Search

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses the articles published within the issue on topics like higher education, time and space, and education policy.

This paper examines one of the key temporal characteristics evident in public policy frames for widening participation in higher education. It demonstrates that the ambitions of such policies are potentially compromised by temporal notions implicated in a mode of chronocentrism, forecasting the future as a 'minimal departure' from the present. Engaging with the latest research into Futures Literacy and Anticipation it outlines alternative strategies for recognising and renegotiating such constraints ('What If?' scenarios and gaming), opening up pathways for policymakers and practitioners to imagine the future of higher education as a more inclusive and equitable time–space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implementation by French President Franc¸ois Hollande of an state of emergency from 2015 to 2017 due to terrorist attacks and its impact on France's contemporary street theatre. Also cited are the mutation of the emergency into a generalised state of exception as a reconfiguration of space and time, as well as the securitisation, privatisation, and marketization of public space.

This article presents a novel geospatial approach to reconstructing and analyzing environmental change over extensive spatial and temporal scales, even in systems such as rivers and streams that are comparatively difficult to digitize. We used a drawing tablet and stylus to digitize features found on historical Army Corps maps across the spatially extensive landscape of the Lower Wabash River's riparian zone, in Indiana and Illinois, USA. The methodology allows for an efficient reconstruction of sinuous and irregular environmental features, such as sloughs, and demonstrates the utility of digitizing historical maps to understand the evolution of surface water quantity and location across a landscape. We then compared these historical data to contemporary environmental datasets for the same study area to understand what changes have occurred over a 100 year period. This reveals that the hydroscape of the Lower Wabash River has been significantly altered by past human activity, notably through the reduction of swamps, wetlands, and sandbars, and the increase in drainage ditches and overall stream area. Notably, many of these historical alterations are not captured within current environmental datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we study the following stochastic heat equation ∂ t u (t , x) = L u (t , x) + B ̇ , u (0 , x) = 0 , 0 ≤ t ≤ T , x ∈ R d , where L is the generator of a Lévy process X in R d , B is a fractional-colored Gaussian noise with Hurst index H ∈ ( 1 2 , 1) in the time variable and spatial covariance function f which is the Fourier transform of a tempered measure μ. After establishing the existence of solution for the stochastic heat equation, we study the regularity of the solution { u (t , x) , t ≥ 0 , x ∈ R d } in both time and space variables. Under mild conditions, we establish the exact uniform modulus of continuity and a Chung-type law of iterated logarithm for the sample function (t , x) ↦ u (t , x). These results, to our knowledge, are new even for the classical stochastic heat equation (where L = Δ ) with space-time white noise and they strengthen the corresponding results of Balan and Tudor (2008) and Tudor and Xiao (2017) where partial regularity results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a computation method of Hausdorff distance between an arbitrary time scale and its translation (i.e. the endpoints approximation method or the EA method) and construct an explicit distance function which can be applied to calculate the Hausdorff distance. Furthermore, we construct a continuous linear broken line function with δ-accuracy to obtain the Hausdorff distance and its corresponding error intervals. Based on the linear construction of the distance function with δ-accuracy, the completeness of the distance function spaces is proved, then we introduce the concept of f-equivalent classes of time scales and embed the time scale spaces into the complete distance function spaces and some embedding theorems of time scales are established. Considering almost periodicity and almost automorphy of the distance functions on R , we study almost periodic time scales and introduce the concept of almost automorphic time scales. Moreover, some new properties and criteria of almost periodic and almost automorphic time scales are established and some examples are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a stabilized space-time finite element method for solving linear parabolic evolution problems is analyzed. The proposed method is developed on a base of a space-time variational setting, that helps on the simultaneous and unified discretization in space and in time by finite element techniques. Stabilization terms are constructed by means of classical bubble spaces. Stability of the discrete problem with respect to an associated mesh dependent norm is proved, and a priori discretization error estimates are presented. Numerical examples confirm the theoretical estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of digital evidence from storage media is a growing concern in digital forensics, due to the time and space complexity in acquiring, preserving and analysing digital evidence. Microsoft Windows Registry is an example of a potential source of digital evidence that contains a database of evidential information about both the system and users. However, due to the vastness of the Registry, it is difficult to manually sift through this database to extract potential evidence. Furthermore, manually sifting provides room for human error, which could invalidate the entire forensic investigation. This time-consuming and error-prone process can cause several delays in processing and presenting criminal cases during litigation. The need for an automated extraction and analysis process of digital evidence is therefore inherently needed. The aim of this research is to develop an automated forensically sound process for Windows Registry investigation. This entails setting up strict and reliable measures for an investigator to follow whilst minimizing human interaction through automation. To achieve this, an acquisition and analysis tool was developed. A comparative analysis of the developed tool to existing tools showed increased performance with respect to time and forensic soundness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chilika lagoon is famous for its prawn fishery that includes commercially important species, namely Penaeus monodon and Fenneropenaeus indicus. A literature search in the Scopus database revealed that a spatiotemporal variability in the production has not yet been carried out microscopically for any species of the Chilika lagoon. We, therefore, examined the pattern of landing biomass of these two species across space and time. We obtained daily production data from each landing center over a period of two years continuously. Thereafter, we computed monthly averages of production using log-transformed data and performed Cosinor rhythmometry with a fixed time window (τ = 365.25 d). We obtained the circannual rhythm parameters, such as Mesor, amplitude, and the peak. The results revealed an interesting phenomenon in the pattern of locations of the peaks of the circannual rhythm in the production of the two sympatric prawn species. A peak partitioning was evident. This implies that the abundance of each species in the identical niche is timed significantly differently leading to the optimization of coexistence. Concluding, there is a necessity to identify the stimuli that influence the observed spatial and temporal heterogeneity in monthly and annual production patterns of the two prawn species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous igneous bodies within the Deepwater Taranaki Basin are recognised mainly from seismic data and range from Early Cretaceous to Pliocene in age. They were all emplaced within an intra-plate setting but are scattered apparently at random in time and space. This paper describes the occurrences of igneous rocks within the basin as interpreted from seismic data, and discusses their possible origin. There are no indications of hotspot tracks within the Zealandia micro-continent so an alternative origin is sought. Previous authors see the main cause of volcanism as decompression melting due to localised lithospheric detachment and the movement of the Zealandia plate across the mantle as incidental. It is suggested that the movement of the Zealandia lithosphere, in the order of 4000 km to the north-northwest since the Cretaceous, may have caused drag across the asthenosphere, which in turn created transient small-scale convection cells that assisted the process of decompression melting as a modification to the accepted theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective public transit planning needs to address realistic travel demands, which can be illustrated by corridors across major residential areas and activity centers. It is vital to identify public transit corridors that contain the most significant transit travel demand patterns. We propose a two-stage approach to discover primary public transit corridors at high spatio-temporal resolutions using massive real-world smart card and bus trajectory data, which manifest rich transit demand patterns over space and time. The first stage was to reconstruct chained trips for individual passengers using multi-source massive public transit data. In the second stage, a shared-flow clustering algorithm was developed to identify public transit corridors based on reconstructed individual transit trips. The proposed approach was evaluated using transit data collected in Shenzhen, China. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach is a practical tool for extracting time-varying corridors for many potential applications, such as transit planning and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to complicate the principle claims of the environmental risk and "anticipatory geography" literature. Typically, this literature employs a Foucauldian and non-representational arsenal in order to illustrate the ways in which the specter of future risk is folded into the present and mobilized by those in power to justify regressive politics. In contrast, a profile on the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign (CAEC) and its strategies of legal postponement and commoning is deployed to illustrate how future risk can be used to jumpstart a collective and emancipatory political project. Going further, this paper claims that the CAEC's radical politics is propelled into motion not only by folding the future into the present but by dialectically conceptualizing both time and space. In closing, it will suggest that this dialectical praxis points toward an ontological politics that poses a challenge to liberal notions of subjectivity and equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No longer capable of serving as a nodal point of a single coherent narrative or as a marker for parallel events across national borders, "1968" is best understood in a tense relation to "1967". Juxtaposed rather than reconciled, they can only be brought together in a dynamic field of conflicting forces still in play even after a half century has passed. Such an approach alerts us to the relativization of what seems to be a punctual moment in a single historical space–time continuum. To understand the role of the Frankfurt School in the German "1968" is therefore to situate its history in the expanded field that includes the very different events of "1967", which resist incorporation into a unified narrative. It is to register the importance of 1967 in generating its negative relationship to aspects of the German 1968, and in colouring its attitude towards post-colonial struggles and the discourse they have spawned. By expanding the field in this way, we will avoid turning 1968 into an isolated monument on a pedestal that masks its connection to the multiple historical contexts that can set it into motion and help us understand its importance today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, A new fractional sub-equation method is proposed for constructing the exact solutions of space–time fractional partial differential equations arising in nonlinear dynamics of microtubules in the sense of modified Riemann-Liouville derivative, which is the fractional version of the known D ξ α G (ξ) / G (ξ) method. The proposed approach is efficient and powerful for solving wide classes of nonlinear evoluation fractional order equations. It is observed that the performance of the proposed method is reliable and will be used to establish new general closed form solutions for any other NPDEs of fractional order. The solutions obtained here are new and have not been reported in former literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers several critical and feminist interventions that colleagues and I have inserted into some key sociological perspectives and policy terrains in the families field: economic rationality, personal life, brain science, and social change. I use the metaphor of the 'yellow brick road' to discuss the challenges we made to the universalistic, decontextualized and unsituated thinking that often underpins and characterises intellectual and policy landscapes, and to think about how concepts of time and space can enhance understanding and bring the relationship between social divisions and everyday family lives in location into view. I conclude with some reflection on future possibilities and challenges in the families field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This 'Intervention' reflects on how over the past few years it has taken me longer to complete the early research processes that precede empirical work. I draw on an example of a feminist qualitative project I recently completed on people's everyday experiences of using Skype. One reason why it took me longer in the early stages of this project is that I needed to engage with literature in a broader array of disciplines than in the past. In addition, I felt it important to engage not only with a variety of academic literature but a range of sources. The second reason why it took me longer in the initial stages is that most contemporary familial relations are now framed not just offline but also online, stretching families in complex new directions across time and space. This means that researchers may now need to take an extended period in the initial stages of a project to think carefully about what empirical work (performative, face-to-face, online, etc.) will best serve the project. The 'Intervention' concludes that spending longer in this initial period of processing information, while potentially frustrating may have some advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'family' is associated with powerful, often emotive discourses in both the Majority and Minority worlds. However, family geographies to date have been largely focused on research with children and families in the Minority world, reflecting the wider dominance of geographical knowledge and social science theories developed in affluent, Anglophone contexts. In this intervention, I reflect on the tensions in attempting to theorise family meanings, practices and struggles in West Africa without imposing Minority world framings and perspectives. In my research in urban Senegal, the team's approach of 'uncomfortable reflexivity' enabled us to have frank conversations about our own experiences of 'family' and the death of a significant person, about our differing emotional responses to participants' experiences and about the nuances of the language used. My collaborative research with Ghanaian academics highlights the importance of time and space to develop shared qualitative understandings of everyday family struggles for publication in international journals. Given global inequalities in social science knowledge production, an ethic of care is needed that seeks to collaborate reflexively with others across disciplinary, linguistic and Majority-Minority world boundaries. This endeavour will hopefully generate more nuanced insights into the plurality and diversity of everyday family lives globally, while recognising the commonalities we share, situating knowledge in place and approaching the 'global' from the Majority world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the origins and some of the key features of the 'family practices' approach. This approach emphasises activities, the routine and the everyday and the fluid nature of the concept. fluidity. This approach is presented through exploring issues of space and time in relation to everyday family life. This discussion highlights some affinities between this work and the work of some feminist geographers and argues for more exchanges between the 'practices' approach and a wide range of social science disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of targeted wood charcoal analysis (anthracology) to understanding of the 1st millennium BC Pre-Conquest Late Iron Age oppidum and transition to Early Roman town life at Silchester and nearby late prehistoric hinterland sites investigated by the Silchester Environs project is considered. Attention is given to whether substantive differences in charcoal assemblages of varying size and origin are discernible through time and space, and to their value in elucidating landscape, environment, woodland structure, taphonomy, site function and lifestyles. This paper aims to take stock of the work so far and reflect on what lessons can be learned within and beyond the project. Site-level data are summarised and contrasted for the reader, while full context-level interpretation is published elsewhere [Barnett Forthcoming a. "The Early Roman Wood Charcoal and Waterlogged Wood at Silchester." In Silchester Insula IX: The Claudio-Neronian occupation of the Iron Age Oppidum. Britannia Monograph Series, edited by M. G. Fulford, A. Clarke, E. Durham, and N. Pankhurst. London: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies; and Barnett Forthcoming c. "Overview of the Archaeobotanical Evidence." In Silchester Environs: The Landscape Context of Iron Age Calleva, edited by C. Barnett, and M. G. Fulford. Oxford: Oxbow Books monograph]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been argued that the English Premier League (EPL) can be considered a time and space diffuse sport mega-event (SME). This article subscribes to this argument made by Giulianotti (2011). The study takes an unconventional approach by reading the EPL as a SME. Seeking to note key issues for empirical work in the future, the article looks at historical and recent security issues and securitization 'agents' in the EPL, whilst articulating a research agenda. In the legacy and fan-oriented agenda, three areas of EPL security issues that research, potentially, could commit to an examination of are highlighted. These include: (i) the EPL's security legacies, (ii) impacts of security on 'authentic' match experiences and (iii) supporters' emotional responses to 'security' and 'safety' in the EPL. Crucially, these areas are transferred from, and rooted in the wider need for research on the SME and security 'nexus', as an emerging academic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing outcomes of agri-environmental policy implementations is complex. Traditional parametric methods such as using key indicators can miss outcomes that are displaced in time and space, seldom account for the integrated nature of social and biophysical dynamics, and may overlook unintended consequences. This project aimed to overcome these drawbacks by using a landscape biography approach to analyse an innovative agri-environmental policy experiment around Lake Taupo, New Zealand. Landscape biographies were developed for each of three embedded cases, analysed as socio-ecological systems focused on relationships at different spatial scales. Landscape development paths were identified and a future trajectory estimated. The multiscale approach revealed unforeseen consequences of the policy regime, enabled a more comprehensive portrayal of social and landscape outcomes, and made complex interactions and processes understandable and accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CircSpaceTime is the only R package, currently available, that implements Bayesian models for spatial and spatio-temporal interpolation of circular data. Such data are often found in applications where, among the many, wind directions, animal movement directions, and wave directions are involved. To analyse such data, we need models for observations at locations s and times t, as the so-called geostatistical models, providing structured dependence assumed to decay in distance and time. The approach we take begins with Gaussian processes defined for linear variables over space and time. Then, we use either wrapping or projection to obtain processes for circular data. The models are cast as hierarchical, with fitting and inference within a Bayesian framework. Altogether, this package implements work developed by a series of papers, by Jona Lasinio, Mastrantonio, Wang, and Gelfand. All procedures are written using Rcpp. Estimates are obtained by MCMC, allowing parallelized multiple chains run. The implementation of the proposed models is considerably improved on the simple routines adopted in the research papers. As original running examples, for the spatial and spatio-temporal settings, we use wind directions datasets over central Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an algorithm for low Mach number reacting flows subjected to electric field that includes the chemical production and transport of charged species. This work is an extension of a multi-implicit spectral deferred correction (MISDC) algorithm designed to advance the conservation equations in time at scales associated with advective transport. The fast and nontrivial interactions of electrons with the electric field are treated implicitly using a Jacobian-Free Newton Krylov approach for which a preconditioning strategy is developed. Within the MISDC framework, this enables a close and stable coupling of diffusion, reactions and dielectric relaxation terms with advective transport and is shown to exhibit second-order convergence in space and time. The algorithm is then applied to a series of steady and unsteady problems to demonstrate its capability and stability. Although developed in a one-dimensional case, the algorithmic ingredients are carefully designed to be amenable to multi-dimensional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coast Salish ethnohistory describes how various locations associated with settlements were used for defense within the Salish Sea region of southwestern British Columbia. During times of conflict, these linked places formed defensive networks that functioned to maximize defensibility at both the settlement and allied settlement scales. Examining the distribution of such defensive networks in time and space provides insights into the role of conflict in broader social contexts including territorial and tenurial claims expressed through territoriality. In this paper, we explore the relationship between defensive networks and expressions of territoriality among the ancestral Tla'amin-Northern Coast Salish. Combining visibility analysis with an index of site defensiveness, we find that Tla'amin defensive networks were in place from at least 900 years BP. This in turn suggests the longevity of territorial and tenurial claims expressed through defensive territoriality, as noted in the ethnohistoric record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I outline how Henri Lefebve's theory of the event helps conceptualise the emergence of recent assembly movements. Scholars of time and temporality have critiqued conventional framings of events, instead often understanding these as ruptures in temporal narratives. Moving beyond the deconstruction of framings of events, several scholars have begun to engage with the contested forms of timing and rhythm emerging from them. Lefebvre's theory provides tools to build on this approach in order to conceptualise the event of assembly politics. Lefebvre's theory furthers the turn to timing by highlighting the interrelationship between space and time and engaging with the complex "totality" from which movements emerge. Lefebvre's theory provides a framework to track how seemingly micropolitical phenomena emerges from and reverberates on a worldwide scale. The insights gained from Lefebvre's theory are illustrated through an analysis of the emergence of the 15M movement in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political actors communicate strategic narratives to shape the meaning of place-images in the past, present and future. Whether narratives about the past are persuasive depends on the translation of historical ideas embedded in these narratives across time and space. Moreover, the imagination and re-imagination of historical place-images in foreign policy communication are contentious, because they stand for specific power relations and identity narratives. Therefore, actor's selective uses of history require disambiguation to increase positive perception. This abstract argument is theorised in an investigation of China's Belt and Road Initiative, specifically the communication of a New Silk Road. China's promotion of the Silk Road legacy is frequently contested with Great Game interpretations. Through the novels of Marco Polo and Rudyard Kipling, which present historical imaginations of the Silk Road and the Great Game, this study shows the contentiousness of historical place-images across time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media coverage of the March 24, 2018 March for Our Lives has been voluminous, including notable coverage framing the march in relation to historical precursors. Analyzing two chronotopes, or implicit orientations to space and time, embedded in this coverage, this essay contributes to efforts to understand journalism as a space of vernacular public memory. I argue that journalists and commentators mobilize historical precedent in ways that constrain the possible outcomes of teen activism in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the works of theatre director Katie Mitchell and her alleged allusion to the privileged and elites. Also cited are Fredric Jameson's perception of late capitalism, Mitchell's scenography featuring ruins and time-stripped walls as seen in her works like "The Seagull" and "The Yellow Wallpaper," as well as the porosity of space and time in her works.

Change detection within non-stationary and unequally spaced remote sensing time series has become a key methodology for a broad range of environmental applications. A new method of analysing vegetation variation over lands is proposed. Four regions in northern Tunisia with various characteristics are selected, and a non-stationary and unequally spaced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series is obtained for each region since 2000. The Landsat 7 remote sensing satellite imagery with insignificant cloud-shadow coverage is used to calculate the NDVI after atmospheric correction. The Least-Squares Wavelet (LSWAVE) software is implemented to rigorously analyse each NDVI time series and study the relationship between the vegetation of olive trees and temperature/precipitation in one of the regions. To investigate possible effects of temperature on the green cover caused by increasing water salinity, the coherency between the NDVI and sea surface temperature time series is also shown in the region of Lake Ichkeul in Tunisia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New stories and images are necessary to bolster an ethical inquiry of climate change and mobilize climate action. But what form should such stories take? In this essay, I argue that speculative fiction can make public the climate crisis, not only as a calamity of the physical environment but also as a predicament of the cultural environment—of the systems of representation through which society has related to complex environmental issues among their various actors and in the vast scales of time and space. The essay amplifies the environmental uncanny to produce a speculative fiction that grapples with something as indescribable as climate change. In conclusion, "Of Oil and Ice," a geostory, casts an iceberg as a planetary protagonist and relates its trajectory as it migrates from the Antarctic ice shelf to a glass of water in the Persian Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I draw together some recent literature on the debate between dynamical versus geometrical approaches to spacetime theories, in order to argue that (i) there exist defensible versions of the geometrical approach; (ii) these versions of the geometrical approach can provide constructive explanations (in the sense of Einstein) of dynamical effects; (iii) light can be shed upon different relationalist views about spacetime which have been articulated in the context of this debate by appeal to the distinction between modal versus non-modal relationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we draw upon the articles included in this special issue to question how to re-politicise co-design and participatory design (PD). Many authors in these fields have recently made a plea to re-engage with 'big issues' as a way to address this concern. At the same time, there is an increased attention into the micro-politics of the relations that are built-in co-design and PD. These two approaches are sometimes presented as working against each other with a de-politicising dynamic as a result. The editorial hypothesis of this issue is that designing visions can turn the tension between addressing the big issues and close attention to the particularity of relations into a motor for re-politicising design. Through engaging with literature, the articles presented in this issue, and two fieldwork cases that explore this dynamic, we discovered that paying careful attention to the activity of designing visions can support re-politicisation. While visions enable us to develop relations with close attention to their politics, building relations supports a more political approach to designing visions on issues. We argue that vision-making can particularly support re-politicisation when it enables the articulation of the political by relating its situated reality to how it unfolds in space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to assemble a conceptual framework for understanding to what extent an energy technology is simply a way of putting nature to work, and to what extent it is a way of putting other segments of global society to work. The turn to fossil energy reversed the relation between energy and space, as fossil fuels henceforth propelled new transport technologies that provided access to increasingly wider spans of space. Velocity is a measure of the amount of time required to traverse a given space, and given a certain mass and amount of friction, it can be physically expressed as the dissipation of a given quantity of energy. Technological progress has cognate implications for labour productivity and velocity: both entail an increase in exosomatic energy dissipation that is contingent on the appropriation of embodied labour time and natural space. In concealing the dependency of industrial technology on asymmetric resource transfers, general-purpose money continues to distort the conventional understanding of technology even in Marxist theory. Given that technology is a manifestation of capital, a fundamental paradox of Marxism is its aspiration to combine a critique of capital accumulation with a vision of technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a hypothetical six-dimension doctrine for military intelligence-gathering in the Akashic domain. The Akashic records are described by esotericists and mystics as a permanent record of all thoughts, feelings, and actions, stored in a kind of cosmic memory bank outside of space and time. Psychics, clairvoyants, and other intuitives purport to read the records, suggesting that development of an operational strategy for accessing such information may be possible. Command oversight, however, would present significant moral challenges, as "hacking" into this information would be a personally intrusive invasion of privacy with serious repercussions for the operators and state sponsors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcoal production and exchange is lucrative across sub-Saharan Africa. But who profits along the charcoal commodity chains? By mapping access along the charcoal chain in Ghana, based on interviews with 650 actors, this article traces out the social and political-economic relations by which charcoal benefits are distributed. It illuminates how access and the mechanisms used by various groups of actors to maintain and control access are dynamic in time and space. The article shows how significant profits are derived by those in control of the market while those in control of the resource (the trees) and the production process generate much lower levels of profits. The article suggests force, moral economy, social movement, and innovation as additional access mechanisms to those outlined by Ribot and Peluso in their Theory of Access. Improving equity along charcoal commodity chains requires more attention to access mechanisms operating on charcoal markets, especially access to capital, information and buyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on a study of infant participation in research, and work in philosophical-empirical inquiry, to illuminate some of the inexhaustible entanglements constituting the collective relational landscape of educational research of particular encounters, which have been called moments of wonder. Working with Merleau-Ponty's philosophical notions of wild Being and flesh, I look closely at one such 'moment', as lived as an entanglement of embodied self, worldly things, and other selves that collectively comes into being whilst opening onto time and space. I see this account as demonstrating the value of learning to see the 'collective', wherein individualities are engendered, for developing new understandings of early childhood education (ECE) relational landscapes, specifically in relation to 'participatory' research with very young children – and educational research more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel wavelet algorithm has been proposed for solving second order electromagnetic problems both in time and space domains. The algorithm has been used to solve four different problems, i.e. the transmission line problem, the problems associated with electromagnetic waves travelling in different media, the problem related to uniform plane wave in lossy dielectric and problem associated with the telegrapher's equation. The comparison between the results obtained using the proposed approach and the conventional numerical techniques demonstrate that the proposed technique exhibits better time complexity. In essence, the proposed algorithm possesses complexity of order O (n) whereas the conventional technique possesses complexity order of O (n 2). Furthermore, the memory requirement of the proposed algorithm is significantly lower when compared to the conventional technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the late nineteenth century, the scientific study of bedload transport had emerged as an offshoot of hydraulics and geomorphology. Since then, computing bedload transport rates has attracted considerable attention, but whereas other environmental sciences have seen their predictive capacities grow over time, particularly thanks to increased computing power, engineers and scientists are unable to predict bedload transport rates to within better than one order of magnitude. Why have we failed to improve our predictive capacity to any significant degree? A commonly shared view is that the study of bedload transport has more in common with the earth sciences than hydraulics: bedload transport rates depend on many processes that vary nonlinearly, involve various time and space scales, and are interrelated to each other. All this makes it difficult to view bedload as merely particle transport in a turbulent flow – something which can be studied in the laboratory in isolation from the natural environment. Over the last two decades, more emphasis has been put on the noisy dynamics characterizing bedload transport. This Vision Paper makes a strong case for recognizing noise (e.g. bedload transport rate fluctuations) as an intrinsic feature of bedload transport. Improving our predictive capacities requires a better understanding of the origins and nature of noise in bedload transport. This paper also reviews some of the challenges that need to be addressed in current research and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, B-spline quasi-interpolation (BSQI)-based numerical schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws are unstable in nature. In the present work, we have developed the stable modified version of the cubic B-spline quasi-interpolation (CBSQI) numerical scheme for the hyperbolic conservation laws in one space dimension. In order to stabilize the CBSQI scheme, we have added an adaptive artificial viscosity term and derived the conditions under which the modified scheme is monotone. Although the CBSQI scheme can be of at most fourth order accurate in space, the monotone condition restricts the resulting scheme to be of at most order of one, as expected. In order to improve the order of accuracy, we adopt a procedure, which we call the weighted adaptive viscosity approach, through which we achieved the fourth order accuracy both in space and time in the modified CBSQI scheme. Further, linear L 2 -stability of the modified CBSQI scheme is analyzed using von-Neumann analysis. Numerical experiments are performed to validate the efficiency and stability of the modified CBSQI scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturalistic cycling data are increasingly available worldwide and promise ground-breaking insights into road-user behavior and crash-causation mechanisms. Because few, low-severity crashes are available, safety analyses of naturalistic data often rely on near crashes. Nevertheless, the relation between near crashes and crashes is still unknown, and the debate on whether it is legitimate to use near crashes as a proxy for crashes is still open. This paper exemplifies a methodology that combines crashes from a crash database and near crashes from naturalistic studies to explore their potential relation. Using exposure to attribute a risk level to individual crashes and near crashes depending on their temporal and spatial distribution, this methodology proposes an alternative to blackspots for crash analysis and compares crash risk with near-crash risk. The novelty of this methodology is to use exposure with high time and space resolution to estimate the risk for specific crashes and near crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of various functions in the reference system of Mandarin Chinese. The study demonstrates that the reference system of Mandarin consists of a finite number of functions, some of which have not been identified as such, namely: absence of instructions to identify the referent, marked by bare nouns (sometimes analyzed as 'indetermined'); presentation of an entity as not requiring identification (sometimes wrongly analyzed as 'indefinite'); co-reference with the last coded participant in the event or a participant in the speech situation (not identified as such in the literature so far); obviative reference with respect to the last coded participant in the event (not identified as such in the previous literature); a referent that is located within the space and time of the environment of speech; and a referent within the domain of speech. The importance of this study lies in demonstrating that the analysis of forms and functions in a given language, as opposed to checking if and how categories observed in other languages are coded, allows for the discovery of categories that are encoded in the grammatical system and whose existence explains the forms of utterances in the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the geographical understanding of how mobile online presence enabled by smartphones transforms human spatial practices; that is, people's everyday routines and experiences in time and space. Contrasting a mainstream discourse concentrating on the autonomy and flexibility of ubiquitous (anywhere, anytime) use of social media, we examine new and mounting constraints on user agency. Building on time-geographic theory, we advance novel insights into the virtualities of young people's social lives and how they are materialized in the physical world. Critically, we rework the classical time-geographic conceptions of bundling, constraints, rhythms, and pockets of local order; draw on the emerging literature on smartphone usage; and use illustrative examples from interviews with young people. We suggest a set of general and profound changes in everyday life and sociality due to pervasive and perpetual mediated presence of friends: (1) the emergence of new coupling constraints and the recoupling of social interaction; (2) the changing rhythms of social interaction due to mediated bundles of sociality becoming more frequent and insistent; (3) the shifting nature of the streaming background of online contacts, which are becoming more active, intervening in, and intruding on ongoing foreground activities of everyday life; and (4) the reordering of foreground activity as well as colocated and mediated presences, centering on processes of interweaving, congestion and ambivalence, and colocated absence. Key Words: intervening background, local and mediated pockets of order, online copresence, rhythm, spatial practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress in computation and the spatio-temporal richness of data obtained from new sources have invigorated Time Geography. It is now possible to visualise and represent movements of people in a dual spatial–temporal dimension. In this work, we use geo-located data from the social media platform Twitter to show the value of new data sources for Time Geography. The methodology consists of visualising space–time paths in 2D and 3D in four study zones, with different land-use profiles, based on tweets compiled over the course of two years. The results provide a view of behaviours occurring in the areas of study throughout the day, with complementary data to show the population's main activity at different times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beaker period in southern England is associated with the appearance of a highly visible set of material culture in the archaeological record, primarily associated with inhumation burials. This Beaker material culture has a long history of archaeological research and has resulted in this period being named after a style of pottery, the Beaker. However, the funerary record for this period is one that exhibits substantial variability. This paper considers how the archaeological narrative of the Beaker period has been constructed and presents a set of examples that exclude Beaker pottery and Beaker artefacts from the grave assemblage, located in southern England. Herein, it is questioned what these burials represent and whether they can be considered Beaker burials or represent other identities co-existing with Beaker using societies. Whilst the Beaker period does not represent an unchanging, fixed set of traditions over time or space, the examples employed demonstrate non-Beaker related burials to have been present from early in the Beaker period. We aim to highlight this important aspect of the archaeological record as requiring more research and synthesis, and promote discussion of non-Beaker identities during this dynamic period of prehistory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature, there is a wide range of discounts associated with foreclosures. Comparisons across studies are difficult as they use different methodologies across large areas over different time periods. We employ a consistent methodology across space and time. We find modest discounts, within the range of typical transaction costs, in all but the highest priced market segment. Higher priced segments could explain prior findings of substantial discounts. We find that discounts are time-varying, with discounts increasing with market distress. A one-size-fits-all approach is not appropriate when estimating distressed transaction discounts across large market areas or under changing market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critiques levied at exclusionary school discipline practices like suspensions and expulsions, are at their core, about time and space – based in concerns over how youth are spending their time, and where they are spending it. Many states have found a seemingly progressive solution to this time-and-space problem in the disciplinary alternative school, where temporal and spatial logics continue to flourish. Drawing on a critical qualitative content analysis of publicly available materials from thirty disciplinary alternative schools across the US, I argue that time and enclosure work as active forces to dispossess students of the ability to move through time and space freely. Ideally, this is to ensure that the predominantly marginalized youth that fill the disciplinary alternative school continues to occupy an intentionally marginalized space within the racial capitalist order. As such, the disciplinary alternative school must be understood not as an 'alternative' to exclusion and carcerality, but rather as a 'reformist reform,' designed to covertly bolster the hegemonic order. However, despite the persistent adaptability of the racial capitalist state that this analysis reveals, I conclude with a brief discussion of abolition as a way to truly move beyond the reformist reforms of racial capitalism and construct a new, liberatory world order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose exact finite difference scheme (EFD) for Generalized Burgers Fisher (GBF) Equation w x x = w t + α w θ w x − β w (1 − w θ) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 , t ≥ 0 , using solitary wave solution. Moreover a non-standard finite difference (NSFD) scheme is also proposed. The proposed EFD and NSFD scheme works for all θ ∈ N. This scheme preserves the positivity and boundedness properties which is also discussed here. The method is shown to be stable, consistent and first-order accurate in both space and time. Approximate solutions of the GBF equation are obtained using NSFD scheme and in order to show the accuracy, the computed solutions are compared with the exact solution. Comparisons are shown with the other available methods to indicate that our method gives better result. These methods give accurate results even for relatively bigger values of step size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular automaton (CA) approach has been widely used in pedestrian flow studies. However, one problem of CA approach is that gridlock usually occurs in counter flow. One possible reason is that CA models still do not represent correctly cognitive processes of real people. To study whether the gridlock would occur when real people were required to walk in discrete space and time, we performed an experimental study on pedestrian counter flow. Remarkable collaboration behaviours of pedestrians have been observed, which enable the formation of exit rows and prevent the formation of gridlock. Furthermore, we performed a comparative experiment in which pedestrians walked under normal condition. Our studies indicate that to fully describe pedestrian counter flow with CA approach, the remarkable collaboration behaviours of pedestrians need to be considered. Moreover, one might also need to consider other factors such as flexible characteristics of pedestrians, small cell size, and various walk speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology, in its various forms, mediates encounters between individuals and the lived time–space. Mobile phones, internet, navigation systems, and advanced transport technologies dramatically change the ways in which space and time are conceptualized, represented, and embedded into societal practices. This paper explores the routine spatiotemporal practices of older adults, who lie outside mainstream technology use. Attention is paid to the role of digital technologies in negotiating and representing the everyday activity spaces. We attempt to capture the logic of everyday tactics, which is based not only on rational reasoning and habitual spatial thinking but also on a more subtle mix of experiences, possibilities, and fears associated with the use of various technological devices and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we study the homology and cohomology groups of the super Schrödinger algebra S (1 | 1) in (1 + 1)-dimensional spacetime. We explicitly compute the homology groups of S (1 | 1) with coefficients in finite-dimensional irreducible representations. Then using the duality between homology and cohomology, we finally obtain the dimensions of the cohomology groups of S (1 | 1) with coefficients in finite-dimensional irreducible representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]