified, except for Canterbury tree wētā (Hemideina femorata; 40% of the boxes). Most occupancies were in regenerating forest. While boxes were unsuccessful at attracting large numbers of long-tailed bats, use by other wildlife was unforeseen, suggesting a useful tool for sampling wildlife in arboreal habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis article proposes a kind of double concave double-arrow cell. The equivalent thermal expansion coefficient is obtained by using the geometric relation of deformation. The theoretical results agree well with the finite element results. The effect of material matching and geometry size on the equivalent thermal expansion coefficient is discussed. Based on the proposed two-material double-arrow cell, a two-material honeycomb structure is constructed. The thermal expansion coefficient, equivalent elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the structure under thermal load are numerically discussed. It is found that the thermal expansion coefficient of the structure increases with the increase of the thermal expansion coefficient of the material, and the thermal expansion coefficient of the up arrow has a greater effect on the thermal expansion performance of the structure than that of the down arrow. Compared with the single material honeycomb structure, the double-material concave honeycomb structure does not produce the deformation mode of surrounding diffusion, and its longitudinal expansion is smaller. It shows that zero expansion can be achieved by adjusting the material and geometric parameters, and this structure provides a new idea for the design of other zero expansion structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance mechanical, adhesive, and thermal properties of Room Temperature Vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber, a silicon-containing polyurethane/epoxy resin modifier (ESiPU) was developed. A three-phase system of polyurethane/epoxy resin/silicone rubber was prepared through blending, modification, and co-curing. FT-IR and 1H-NMR were employed to characterize the chemical structure of ESiPU. Microscopic analysis revealed improved compatibility between modified epoxy resin and silicone rubber. Mechanical testing showed significant enhancements in tensile strength, elongation at break, and adhesive strength, with RTV-20phr exhibiting increases of 236, 266, and 259%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated higher initial decomposition temperature compared to pure RTV. At the same time, the char residue at 800 °C increased to 8.67%. TG-IR analysis demonstrated ESiPU's ability to delay thermal degradation. Contact angle test confirmed improved hydrophobicity. Overall, the developed silicone rubber system exhibits promising mechanical and thermal properties, suggesting potential for aerospace heat protection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel diphenyl monomer, dimethyl 2,2'-(((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(4-acetyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))diacetate (EDPD), was synthesized from methyl 2-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)acetate (MAHA), a 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenonederivative, and combined with 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol or p-phenylenedimethanolto afford a series of biodegradable polyesters via melt polymerization. The polyesters were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyesters varied from 3.2–4.4 × 104 g/mol, the glass transition temperature (Tg) from 52 to 80 °C, and the 5% decomposition temperature (Td,5%) was in the 334–362 °C range. All the samples exhibited high yield strength (53–68 MPa) and elongation at break (230–330%) values, comparable with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), owing to their aromatic character. Degradability testing of the polyesters in soil yielded mass losses reaching up to 7% after 32 weeks. In ecotoxicity testing, earthworms had a survival rate of more than 80% after 14 d of incubation, indicating relatively low toxicity. Overall, the good thermal and mechanical properties, biodegradability and low ecotoxicity of the polyesters make them promising materials for packaging applications, in replacement for PET, thereby promoting carbon neutrality and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic epoxy resin (F51) was first reacted with silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (KH550) to form a silanized phenolic epoxy resin (SPER); then the SPER was copolymerized with methylphenyl silicone resin (MPS) to synthesize phenolic epoxy modified silicone copolymer (PEMSC). The chemical structure of the PEMSC was characterized by FT-IR. The results of tensile strength and shear strength measurements indicated that the successful introduction of F51 significantly improved the mechanical and adhesive properties of the PEMSC; compared with the PEMSC with 10 phr of F51 added, the tensile strength and shear strength of the PEMSC with 40 phr increased by 8.5 and 3.5 times respectively. The TGA and DTGA analysis showed that the initial thermal decomposition temperature and the residual weight of PEMSC at 800 °C decreased compared to MPS, but the temperature corresponding to the maximum thermal decomposition rate in the second stage increased. Qualitative analysis was conducted on the decomposition products of PEMSC using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the relative content of aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the decomposition products of PEMSC was 64.11%, and the relative content of cyclic trimers and higher cyclomers was 20.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pigeon pea has high nutritional value and for diversifying utilization of sustainable legume crop i.e pigeon pea, for making alternative products with high nutritional value is an utmost to provide nutrient-rich food to the proving population. The present work focused on a comparative assessment of three pigeon pea varieties namely PAU 881, AL 882, and AL 201. The whole pigeon pea was assessed for test weight, coefficient of internal/external friction, angle of repose, and the pigeon pea flour was assessed for moisture, crude fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates, mineral content, fatty acid profile, foaming capacity, emulsification activity, pasting properties, and thermal properties. Further, batter was prepared using pigeon pea flour and water in the ratio of 1:1.6 (w/v) and analyzed rheological behavior of standard frying coating batter. The results revealed that the pigeon pea varieties had significant differences in proximate composition and functional properties. The pasting properties of AL 201 pigeon pea variety were significantly lower than the other pigeon pea varieties. In particular, the PAU 881 pigeon pea variety exhibited a better nutritional quality including macro and micro minerals. Moreover, the rheological parameters of PAU 881 were found better than the other two, indicating its potential for the preparation of frying coating batter like chickpea flour. Since chickpeas are widely used as a coating batter in a variety of products, underutilized pulses like pigeon pea are being investigated to see what potential they may have. This study will pave the future way of research and provide holistic view of approach to develop technology and engineering mechanization for various food products development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFunctionalization of graphene nanosheet (GNS) is found to be useful for improving the thermal property of materials. However, the mechanism responsible for the enhancement is still open. In this article, molecular dynamic simulation is adopted to investigate the effects of four functionalized groups, including -COOH, -NH2, -OH, and -CH3, on the adsorption and thermal properties of GNS/paraffin (PA) composites. The results show that it forms a spherical structure after GNS absorbs in PA. The loading rate of the systems follows the order: GNS-COOH/PA > GNS-NH2/PA > GNS-OH/PA > GNS-CH3/PA > GNS/PA, which is determined by the adsorption free energy. Due to the functionalization, the latent heats of the composites undergo a significant change and the thermal conductivities are significantly enhanced. GNS-OH/PA exhibits the most substantial improvement with the latent heat increasing by 11.2% and the thermal conductivity increasing by 107.4% compared to GNS/PA. The study demonstrates the potential of these composites for energy storage applications, highlighting the improved performance through functionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFoldability capacity is now introduced as a novel nanofiller reinforcement production procedure using some operation to control the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties in the sport equipment. Application of this type of nanofillers in the curved structures like pole vault shell leads to a novel engineering and sport shell shape structures. This article is organized to suggest a vibration-based formulation for analysis of folded reinforced curved shell sport structure subjected to thermal and mechanical loading. Using computation of kinetic, strain and external energies, one can arrive the motion’s equations using the minimization of total energy and Hamilton’s principle. Using solution of the motion’s equations through an analytical approach, the parametric analysis is presented. The verified test is presented for confirmation of the solution and trend of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilayer hydrogels composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) and poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (P(AAc-co-AAm)) are commonly utilized as anisotropic hydrogels with temperature and pH sensitivity. Nonetheless, PNIPAm is known to possess poor mechanical properties, a slow thermal response, and brittleness, which greatly restricts its application for temperature sensitivity. In order to overcome these limitations, a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) structure was created by combining PNIPAm with sodium alginate. This structure effectively addressed the issue of PNIPAm's brittleness, increased its tensile stress, and improved its tensile strain. Notably, a porogen such as sodium carbonate was incorporated to increase the porosity of the thermo-sensitive layer hydrogel, resulting in a faster thermal response rate. The bilayer hydrogel obtained can be used as a bidirectional hydrogel driver with both temperature and pH sensitivity. Mechanical manipulation through temperature changes or pH shifts can cause significant deformation in the hydrogel, making it a promising material for soft actuator applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research identify the disturbances in a rotating two-dimensional nonhomogeneous, orthotropic thermoelastic solid half-space with gravity field in the context of Green and Lindsay (G-L) theory. A mechanical source is acting on the surface of the half-space. It is presumed that the mechanical and thermal properties are varying in the x-direction. With the application of normal mode analysis, different field variables are obtained in the physical domain. These field variables are also computed numerically with the help of MATLAB programming. Some collations are made to delineate the effects of anisotropy, non-homogeneity, gravity and rotation parameters on the physical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospraying is a versatile, high-efficiency method for synthesizing microcapsules (MCs) with many applications. In this study, a single and a coaxial nozzle were used to prepare poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) MCs. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the encapsulation technique (single electrospraying (SE) and coaxial electrospraying (CE)) on morphology, particle size, chemical interactions, thermal properties, encapsulation efficiency, and release behavior. Thus, two natural oils with an insect-repellence effect (citronella and eucalyptus) were encapsulated in PCL MCs by means of SE and by CE. Spectroscopy, thermal, and microscopy characterizations of the MCs were performed. Oil encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release studies were also made. Spherical MCs with a mean diameter of 7–10 µm were obtained. Characterization techniques showed the presence of citronella and eucalyptus in the MCs and the chemical interactions between the polymer and the oils. In addition, higher encapsulation efficiency was achieved by CE for both oils. For MCs obtained by SE, a higher mass of oil released was observed compared to the capsules obtained by CE. Two released mechanisms were obtained in the systems depending on the oil used. The possibility of using MCs with different characteristics allows greater versatility of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high specific stiffness materials are used to design the space payload components. These components should sustain the extreme environmental condition throughout their life cycle without failure. The prerequisites of future space missions need lightweight materials which must be mechanically strong and high thermal and electrically conductive. The Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are efficient filler material in composite or metal matrix to enhance greater electrical and thermal conductivity. The quality of the CNT nano composite relies upon several parameters like the types of CNTs, its purity, aspect ratio, amount of loading, alignment, and interfacial adhesion between the nanotube and polymer. The performance of the CNT-CFRP composite depends on the successful execution of the processing technique. This review paper intends to highlight the enhancement of the mechanical, thermal, electrical properties of the composite, and the challenges to achieving it. This review paper helps to optimise the process parameters to fabricate Space Payload Components, required to replace existing high-density Space Qualified Materials. This review paper should help optimize the process parameters to fabricate Space Payload Components, which can be excellent alternatives to the existing high-density Space Qualified Materials without making any compromise on the performance index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionally graded (FG) materials have shown excellent thermoelastic and creep performance, being considered as excellent materials for cylindrical shells subjected to thermo-mechanical loads. This review provides a detailed account of thermoelastic and creep properties of FG cylindrical shells. A review of governing equations on properties of FG materials as well as thermoelastic response of materials is provided. In depth analysis of the works carried out on the thermoelastic and creep performance of FG cylindrical under different thermal and mechanical loads (such as internal/external pressure, axial loading, etc.) is then conducted. Results obtained so far indicate the superior creep performance of FG cylindrical shells. Although many studies have been carried on thermoelastic response of FG cylindrical shells, their creep properties under different loading is yet to be extended and is a subject of interest for the future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone resins are widely used in various fields because of their excellent high thermal stability. To improve their comprehensive performances, many organic resins have been used for modification of silicone resins. In this article, silicone resins containing phthalonitrile groups were synthesized by the reaction of the silicone resin containing amino groups and 4-(2-oxiranylmethoxy)-1,2-benzenedicarbonitrile. The structures of phthalonitrile-modified silicone resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The curing process was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and FT-IR. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the cured modified silicone resins had good thermal stabilities. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that they owned high glass transition temperature, suggesting that silicone resins containing phthalonitrile groups have high-temperature resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern engineering applications use processes that submit materials to high-temperature gradients. However, the traditional experimentation methods applied to determine thermal properties often do not provide reliable data when working temperatures are up to extreme conditions. Hence, the present work demonstrates the use of an inverse heat conduction problem methodology for estimating the thermal properties of a laser beam welding (LBW) process. The applied technique is the quadrilateral optimization method (QOM), which consists of a multivariable estimation approach developed to calculate the function's parameters. Additionally, the future time regularization scheme was implemented in the objective function to regularize the results. The applied numerical process solved the energy equation using the finite volume method implemented in an in-house CUDA-C language code. The software is a multi-thread application run in a graphics processing unit for enhanced computational time efficiency. A validation study compared the estimated results with LBW simulated data. The QOM estimates the parameters of a function representing the range of thermal conductivity values. The proposed method is expected to lower experimental costs for obtaining thermal properties at high temperatures by eliminating the need for sophisticated technical equipment and skilled labor required by traditional direct measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, cement kiln dust (CKD) will be studied as an unconventional filler for ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) rubber as an alternative to silica, which is widely used as filler for many types of rubber. (EPDM)/CKD rubber composites were fabricated using ionizing radiation. EPDM rubber was blended with different portions of cement-kiln dust 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 phr (phr = parts per hundred rubber). The prepared composites were cured by exposing to different doses of gamma rays up to 150 kGy to enhance the crosslinking of the EPDM rubber. The thermo-mechanical properties of the EPDM/CKD and EPDM/Si composites were investigated as a function of irradiation dose. The results showed a significant improvement in elongation and tensile strength by incorporating cement dust into EPDM rubber up to 20 phr, which is not significantly different from composites incorporated with silica. Gamma irradiation significantly improved the properties of all formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAn innovative tree-shaped fin is proposed to address the problem of low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs) in latent heat energy storage units. Numerical methods are applied to investigate the thermal properties of the melting process of PCMs. This paper investigates the effects of fin arrangement, fin geometry parameters, and temperature of the heat source on melting characteristics of PCMs in the latent heat energy storage unit. Results show that the melting time of PCMs with the inwardly-tilted fins at the top increases by 21.3% compared to the outwardly-tilted fins at the bottom. The response surface methodology is adopted to obtain the fin parameter combination with lower quality and better performance. The optimal fin dimensions are a thickness of 1.06 mm, a length of 3.38 mm, and a spacing of 12.61 mm. The reduction of the ambient temperature from 35 °C to 30 °C increases the melting time of the latent heat energy storage unit by 85%, and from 35 °C to 40 °C decreases the melting time by 29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the potential of employing self-compacting geopolymer concrete in massive elements has been investigated. The main binder consisted of 85% ground granulated blast furnace slag and 15% fly ash. An alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was utilised. The effects of four parameters (binder content, water-to-binder [W/B] ratio, Na2O% and coarse-to-fine aggregate [C/F] ratio) on the fresh, mechanical and thermal properties of Massive Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (MSCGC) mixes were evaluated. Taguchi's design of experiments was used to minimise the number of trial mixes. The heat of geopolymerisation of MSCGCs was monitored using a semi-adiabatic chamber and then applied to concrete samples using a temperature match curing system. The maximum compressive and splitting tensile strengths and modulus of elasticity were 62.7 MPa, 5.04 MPa and 33.26 GPa, respectively. Binder content was identified as the most significant parameter affecting the thermal and mechanical properties of the mixtures. The impact of the C/F ratio was greater than the W/B ratio on the thermal characteristics. The results of a numerical analysis reveal that although a higher binder content enhances the mechanical properties of the MSCGCs, it leads to an increased risk of cracking owing to greater heat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the fracture analysis of FG structures reinforced by CNT exposed to thermo-mechanical load by means of the XIGA framework. The equivalent properties of functionally graded structures reinforced by CNT (SWCNT & MWCNT) are computed using micro-mechanics models. The volume fraction of CNT has an impact on the mechanical and thermal properties. Then, a preexisting crack is considered in the CNT reinforced FG square structure to perform the fracture analysis. The SIFs are calculated by the interaction integral method. It is noted that delaying of the fracture is possible with the increase of CNT content in FG structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the properties of nanocomposites consisting of polylactic acid (PLA) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified bacterial cellulose (MBC) nanofibers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies indicated that the presence of PEG enhanced the chain mobility of PLA during crystallization, thereby enabling the MBC to act as efficient nucleation agents. Furthermore, DSC and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses provided evidence for the formation of two distinct crystal structures, namely α and α,' as well as various spherulitic dimensions. Finally, the toughening of PLA was occurred by adding PEG to PLA and ternary nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the synergistic effect of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as a lignocellulosic bionanomaterial and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy as a shape memory smart metallic material reinforcer on the thermal properties of sustainable smart composites. The casting process was used to produce composites with CNF loadings of 1%, 3%, and 5% and NiTi loadings of 3% into epoxy resin. Thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric (TGA), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical thermal (DMTA) analysis. The TGA results revealed that the CNF/NiTi-reinforced groups have considerable higher degradation temperatures and thermal stability than the control group. Also, at 800°C, CNF/NiTi-reinforced groups had a higher residual content than the control group. DTG results showed that the addition of CNFs decreased the degradation speed. Although the NiTi loading was constant, it was determined that the addition of CNFs increases the storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), tan delta (Tan δ), and glass transition temperature (Tg). Overall, it can be concluded that CNF/NiTi-reinforced composites indicated significantly improved thermal stability, decomposition temperature, residual content, elastic, and viscous properties. These smart composites can be used for advanced material applications requiring thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research is to observe the effect of alkalisation of rattan, bamboo fibre, and eggshell particles addition in the fabrication of hybrid polyester laminated composite. A 5% NaOH treatment of fibres was conducted, and 5% eggshell particles was added to the composite. The FTIR analysis was done to reveal the presence of nanol, and thermal stabilities were evaluated by TGA, DTG and DTA. Furthermore, water absorption and biodegradability of the composite were also investigated. Mechanical properties were tested with compatible ASTM standards. The 5% NaOH treated 30 wt.% fibre- loading enhanced the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness by 9%, 2%, 7%, and 4%, respectively compared to the raw composites. On the other hand, the addition of 5% eggshell particles decreased the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of the raw 30 wt% fibre-reinforced composite by 5%, 4%, 3%, and 2%, respectively In addition, the raw 30 wt% fibre-reinforced composite has the highest biodegradability, and water absorption percentage than the alkali-treated and eggshell added fibre-reinforced composite. The raw 30 wt% fibre-reinforced composite has dictated over the alkali-treated and eggshell added fibre-reinforced composite in terms of thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is present in high amount in various cereals, fruits and roots & tubers which finds major application in industry. Commercially, starch is rarely consumed or processed in its native form, thus modification of starch is widely used method for increasing its application and process stability. Due to the high demand for starch in industrial applications, researchers were driven to hunt for new sources of starch, including modification of starch through green processing. Thermal properties are significant reference parameters for evaluating the quality of starch when it comes to cooking and processing. Modification of starches affects the thermal properties, which are widely studied using Differential scanning calorimeter or Thermogravimetric analysis. It could lead to a better understanding of starch's thermal properties including factors influencing and expand its commercial applications as a thickener, extender, fat replacer, etc. in more depth. Therefore, the review presents the classification of starches, factors influencing the thermal properties, measurement methods and thermal properties of starch in its native and modified form. Further, this review concludes that extensive research on the thermal properties of new sources of starch, as well as modified starch, is required to boost thermal stability and extend industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new homologous series of mesogenic compounds, alkanoic acid 4-{[4-(6-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-phenylimino]-methyl}-3-hydroxy-phenyl ester (3a-c) and alkcanoic acid 4-(6-chloro-benzooxazol-2-yl)-3-hydroxy-phenyl ester (5a-b) incorporating benzoxazole heterocyclic have been prepared and FT-IR, NMR, and MS spectrometry have been used to study the molecular structures. The mesogenic behaviour was examined using POM, DSC, and PXRD (variable temperature) techniques. To evaluate its impact on thermal behaviour and mesomorphic properties, the imine linking group of derivatives was modified and investigated. Enantiotropic SmA is observed by the members of Series-I, while those of series-II show monotropic SmA mesomorphism. These compounds were also examined for their absorption and fluorescent properties. The absorption and photoluminescence spectra of compounds 3a-c occurred at 345 nm and 410 nm, whereas in the case of 5a-b occurred at 325 nm and 370 nm respectively. The GAUSSIAN-09 programme has been utilised to perform DFT calculations at B3LYP level for the purpose of obtaining the stable electronic structures of 3a and 5a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films containing oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (GCN-ox) were successfully prepared by solution casting. First, GCN was synthesized and delaminated, and then its surface was oxidized. Composites containing 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by mass of GCN-ox were prepared. Composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR-ATR, and UV-vis analyses. In addition, tensile strength and elongation at break values of composite samples were determined by mechanical tests. Because of the increasing interfacial interaction between GCN-ox and the PVA matrix, GCN-ox acted as a reinforcing filler to enhance the mechanical properties. PVA/GCN-ox composites could reach 52.5 MPa tensile strength and 7.27 GPa tensile modulus, respectively. Optical studies showed that the energy bandwidth of the pristine PVA reduced from 4.983 eV to 3.813 eV with the addition of 5% GCN-ox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigated the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment, combined with different drying methods, on the quality of dried yams. The results showed that the pretreatment resulted in the formation of large pores in the yam tissues, thereby affecting the rehydration capability and hardness of the dried yam slices. The type of drying method after treatment did not alter the free radical stretching bands of yam. Additionally, the pretreated samples had a higher peak viscosity, through viscosity, final viscosity and break down, alongside lower pasting temperatures, To, Tp, Tc, and △H. Rheological measurements further indicated that all doughs exhibited solid-like behavior to different extents. The pretreatment also decreased the amount of allantoin and polysaccharides in dried yam slices, while negatively influencing their antioxidant activity. Finally, the choice of drying methods significantly affected the quality of the dried yams. In highlighting the effects of PEF pretreatment, combined with different drying methods, on dried yam, the results can help to expand their application within the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient vehicle dynamics are deeply affected by the spatial distribution of tire temperature, heat generation, and heat dissipation capacity. However, the tire testing process involves numerous parameters, adding the complexity to monitoring the tire's thermal properties variation. To address this issue, this paper proposes a data-driven framework that combines the well-known Magic Formula with scaling factors and a long- and short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. The framework forecasts tire thermal properties and functionality under given conditions by learning from time-series data on tire operating conditions and mechanical characteristics. It predicts future spatially varying thermal properties of the tire, including temperatures, heat generation, and heat dissipation. This is achieved with a high degree of forecasting ability quantified by train size/test size ratios equaling 22 and 38% with an impressive Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) around 1−2%. Here, this framework is applied to quantify the impacts of various operating conditions, including vertical load, slip angle, and vehicle speed, on heat transfer for three crucial radial positions on the tire. Our results show that the vertical load is the primary influencing parameter among all operating conditions. The knowledge about transient tire dynamics will be advantageous to their performance optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the cycloidal pin wheel drive mechanism of the secondary drive component of the rotary vector (RV) reducer is studied. Under the condition of grease lubrication, considering tooth profile modifications and machining errors, we established a three-dimensional load-bearing contact analysis model of a cycloid pinwheel transmission mechanism. We studied the time-varying contact characteristics of the gear teeth and dynamic joint surfaces of the inner and outer races of a crankshaft bearing. Considering the thermal effects, we proposed an analysis model of the lubrication characteristics of cycloid pinwheel transmission mechanisms. We also studied the thermal lubrication properties, such as load de-formation, lubrication film thickness, contact pressure and temperature increase at the lubrication contact area. The accuracy of the model was verified by temperature experiments on the inner raceway of an RV reducer bearing and the evolution law of the dynamic thermal lubrication characteristics of the inner and outer races of the crankshaft bearing, the meshing gear tooth pair and the whole process of single pin tooth meshing were revealed. This study provides an effective method for analyzing the temperature increases of the key joints of RV reducers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study reports the pressure-driven phase change, and electronic and thermal properties of strontium oxide (SrO) and barium oxide (BaO) under pressure in different phases via a density functional theory (DFT). The metastable phases are predicated and have not yet been perceived in the previous calculations or experimental works. The transition pressures at which various phases transform and their electronic and thermal performances are also investigated. The electronic band profiles of the compounds have been computed using different exchange-correlation functions. According to the present study, the B1 phase is the most stable phase across the phases taken into consideration. The band structure results reveal the semiconducting behavior of these compounds in all phases. Furthermore, various thermal performances are also predicted. The current study is open to experimentally verify our several predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) was cross-linked with epigallocatechin (EGC) via one-pot precipitation polymerization. The synthesis was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy. The cross-linking density of the nanospheres was investigated by EPR spectroscopy. The mole ratio of HCCP:EGC had a major effect on the nanospheres' formation, growth, particle size, and shape. The thermal properties of the nanospheres were improved due to their cross-linked polymeric structures. The PCTPEC-3 nanospheres were used as anti-cancer drug carriers and the in vitro drug release profile was studied. The findings revealed that the cumulative release of drugs was dependent on the pH environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]