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Low consistency (LC) refining of (chemi-)thermomechanical pulp (TMP) provides an energy efficient alternative to high consistency refining for pulp property development. However, the benefit of LC refining is often limited by excessive fibre shortening, lower tear strength and a reduction of bulk caused by the refining process. In this study, microfibres produced by LC refining of TMP and kraft pulp fibres were investigated for their reinforcement potential in high freeness mechanical pulp. Primary pulp at 645 mL Canadian Standard Freeness was LC refined to different energy targets as a baseline for mechanical and optical property development. In contrast, the same primary pulp was reinforced with different microfibre types in ratios that yielded the same specific energies of the baseline LC refined pulp. The study revealed that at equivalent energies, the addition of TMP microfibres to the high freeness primary pulp displayed tensile development identical to the LC refined pulp, with significantly improved tear and bulk. The addition of kraft microfibre to primary pulp produced the highest tensile and tear strength but compromised light scattering. Additionally, all microfibre composites showed improved elongation, as opposed to no notable change in elongation with conventional LC refining. This investigation proposes an alternative, cost-effective approach for developing high bulk, high strength mechanical pulp by limiting the extent of second stage refining and using LC refined microfibres for pulp reinforcement. The high tear–high bulk open construction of the composite paper is likely to benefit boxboard and packaging applications.

Due to rapid depletion of wild stocks, the necessity to cultivate fish is eminent. Current fish farming practices seek to improve flesh quality. The notion that white muscles are the main target of the fishing industry is emphasized. A novel approach is suggested based on the development of white muscles in wild fish from eggs to adults. A compilation of facts about white muscle structure, function and ontogeny is followed by an account of the changes in swimming behaviour and performance related to the use of white muscle during growth from larva to adult. Ecological data narrate early swimming performance with white muscle development and growth, unveiling some of the important natural selection factors eliminating weak swimmers and poor growers from the breeding stock. A comparison between fish culture practise and natural conditions reveals fundamental differences. New approaches following wild breeding processes promise several important advantages regarding the quality of white muscle.

Covid-19 is one of the biggest health challenges that the world has ever faced. Public health policy makers need the reliable prediction of the confirmed cases in future to plan medical facilities. Machine learning methods learn from the historical data and make predictions about the events. Machine learning methods have been used to predict the number of confirmed cases of Covid-19. In this paper, we present a detailed review of these research papers. We present a taxonomy that groups them in four categories. We further present the challenges in this field. We provide suggestions to the machine learning practitioners to improve the performance of machine learning methods for the prediction of confirmed cases of Covid-19.

Consumer behavior changes differently in emergencies. Understanding consumer food stockpiling behavior during COVID-19 pandemic can provide critical information for governments and policymakers to adjust inventory and response strategies. This paper analyzed consumer food stockpiling behavior, including the change of food reserve scale and willingness to pay for fresh food reserves in COVID-19. Our paper shows that the scale of food reserve extends from 3.37 to 7.37 days after the outbreak of COVID-19; if available, consumers on average are willing to pay 18.14 yuan (60.47%) premium for fresh products reserves. The result shows that food stockpiling behavior is fueled by a set of multiple motivations and subjective risk perception. Female, high education level and high-income consumers were more likely to reserve larger scale food reserves, but consumers’ willingness to pay for fresh food reserves is determined by income. This study was conducted when new infection cases continued to rise in the world. The story of food stockpiling during the COVID-19 pandemic in China is similar with the rest of world. Consumer stockpiling behavior in China can also be expanded to other countries to predict the change of food demand and understand more about consumer preferences in emergencies.

Accountability is of universal interest to the business ethics community, but the emphasis to date has been primarily at the level of the industry, organization, or key individuals. This paper unites concepts from relational and felt accountability and team dynamics to provide an initial explanatory framework that emphasizes the importance of social interactions to team accountability. We develop a measure of team accountability using participants in the USA and Europe and then use it to study a cohort of 65 teams of Irish business students over three months as they complete a complex simulation. Our hypotheses test the origins of team accountability and its effects on subsequent team performance and attitudinal states. Results indicate that initial team accountability is strongly related to team trust, commitment, efficacy, and identifying with the team emotionally. In established teams, accountability increases effort and willingness to continue to collaborate but did not significantly improve task performance in this investigation.

Competences are the most important career capital a university graduate can have. The objective of the paper is to determine which competences acquired at tourism degree programmes affect students’ self-assessment regarding their own competitive advantage on the labour market. The data was collected during a nationwide diagnostic survey (N = 476) carried out at ten Polish universities among students finishing their tourism degree courses. Principal component analysis allowed us to identify a set of competences that have a significant impact on the students’ perception of their chances of finding employment in the tourism industry. These are: ability to cope with challenges and stress; writing and speaking skills in a foreign language; public speaking; planning and implementation of subject-specific projects; ability to conduct subject-specific research and perseverance. The higher the assessment of each of the above, the more confident of their competitive advantage on the labour market the students were., Highlights Self-assessment of competences credibly corresponds to the students' perception of their career potentialCompetences are the fundamental career capital of recent university graduatesPCA helps identify a set of competences that determine self-perception of one’s competitive advantage on the labour marketSeven competences determine how students of tourism degree courses assess their chances on the Polish labour marketThe topic of tourism degree graduates’ competences in relation to their situation on the labour market is still an under-researched area

Recent years have seen growing interest in enabling volunteers to play a more pronounced role in disaster response, and yet efforts to systematically analyse this crisis volunteer action, particularly among young people, have been surprisingly limited. This study examines the case of the Student Volunteer Army (SVA) in Aotearoa New Zealand, a student-led group which over the space of a decade has responded to multiple disasters, including earthquakes, floods, fires, a terrorist attack and the Covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on in-depth interviews, our analysis compares the practices adopted by the SVA in response to these different crises and identifies how members and supporters of the group have come to understand its capabilities, limitations, and conditions for effective operation. We present a framework of cross-cutting lessons of "why", "who", "when", "what" and "how" and demonstrate the ways they have been built upon for each new disaster mobilisation. In distilling, the key lessons of a youth-led crisis volunteer group that has mobilised for a spectrum of disasters, this paper contributes to theoretical understandings of how groups at a local level learn after sequential disasters, and the conditions and considerations that enable such groups to effectively-and repeatedly-"meet a need" in disaster response.

Tissue perfusion monitoring is increasingly being employed clinically in a non-invasive fashion. In this end-of-year summary of the Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, we take a closer look at the papers published recently on this subject in the journal. Most of these papers focus on monitoring cerebral perfusion (and associated hemodynamics), using either transcranial doppler measurements or near-infrared spectroscopy. Given the importance of cerebral autoregulation in the analyses performed in most of the studies discussed here, this end-of-year summary also includes a short description of cerebral hemodynamic physiology and its autoregulation. Finally, we review articles on somatic tissue oxygenation and its possible association with outcome.

The expansion of agro-dealers into remote areas can be seen as conducive to more smallholders adopting new technologies and inputs, to include improved seed and fertilizer. However, lower travel costs may be offset by agro-dealer decisions on stocking and pricing, reflecting both travel time from wholesale markets as well as the level of competition in localized areas. This paper investigates the geographical distribution of agro-dealers and related patterns of local market competition on the availability and prices of maize seed and fertilizer. We use a unique census of agro-dealers in eight districts of Tanzania (n = 299) which maps distribution points for agricultural inputs in these areas. Results suggested that despite a high number of agro-dealers, almost 30% of farmers lived more than an hour travel time from at least one agro-dealer. Instead of wide geographical coverage, agro-dealers tended to be found in clusters, with strong variation in cluster sizes between different districts. Overall, more remote agro-dealers faced less competition, resulting in fewer stocked product choices and charging higher prices to customers, even after controlling for travel time from district headquarters. Remote farmers are disadvantaged in their uptake of new technologies and critical production inputs due to lack of competition among agro-dealers. Our results suggest that highly aggregated and/or simplified measures of market access fail to reflect important heterogeneity in the market access conditions faced by farmers; a better understanding of distribution networks and competition is needed.

Against the backdrop of a global pandemic, this study investigates how U.S. higher education leaders have centered their crisis management on values and guiding ethical principles. We conducted 55 in-depth interviews with leaders from 30 U.S. higher education institutions, with most leaders participating in two interviews. We found that crisis plans created prior to the COVID-19 pandemic were inadequate due to the long duration and highly uncertain nature of the crisis. Instead, higher education leaders applied guiding principles on the fly to support their decision-making. If colleges and universities infuse shared values into their future crisis plans, they will not have to develop a moral compass on the fly for the next pandemic. This paper suggests the following somewhat universal shared values: (1) engage in accuracy, transparency, and accountability; (2) foster deliberative dialog; (3) prioritize safety; (4) support justice, fairness, and equity; and (5) engage in an ethic of care. To navigate ethics tensions, leaders need to possess crisis-relevant expertise or ensure that such expertise is present among crisis management team members. Standing up formal ethics committees composed of diverse stakeholders also is instrumental in navigating tensions inherent in crises. The next pandemic is already on the horizon according to experts. Through infusing values into future crisis plans, higher education leaders can be confident that their responses will be grounded in their communities’ shared values.

Working outside traditional bureaucratic structures, animal activists have a long history of creating, managing and using records in radical ways to bring the suffering of animals to society’s attention. Today’s online platforms enable animal activism on a networked scale, with unprecedented reach and immediacy of impact, but also with risks and challenges. This article presents findings from a critical case study of the radical recordkeeping of Direct Action Everywhere (DxE), a US-based animal liberation group. The case study explores the performative role recordkeeping plays in the group’s animal activism and advocacy, and the challenge of ensuring the longevity of an archival record of its activities and their impact. It is framed by Records Continuum Theory and illustrates the benefits of applying a Records Continuum lens to researching radical recordkeeping contexts. The paper reports on the research findings of the case study, including the vital role recordkeeping plays as a form of “strategic witnessing” for the activities of DxE, as well as in developing the DxE community and communicating its mission to the public. It discusses the challenges faced by DxE in preserving their archives into the future through integrating archiving into their current radical recordkeeping processes, Continuum-style, and addressing the risks associated with using online collaborative platforms for recordkeeping and archiving. Overcoming these challenges will ensure that current recordkeeping plays its part in DxE’s animal activism, and that in the future records of continuing value take their place among the multiple narratives of society in the archival multiverse.

This paper highlights the dark side of power imbalance regarding its consequences in agri-food supplier–buyer relationships. We report on findings from two studies. The first study is based on a sample of 105 key informants, while study 2 is based on a sample of 444 key informants, all from the cocoa agri-food supply market of Ghana. While the first study focuses on the antecedents of power imbalance and its consequences, the second study explores the role of cooperatives/collective action in minimizing supplier exploitation. Data from these studies were analysed using the partial least squares technique (SmartPLS). Analysis of these findings shows switching costs’ impact on power imbalance to be curvilinear, while power imbalance has a curvilinear relationship with opportunism. The negative consequences of power imbalance are further exacerbated by dependency and the lack of joint action. Furthermore, we found the negative impact of power imbalance on financial performance to be stronger for non-cooperative members than for cooperative members, while, counterintuitively, we found the positive impact of economic satisfaction on financial performance to be stronger for non-cooperative members than for cooperative members.

In this paper, we present a double gate JL-TFET based biosensor by varying the gate dielectric constant to detect various biomolecules through label-free detection technique. An investigation regarding properties and behavior device has been investigated with the help of Silvaco TCAD. It is observed that Junction less TFET has advantageous over JLFET and TFETdue to the absence of junctions. The proposed device shows reduced short channel effects, lower subthreshold swing along with a higher voltage gain. The detection of the biomolecule is done by varying the gate dielectric constant inside the cavity and different electrical parameters such as electric field, sensing current, threshold voltage and transconductance are observed. The change in the threshold voltage, drain current, transconductance has been used as the sensing metric to detect the sensitivity of the presented device for biomolecule detection. Biomolecule position inside the cavity have been investigated to find out their effect on sensitivity parameter.

Having content in an archive is of limited value if it cannot be read and used. As a case study of extricating information from obsolete media, making it readable once again through deep learning techniques, we examine the Cauzin Softstrip: one of the first two-dimensional bar codes, released in 1985 by Cauzin Systems, which could be used for encoding all manner of digital data. Softstrips occupy a curious middle ground, as they were both physical and digital. The bar codes were printed on paper, and in that sense are no different in an archival way than any printed material. Softstrips can be found in old computer magazines, computer books, and booklets of software Cauzin produced. However, managing the digital nature of these physical artifacts falls within the scope of digital curation. To make the information on them readable and useful, the digital information needs to be extracted, which originally would have occurred using a physical Cauzin Softstrip reader. Obtaining a working Softstrip reader is already extremely difficult and will most likely be impossible in the coming years. In order to extract the encoded data, we created a digital Softstrip reader, making Softstrip data accessible without needing a physical reader. Our decoding strategy is able to decode over 91% of the 1229 Softstrips in our Softstrip corpus; this rises to 99% if we only consider Softstrip images produced under controlled conditions. Furthermore, we later acquired another set of 117 Softstrips and we were able to decode nearly 95% of them with no adjustments to the decoder. These excellent results underscore the fact that technology like deep learning is readily accessible to non-experts; we obtained these results using a convolutional neural network, even though neither of the authors are expert in the area.

The financial sector has seen a transformation towards ‘sustainable’ finance particularly in Europe, driven also by unprecedented regulatory reforms. At the same time, many are sceptical about the real impact of these reforms, fearing that they are triggering a paradoxical financialisation of sustainability. Building on recent research on institutional logics and institutional fields formation, we examine changes in the EU regulatory dynamics as characterised by shifts in framing the relationship between sustainability and finance. Deploying a longitudinal approach (2009–2019), consisting of archival data and semi-structured interviews, we explore the development of EU sustainable finance regulation as an extended, interactive and contested process. Specifically, we suggest that regulatory dynamics depend on the hybrid configuration of the social constituencies supporting sustainable finance reforms and on shifts in the overall prevalence of the financial logic in society. Our paper sheds light on the inherent contradictions and limitations of sustainable finance as a means for transformative sustainability reforms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10551-021-04763-x.

Wheat is one of the three basic cereals providing the necessary calorific intake for most of the world’s population. For this reason, its trade is critical to many countries in order to fulfil their internal demand and strategic stocks. In this paper, we use complex network analysis tools to study the international wheat trade network and its evolving characteristics for the period 2009–2013. To understand the vulnerability of each country’s dependence on the imports of this crop we have performed different analyses, simulating shocks of varying intensities for the main wheat producers, and observed the population affected by the production drop. As a result, we conclude that globally the network is slightly more resilient than four years previously, although at the same time some developing countries have slipped into a vulnerable situation. We have also analysed the effects of a global shock affecting all major producers, assessing its impact on every country. Some comments on the COVID-19 outbreak and the political decisions taken by governments following the pandemic declaration are included, observing that given their capital-intensive characteristics, no negative effects should currently be expected in the wheat market. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-020-01117-9.

Purpose There is scarce literature regarding genitourinary symptoms in COVID-19, especially post-acute disease otherwise known as Long COVID. We identified recovered COVID-19 patients presenting with new or worsening overactive bladder symptoms, known as COVID-19-associated cystitis (CAC). Methods We used the American Urological Association Urology Care Foundation Overactive Bladder (OAB) Assessment Tool to screen COVID-19 recovered patients presenting with urological complaints at our urban-located institution from 5/22/2020 to 12/31/2020. Patients 10–14 weeks post-discharge responded to 5 symptom and 4 quality-of-life (QoL) questions. We reported median symptom scores, as well as QoL scores, based on new or worsening urinary symptoms, and by sex. Results We identified 350 patients with de novo or worsening OAB symptoms 10–14 weeks after hospitalization with COVID-19. The median total OAB symptom score in both men and women was 18. The median total QoL score for both men and women was 19. Patients with worsening OAB symptoms had a median pre-COVID-19 symptom score of 8 (4–10) compared to post-COVID-19 median symptom score of 19 (17–21). Median age was 64.5 (range 47–82). Median hospital length-of-stay was 10 days (range 5–30). Conclusion We report survey-based results of patients suffering from new or worsening OAB symptoms months after their hospitalization from COVID-19. Future studies with larger sample sizes and more extensive testing will hopefully elucidate the specific pathophysiology of OAB symptoms in the context of long COVID so urologists can timely and appropriately treat their patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11255-021-03030-2.

Objective To describe the clinical profile and microbiology trends in patients undergoing therapeutic keratoplasty at a multi-tier ophthalmology hospital network in India. Methods This cross-sectional hospital-based study included 3147 eyes undergoing therapeutic keratoplasty between Jan 2016 and Dec 2020 (5 years period) as cases. The demographic data, clinical profile and microbiological analysis were collected using an electronic medical record system. Results Of a total of 13,625 eyes with microbial keratitis(non-viral), 3147 (23.1%) underwent therapeutic keratoplasty during the study duration. Majority of patients were males (68.35%), from a rural geography (49.89%) and in 51–60 years age bracket (23.74%). The mean age of the patients was 50.54 ± 15.83 years. Two-thirds of patients were from lower socio-economic strata (66.63%) with an agrarian background (36.51%). Of the 3,147 eyes, fungus (51.8%) was the most common indication of therapeutic keratoplasty followed by bacteria (16.87%) and parasite (1.27%). No organisms could be identified in about a third (29.33%) of the cases. Between 2016 and 2020, the trend of therapeutic keratoplasties for fungal infections steadily grew (39.9% vs 45.49%) while the bacterial infections showed a steady decline (23.15% vs 11.81%). Conclusions Medical cure rate was seen in majority of those with microbial keratitis, and 23.1% eventually required management with therapeutic keratoplasty. Fungal keratitis was the most common indication for therapeutic keratoplasty. Male gender, rural setting, low socio-economic background and agricultural occupation are common risk factors for patients undergoing therapeutic keratoplasty in India.

China’s phenomenal growth in higher education has received increasing scholarly attention, particularly its initiative to build world-class universities. Though a crucial contributor to its rapid development, the changing hiring practices of mainland Chinese university employers remain largely underexposed. This study presents qualitative evidence drawn from document analysis and in-depth interviews to show current trends, which reveal university employers’ widespread preference for graduates with an overseas background, will tend to deprive domestically trained graduates of vital opportunities for career development, which may have detrimental consequences in the long run. The study found that a substantial number of Chinese university employers explicitly articulated their talent preferences, with a strong favour towards applicants with overseas credentials and/or experience. Further analysis of the textual data identified two nuanced trends: universities in a more economically developed region and at a higher level tended to have more rigid and exclusive recruitment preferences for candidates with an overseas background; competitive employers tended to be selective in applicants’ overseas backgrounds by gauging their potential productivity measured in quantifiable research outputs. In response to the pressure brought by such preferential practices, domestic doctorates were found to be learning to accept and struggle to cope with the changes. These findings are discussed in the context of the internationalisation of higher education and the popularisation of overseas education with implications for and beyond the Chinese experience.

Purpose To test for differences in cancer-specific mortality (CSM) rates in Hispanic/Latino prostate cancer patients according to treatment type, radical prostatectomy (RP) vs external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Methods Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010–2016), we identified 2290 NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) high-risk (HR) Hispanic/Latino prostate cancer patients. Of those, 893 (39.0%) were treated with RP vs 1397 (61.0%) with EBRT. First, cumulative incidence plots and competing risks regression models tested for CSM differences after adjustment for other cause mortality (OCM). Second, cumulative incidence plots and competing risks regression models were refitted after 1:1 propensity score matching (according to age, PSA, biopsy Gleason score, cT-stage, cN-stage). Results In NCCN HR patients, 5-year CSM rates for RP vs EBRT were 2.4 vs 4.7%, yielding a multivariable hazard ratio of 0.37 (95% CI 0.19–0.73, p = 0.004) favoring RP. However, after propensity score matching, the hazard ratio of 0.54 was no longer statistically significant (95% CI 0.21–1.39, p = 0.2). Conclusion Without the use of strictest adjustment for population differences, NCCN high-risk Hispanic/Latino prostate cancer patients appear to benefit more of RP than EBRT. However, after strictest adjustment for baseline patient and tumor characteristics between RP and EBRT cohorts, the apparent CSM benefit of RP is no longer statistically significant. In consequence, in Hispanic/Latino NCCN high-risk patients, either treatment modality results in similar CSM outcome.

To gather information from stakeholders involved in corneal donation and transplantation to inform discussion at the “National Consensus Forum on Improving Cornea Donation and Transplantation Access in Canada” held in February 2020, survey questions were posed to eye banks, transplanting ophthalmologists and organ donation organizations across Canada to learn more about demand, wait times, and access to tissue for transplant. The survey response rate was one hundred percent (100%) for eye banks and organ donation organizations while 64 percent (64%) of transplant ophthalmologists provided feedback. A number of opportunities for improvement were identified including: demand forecasting; infrastructure and strategies to align supply with demand; data collection and benchmarking of wait times for assessment and transplant to support consistency, equitability and transparency in access; and national collaboration in the development of a data strategy to accurately measure demand and access to cornea transplants in a consistent manner across all provinces to facilitate equity in access nationally.

PURPOSE: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) sequelae in the transplant population are scarcely reported. Post-COVID-19 mucormycosis is one of such sequelae, which is a dreadful and rare entity. The purpose of this report was to study the full spectrum of this dual infection in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). METHODS: We did a comprehensive analysis of 11 mucormycosis cases in KTR who recovered from COVID-19 in IKDRC, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India during the study period from Nov 2020 to May 2021. We also looked for the risk factors for mucormycosis with a historical cohort of 157 KTR who did not develop mucormycosis. RESULTS: The median age (interquartile range, range) of the cohort was 42 (33.5-50, 26-60) years with 54.5% diabetes. COVID-19 severity ranged from mild (n = 10) to severe cases (n = 1). The duration from COVID-19 recovery to presentation was 7 (7-7, 4-14) days. Ten cases were Rhino-orbital-cerebral-mucormycosis (ROCM) and one had pulmonary mucormycosis. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was performed in all cases of ROCM. The duration of antifungal therapy was 28 (24-30, 21-62) days. The mortality rate reported was 27%. The risk factors for post-transplant mucormycosis were diabetes (18% vs 54.5%; p-value = 0.01), lymphopenia [12 (10-18) vs 20 (12-26) %; p-value = 0.15] and a higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio [7 (4.6-8.3) vs 3.85 (3.3-5.8); p-value = 0.5]. CONCLUSION: The morbidity and mortality with post-COVID-19 mucormycosis are high. Post-transplant patients with diabetes are more prone to this dual infection. Preparedness and early identification is the key to improve the outcomes.

Limited views are often obtained in the setting of cardiac ultrasound, however, the likelihood of missing left ventricular (LV) dysfunction based on a single view is not known. We sought to determine the echo views that were least likely to miss LV systolic dysfunction in consecutive transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs). Structured data from TTEs performed at 2 hospitals from September 25, 2017, to January 15, 2019, were screened. Studies of interest were those with reported LV dysfunction. Views evaluated were the parasternal long-axis (PLAX), parasternal-short axis at mitral (PSAX M), papillary muscle (PSAX PM), and apical (PSAX A) levels, apical 2 (AP2), apical 3 (AP3), and apical 4 (AP4) chamber views. The probability that a view contained at least 1 abnormal segment was determined and analyzed with McNemar’s test for 21 adjusted pair-wise comparisons. There were 4102 TTE studies included for analysis. TTEs on males comprised 72.7% of studies with a mean LV ejection fraction of 42.8 ± 9.7%. The echo view with the greatest likelihood of encompassing an abnormal segment was the AP2 view with a prevalence of 93.4% (p 82% of the time in the setting of LV systolic dysfunction, with a prevalence of up to 93.4% in the apical windows. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10554-021-02460-4.

Transformational leadership, a type of leadership commonly promoted within higher education, has been shown to positively affect performance, collaborative behavior, and goal accomplishment. Such skills may correlate with the level of job responsibility one has been given and the technical, human, and conceptual skills needed for one to be successful. This study sought to bridge a research gap by exploring correlations between transformational leadership and skills-approach leadership with an exploration of the role of gender within perceptions. An unexpected result based on gender was found: As females achieve higher roles within the Land-Grant University System, the perception of their transformational leadership decreases while that of males increases. Transformational leadership and skills-approach leadership is discussed within the context of gender.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 by using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). METHODS: We included fifty-eight patients who have recovered from COVID-19 (group 1) and fifty healthy control subjects (group 2) in this prospective study. Best corrected visual acuity, anterior segment and posterior segment examinations of all subjects were performed. CT scan and measurements were taken with the EDI mode of the Spectral Domain OCT device. RESULTS: Of the 108 subjects included in this study, 57 were female and 51 were male. The mean age was similar in both groups (36.10 ± 7.12 and 35.58 ± 7.29, respectively, p = 0.276). Group 1 had the following characteristics: the mean time since diagnosis was 53.18 ± 2.84; it had been 38.48 ± 4.07 days since the PCR test was negative; and all subjects were outpatients. It was detected that the CT of the patients in group 1 decreased in all areas compared to group 2, and this decrease was significant in subfoveal, temporal and inferior areas (257.48 ± 32.79, 273.62 ± 45.04, p = 0.04; 232.96 ± 41.79, 252.76 ± 46.09, p = 0.02, and 245.22 ± 44.58, 271.54 ± 55.07, p = 0.01, respectively). In the retinal nerve fiber layer analysis for group 1, thickening was detected in all areas, although it was not statistically significant, except in the temporal area where it was (superotemporal, superonasal, nasal, inferonasal, inferotemporal, temporal, and global [p = 0 .08, p = 0.45, p = 0.73, p = 0.64, p = 0.74, p = 0.02, and p = 0.10, respectively]). CONCLUSION: For individuals who had recovered from COVID-19, it was found that CT decreased in all areas in these patients. Therefore, this study in which we have demonstrated the decrease in the thickness of the choroidal tissue, a tissue with high blood flow, may contribute to the understanding of the systemic microvascular waste of this disease.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the midstream (processors, wholesalers and wholesale markets, and logistics) segments of transforming value chains have proliferated rapidly over the past several decades in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Their spread has been most rapid in the long transitional stage between the traditional and modern stages, when value chains grow long and developed with urbanization but are still fragmented, before consolidation. Most of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and parts of the other regions, are in that stage. The midstream SMEs in output and input value chains are important to overall food security (moving about 65% of food consumed in Africa and South Asia), and to employment, farmers, poor consumers, and the environment. The midstream of value chains is neglected in the national and international debates as the “missing middle.” We found that it is indeed not missing but rather hidden from the debate, hence “the hidden middle.” The midstream SMEs grow quickly and succeed where enabling conditions are present. Our main policy recommendations are to support the SMEs further growth through a focus on infrastructure investment, in particular on wholesale markets and roads, a reduction of policy-related constraints such as excessive red tape, and regulation for food safety and good commercial practices.

TFET based label-free biosensors are fast, sensitive and more power efficient as compared to CMOS biosensors, which are prone to short channel effects (SCEs). However, literature is flooded with various TFET biosensors that have become the reason of dilemma for researchers during pandemic situations like COVID-19. Therefore, in this work, a physically doped (PD), charge plasma (CP) and electrically doped (ED) dielectric modulated (DM) TFET based label-free biosensors are compared, which cover almost the entire range of doping and junctionless devices. Also, we found that the ED based TFET biosensors provide better current sensitivities of 5.10 x 10(7), 4.77 x 10(8) and 7.11 x 10(8) for biomolecules with K=12, positive charge= 1 x 10(13) C/cm(2) and negative charge= -1 x 10(13) C/cm(2) respectively. Hence, ED-DM-TFET based biosensors can act as promising candidates to provide better detection and identification quality.

Objectives To evaluate preoperative endogenous testosterone (ET) density (ETD), defined as the ratio of ET on prostate volume, and tumor upgrading risk in low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and methods From November 2014 to December 2019, 172 low-risk patients had ET (nmol/L) measured. ETD, prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) and the ratio of percentage of biopsy positive cores (BPC) to prostate volume (PV), defined as BPC density (BPCD), were evaluated. Associations with tumor upgrading in the surgical specimen were assessed by statistical methods. Results Overall, 121 patients (70.3%) had tumor upgrading, which was predicted by BPCD (odds ratio, OR = 4.640; 95% CI 1.903–11.316; p = 0.001; overall accuracy: 70.3%). On multivariate analysis, tumor upgrading and clinical density factors related to each other for BPCD being predicted by ETD (regression coefficient, b = 0.032; 95% CI 0.021–0.043; p b = 1.962; 95% CI 1.067–2.586; p b = 0.259; 95% CI 0.112–0.406; p = 0.001). According to the model, as BPCD increased, ETD and PSAD increased, but the increase was higher for upgraded cases who showed either higher tumor load but significantly lower mean levels of either ET or PSA. Conclusions As ETD increased, higher tumor loads were assessed; however, in upgraded patients, lower ET was also detected. ETD might stratify low-risk disease for tumor upgrading features.

Purpose To investigate the effect of “skin-only” upper eyelid blepharoplasty on corneal biomechanics and central as well as peripheral topographic/tomographic parameters before and 4 weeks after surgery. Methods In a prospective study, the corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were evaluated before and after blepharoplasty. Corneal topographic (maximum simulated keratometry value, inferior-superior value, index of surface variance, index of vertical asymmetry, index of height asymmetry, index of height decentration) and tomographic parameters (corneal thickness, corneal astigmatism and mean 5-mm- and 7-mm-zone keratometry value) were measured by the Pentacam HR. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed model considering correlated data of both eyes. Results This study included 42 eyes of 35 patients (mean age: 64.5 years, range 52–82 years). Four weeks after surgery CH and CRF increased (9.4 ± 2.3 to 10.2 ± 2.2 mmHg and 9.7 ± 2.1 to 10.5 ± 2.2 mmHg) but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.100 and P = 0.072). A significant increase in central maximum simulated keratometry value (Kmax) from 45.0 ± 2.3 to 45.4 ± 2.2 diopters (D) was observed (P = 0.004). Inferior-superior value (I-S) and index of surface variance (ISV) showed significant changes from 0.32 ± 0.98 to 0.10 ± 0.98 D (P = 0.02) and from 19.98 ± 9.84 to 22.93 ± 11.23 (P = 0.009), respectively. These alterations did not affect the subjective spherical equivalent (-0.09 ± 4.71 to -0.04 ± 4.51 D; P = 0.437) and the best-corrected distance visual acuity of patients (0.11 ± 0.14 to 0.15 ± 0.15 logMAR; P = 0.142). Age, gender and corneal thickness were not correlated with pre and postoperative differences of CH, CRF, corneal compensated IOP, Kmax, corneal astigmatism or I-S. Conclusion The trend of increasing CH and CRF values might indicate a rise of corneal damping capacity. Despite statistically significant differences of Kmax, I-S and ISV, all other tomographical and topographical parameters did not change 4 weeks after surgery. The corneal steepening with a mean change of 0.4 diopters and the decrease of I-S with a mean of 0.22 diopters do not seem to have a clinically relevant effect for blepharoplasty patients in daily practice.

The most affected disease in recent years is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) that is notable as COVID-19. It has been started as a disease in one place and arisen as a pandemic throughout the world. A serious health problem is developed in the lungs due to the effect of this coronavirus. Sometimes it may result in death as a consequence of extensive alveolar damage and progressive respiratory failure. Hence, early detection and appropriate diagnosis of corona virus in patient’s body is very essential to save the lives of affected patients This work evolves a Silicon (Si) based label-free electrical device i.e. the reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor (rGO FET) for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Firstly rGO FET functionalized with SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Then the rGO FET characteristic response is observed to detect the antibody-antigen reaction of SARS-CoV-2 with different molar ranges. The developed GFET shows better performance towards the drain current and limit-of-detection (LoD) up to 2E-18 M. Therefore, we believe that an intense response was observed than the earlier developed devices and signifies impressive capability for subsequent implementation in point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic tests.

Corruption is one of the most intractable problems that the world is faced with and its reported impact is widespread and pervasive. Since the mid-1990s, international efforts to combat this problem expanded significantly, driven by the involvement governments, international financial institutions and non-governmental organisations. The objective of this article is to use Michel Foucault’s work in a critical analysis of the international fight against corruption. This analysis is centred on Foucault’s concept of governmentality, as well as his notions of knowledge, power and ethics. The primary focus is on the role played by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and Transparency International in the proliferation of international anti-corruption discourse and practices. Furthermore, South Africa will be used as a case study to unpack the historical and contextual factors that play a role in the legitimisation of corruption. As will be shown in this assessment, without adequately understanding the local factors that stimulate corruption and the other societal characteristics that serve to compound its pervasiveness, internationally driven anti-corruption initiatives have limited scope for success. Corruption will persist where there is a lack of resonance between international anti-corruption ideals and local norms, values and ideologies.

The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of echocardiography and the EuroSCORE II in stratifying patients with low-gradient severe aortic stenosis (LG SAS) and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 50%) with or without aortic valve intervention (AVI). The study included 323 patients with LG SAS (aortic valve area ≤ 1.0 cm2 and mean pressure gradient

The cardiac sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a worldwide global pandemic, are still uncertain, particularly in the asymptomatic, low cardiac risk outpatient population. This study aims to evaluate the asymptomatic, low cardiac risk out-patient population who recently recovered from COVID-19, using 2-D left ventricular-global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) proven to be capable of detecting subclinical myocardial injury. Out of 305 COVID-19 positive patients, 70 asymptomatic out-patients were determined as the study group and 70 age and sex-matched healthy adults as the control group. The echocardiographic examination was performed with the Philips IE33 system, and LV-GLS was measured using commercially available software QLAB 9 (cardiac motion quantification; Philips Medical Systems). The absolute value of LV-GLS ≤ 18 did deem to be impaired LV-GLS. The absolute value of LV-GLS was statistically significantly lower in the COVID-19 group than in healthy controls (19.17 ± 2.65 vs. 20.07 ± 2.19, p = 0.03). The correlation between having recovered from COVID-19 and impaired LV-GLS (≤18) did detect with the Pearson correlation test (p = 0.02). Having recovered from COVID-19 was found as a predictor for detecting impaired LV-GLS (≤18) in the multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 0.133 (0.038-0.461); 95% CI, p = 0.001). This study suggests that COVID-19 may cause subclinical LV dysfunction detected by LV-GLS during early recovery even in a population of patients at low cardiac risk, asymptomatic, and recovered with home quarantine. The study findings indicate that the long-term cardiovascular follow-up of these patients may be more important than thought.

This article highlights Australia’s interaction with Asian countries in the development of an international legal instrument on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). An intergovernmental conference with four planned sessions is currently going on under the auspices of the United Nation’s General Assembly (UNGA) for the adoption of a new legal instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Although there is literature on how Australia and Asia have forged closer engagement on matters of trade, security and culture, literature is scarce on how and in what way they can engage in promoting the conservation of ABNJ. In terms of marine environmental discussion, Australia appears to date overall to have aligned itself closely to other western countries and some developed Asian countries. This article examines the potential scope for increased collaboration with Asia on reaching future legal agreement with respect to ABNJ.

One of the main concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic was the protection of healthcare workers against the novel coronavirus. The critical role and vulnerability of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic leads us to derive a mathematical model to express the spread of coronavirus between the healthcare workers. In the first step, the SECIRH model is introduced, and then the mathematical equations are written. The proposed model includes eight state variables, i.e., Susceptible, Exposed, Carrier, Infected, Hospitalized, ICU admitted, Dead, and finally Recovered. In this model, the vaccination, protective equipment, and recruitment policy are considered as preventive actions. The formal confirmed data provided by the Iranian ministry of health is used to simulate the proposed model. The simulation results revealed that the proposed model has a high degree of consistency with the actual COVID-19 daily statistics. In addition, the roles of vaccination, protective equipment, and recruitment policy for the elimination of coronavirus among the healthcare workers are investigated. The results of this research help the policymakers to adopt the best decisions against the spread of coronavirus among healthcare workers.

When the 2020 semester began in the USA in January, it was unimaginable that the near-total closure of educational system across the globe would become the new normal. To mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 virus, teaching faculty hastily converted to an online learning environment in order for instruction to continue. This mixed-methods study used the What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire and analysis of student course evaluations to explore changes in student perceptions of learning environments from before to after the switch to remote learning because of the pandemic. Students perceived a statistically-significant decline in student cohesiveness, teacher support, involvement, task orientation and equity, with the largest decline of 0.56 standard deviations occurring for student cohesiveness. Qualitative comments illuminated reasons for these declines and suggested ways to mitigate declines in the future.

Cardiac involvement has been frequently reported in COVID-19 as responsible of increased morbidity and mortality. Given the importance of right heart function in acute and chronic respiratory diseases, its assessment in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients may add prognostic accuracy. Transthoracic echocardiography has been proposed to early predict myocardial injury and risk of death in hospitalized patients. This systematic review presents the up-to-date sum of literature regarding right ventricle ultrasound assessment. We evaluated commonly used echocardiographic parameters to assess RV function and discussed their relationship with pathophysiological mechanisms involved in COVID-19. We searched Medline and Embase for studies that used transthoracic echocardiography for right ventricle assessment in patients with COVID-19.

Salivary glands are considered the chief exocrine glands of the mouth and physiologically contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of the oral cavity. They consist of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, which come in pairs and are collectively called the major glands, and the minor glands, which are much smaller and are dispersed throughout the buccal cavity. Salivary glands are distinguished by their size, amount of saliva secretion and their location in the oral cavity. Salivary glands pathophysiology has been a subject of interest in various worldwide metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus (DM), a global health concern, with a pathological imprint involved in vasculature, promotes microvascular and macrovascular complications among which periodontitis ranks sixth. Indeed, DM has also been directly associated with oral health lesions. Specifically, salivary glands in the context of diabetes have been a focal point of study and emphasis in the research field. There is evidence that relates salivary secretion content and diabetes progression. In this review, we present all the reported evidence of the deregulation of specific salivary proteins associated with the progression of diabetes in parallel with changes in salivary gland morphology, cellular architecture, and salivary secretion and composition more generally.

Here we generate up-to-date reference values of transthoracic echocardiographic aortic root dimensions matched by sex, age, and body surface area (BSA) derived from the population-based Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS) cohort. In 1687 healthy subjects (mean age 57.1 ± 7.7, 681 male and 1006 female), derived from the first prospectively-recruited 10,000 HCHS participants, dimensions of the aortic root were measured in systole and diastole using state-of-the-art 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Diameters were assessed at four levels: aortic annulus, Sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta. Female sex was associated with significantly smaller absolute aortic root dimensions, while indexing for BSA resulted in a reverse effect at all levels. There was a strong age dependency of all aortic root diameters as well as aortic annulus/sinotubular junction ratio for both sexes. Multivariate analysis revealed age, sex, weight, height, and BSA to be significant determinants of aortic root size. Finally, formulas were generated for the calculation of individual aortic root reference values considering age, sex, weight, and height. We provide population-based reference values of aortic root diameters based on a standardized transthoracic echocardiographic protocol of the population-based HCHS which may support the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of aortic root disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10554-021-02354-5.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare angiogenic disorder causing chronic gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, and severe anemia. Pazopanib is an oral multi-kinase angiogenesis inhibitor with promise to treat bleeding in HHT. We analyzed outcomes of HHT patients with the most severe bleeding causing RBC transfusion dependence treated on a predefined institutional pazopanib treatment pathway (with data collected retrospectively). The primary endpoint was achievement of transfusion independence. Secondary endpoints included hemoglobin, epistaxis severity score, RBC transfusion and iron infusion requirements, number of local hemostatic procedures, ferritin and transferrin saturation, compared using paired and repeated measures mean tests. Thirteen transfusion-dependent HHT patients received pazopanib [median (range) dose 150 (25–300) mg daily)] for a median of 22 months. All patients achieved transfusion independence. Compared with pretreatment, pazopanib increased mean hemoglobin by 4.8 (95% CI, 3.6–5.9) g/dL (7.8 vs. 12.7 g/dL, P

Purpose To evaluate urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1), which is a proximal tubule injury biomarker in subclinical acute kidney injury (AKI) that may occur in COVID-19 infection. Methods The study included proteinuric (n = 30) and non-proteinuric (n = 30) patients diagnosed with mild/moderate COVID-19 infection between March and September 2020 and healthy individuals as a control group (n = 20). The uKIM-1, serum creatinine, cystatin C, spot urine protein, creatinine, and albumin levels of the patients were evaluated again after an average of 21 days. Results The median (interquartile range) uKIM-1 level at the time of presentation was 246 (141–347) pg/mL in the proteinuric group, 83 (29–217) pg/mL in the non-proteinuric group, and 55 (21–123) pg/mL in the control group and significantly high in the proteinuric group than the others (p

Background Ureteroscopy is widely applied in pregnant women with renal colic, but such patients are easy to experience uterine contraction after surgery. There are many factors which may affect uterine contraction, this study aims to explore the risk factors of uterine contraction triggered by ureteroscopy in pregnant women with renal colic. Methods One hundred and one pregnant women were retrospectively analyzed, the patients were hospitalized because of severe renal colic. All patients received ureteroscopy during which double J catheters were inserted into ureters for drainage. Patients received other medical treatments individually according to their condition and uterine contractions were detected by EHG within 12 h after operation. Patients were classified as group A (uterine contraction) and group B (no uterine contraction) according to the presence or absence of continuously regular uterine contraction. Clinical characteristics were collected for further analysis, including history of childbirth, anesthesia method, application of phloroglucinol or not, operation time, Oxygen inhalation or not, pain relief or not after surgery, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occurred or not. A binary logistic regression analysis model was established to explore whether such clinical characteristics were relevant to uterine contraction after ureteroscopy. Results Continuously regular uterine contraction presented in 46 pregnant women within 12 h after ureteroscopy, making the incidence of uterine contraction as high as 45.54%. The presence of uterine contraction was related to the following factors(P Conclusion Continuously regular uterine contraction is easy to occur within 12 h after ureteroscopy in pregnant women. SIRS occurred after surgery is a risk factor for uterine contraction; on the contrary, no history of childbirth, shorter operation time, application of phloroglucinol, pain relief after surgery are protective factors.

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the effectiveness of contactless vital sign monitors that utilize a consumer-friendly camera versus medical grade instruments. A multiple database search was conducted from inception to September 2020. Inclusion criteria were as follows: studies that used a consumer-grade camera (smartphone/webcam) to examine contactless vital signs in adults; evaluated the non-contact device against a reference medical device; and used the participants’ face for measurement. Twenty-six studies were included in the review of which 16 were included in Pearson’s correlation and 14 studies were included in the Bland–Altman meta-analysis. Twenty-two studies measured heart rate (HR) (92%), three measured blood pressure (BP) (12%), and respiratory rate (RR) (12%). No study examined blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). Most studies had a small sample size (≤ 30 participants) and were performed in a laboratory setting. Our meta-analysis found that consumer-grade contactless vital sign monitors were accurate in comparison to a medical device in measuring HR. Current contactless monitors have limitations such as motion, poor lighting, and lack of automatic face tracking. Currently available consumer-friendly contactless monitors measure HR accurately compared to standard medical devices. More studies are needed to assess the accuracy of contactless BP and RR monitors. Implementation of contactless vital sign monitors for clinical use will require validation in a larger population, in a clinical setting, and expanded to encompass other vital signs including BP, RR, and SpO2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10877-021-00734-9.

Contains fulltext : 244778.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) In patients hospitalized for corona virus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) it is currently unknown whether myocardial function changes after recovery and whether this is related to elevated cardiac biomarkers. In this single center, prospective cohort study we consecutively enrolled hospitalized COVID-19 patients between 1 April and 12 May 2020. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) evaluation during hospitalization and at a median of 131 days (IQR; 116-136) follow-up. Of the 51 patients included at baseline, 40 (age: 62 years (IQR; 54-68), 78% male) were available for follow-up TTE. At baseline, 68% of the patients had a normal TTE, regarding left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes and function, compared to 83% at follow-up (p = 0.07). Median LV ejection fraction (60% vs. 58%, p = 0.54) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (23 vs 22 mm, p = 0.18) were comparable between hospitalization and follow-up, but a significantly lower RV diameter (39 vs. 34 mm, p = 0.002) and trend towards better global longitudinal strain (GLS) (- 18.5% vs - 19.1%, p = 0.07) was found at follow-up. Subgroup analysis showed no relation between patients with and without elevated TroponinT and/or NT-proBNP during hospitalization and myocardial function at follow-up. Although there were no significant differences in individual myocardial function parameters at 4 months follow-up compared to hospitalisation for COVID-19, there was an overall trend towards normalization in myocardial function, predominantly due to a higher rate of normal GLS at follow-up. 01 december 2021

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate anatomic and morphologic features of inner and outer retinal layers in patients recovered from COVID-19 with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), whether correlate with any symptoms during disease process. Methods 32 patients recovered from COVID-19 and age- and gender-matched 36 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, macular and peripapiller retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the outer retinal hyperreflective bands including external limiting membrane (ELM), ellipsoid zone (EZ) and interdigitation zone (IZ) were examined with SD-OCT. The differences of each retinal layers thickness among subgroup analysis of ocular pain and headache were also compared. Results Macular RNFL of inner and outer nasal and outer inferior quadrants were thinner in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy control group (p = 0.046, p = 0.014 and p = 0.016, respectively). Thinning in outer superior quadrant of GCIPL and INL quadrants were detected in patients with headache (p = 0.026 and p = 0.01). Superonasal and inferotemporal sectors of pRNFL were thinner in patients with ocular pain compared to patients without ocular pain (p = 0.024 and p = 0.015). Integrity of EZ, ELM and IZ was evaluated as continuous line and protected on each OCT scans. Conclusion The study demonstrated convincing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can affect the inner and outer retinal layers, with subclinical localized alterations, particularly in patients with headache and ocular pain symptoms during COVID-19 period. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10792-021-01952-5.

Purpose To compare the morphological and biomechanical properties of normal cornea and keratoconus at different stages. Methods A total of 408 patients (517 eyes) with keratoconus were included in this study. According to the Topographic Keratoconus (TKC) grading method, keratoconus was divided into stage I (TKC = 1, 130 eyes), stage II (TKC = 1–2, 2, 164 eyes), stage III (TKC = 2–3, 3, 125 eyes) and stage IV (TKC = 3–4, 4, 98 eyes). A total of 158 normal subjects (158 eyes) were recruited as the normal group. The corneal morphological parameters and biomechanical parameters were obtained with Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam) and corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology (Corvis ST), and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn. Results Each corneal morphological and most biomechanical parameters of the keratoconic eyes were significantly different from those of the normal eyes in this study (p 0.9), with the Belin-Ambrósio deviation (BAD-D) and Tomographic and Biomechanical Index (TBI) showing higher efficiency. The efficiency of BAD-D and TBI was high in differentiating keratoconus at different stages (AUC > 0.963). The comparison of ROC curves of keratoconus at different stages did not reveal statistically significant differences for TBI. Conclusion BAD-D and TBI can effectively diagnose stage I keratoconus. Moreover, the efficiency of TBI is the same in diagnosing keratoconus at all stages, while the diagnostic efficiency of other parameters increases with the increase in keratoconus stages.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for COVID-19 infection and mortality and to document if any relation exists between 25 (OH) Vitamin D and COVID-19 infection. Methods This retrospective study evaluated 151 HD patients. Patients infected with COVID-19 were compared to patients without the infection. Risk factors for intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality were analyzed. Deceased infected patients were also compared to patients who died due to other causes. Results The mean age of all HD patients was 57.15 ± 15.73 years and 51.7% were male. The mean 25 (OH) Vitamin D level of all patients was 16.48 ± 8.45 ng/ml. Thirty-five infected patients were significantly older, had a higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score. They also had a higher number of patients with diabetic nephropathy, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Patients who needed to stay in ICU had higher CCI score, a higher number of patients with diabetic nephropathy, pulmonary diseases and had statistically significantly higher CRP levels. Deceased infected patients were significantly older, had higher CCI scores and lower PTH than survived infected patients. Deceased infected patients had lower PTH, but had significantly lower leukocyte, lymphocyte counts and urea levels at admission when compared to patients who died due to other causes. Patients with poor prognosis had lower neutrophil and lymphocyte counts before infection and at admission; respectively. 25 (OH) Vitamin D level was not related to the risk of COVID-19 infection, ICU stay or mortality. Conclusion Older age, higher CCI scores, diabetic nephropathy, CHD, CVA, pulmonary diseases, and lower neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were found as poor prognostic factors. The comparisons yielded no significant finding for 25 (OH) Vitamin D, acetylsalicylic acid, erythropoietin, intravenous iron, ACEI, ARBs, and dialysis adequacy parameters.

While past studies have enriched our understanding of the impact of returnee executives on firm market strategy and outcomes, we know relatively little about the relationship between returnee executives and firm nonmarket strategies. Grounded in upper echelons theory, this study explores the relationship between returnee executives and corporate philanthropy, the latter of which is an important nonmarket strategy in emerging economies such as China. Using data on publicly listed Chinese companies from 2010 to 2017, we find that the proportion of returnee executives is negative related to corporate philanthropy. We also find that this negative relationship is strengthened by executive ownership, but weakened by corporate prominence and political connections. Our study makes important theoretical contributions to strategic leadership research, upper echelons theory, and the literature of corporate philanthropy. The managerial implications are also discussed.

The aim of the present study was to test an explanatory model for individual and social wellbeing which incorporates the advantages of using digital technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was carried out in Italy, one of the countries that has been most severely affected by the pandemic worldwide. The study was designed to include variables that might be specifically pertinent to the uniqueness of the restrictions imposed by the pandemic. Adults living in Italy (n = 1412) completed an online survey during the lockdown period in March 2020. Results showed two distinct digital interaction processes highlighted by the facilitating use of online emotions (“e-motions”) and online social support (“e-support”). In short, e-motions were positively related to posttraumatic growth, which in turn was positively associated with positive mental health and higher engagement in prosocial behaviors. Moreover, individuals who perceived themselves as having greater e-support were characterized by higher levels of positive mental health, which it turn was positively associated with prosocial behaviors. Collectively, these two digital interaction processes suggest that digital technologies appear to be critical resources in helping individuals cope with difficulties raised by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background The impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and its influence on personal hygiene behaviors and peritonitis rate in peritoneal-dialysis patients is unknown. Methods A multi-center retrospective study was conducted. We reviewed all the cases of peritoneal-dialysis (PD) patients from four major PD centers in Wuhan before and after COVID-19. There were 567 patients enrolled in total. Information was collected on personal hygiene behaviors, basic clinical characteristics, lab results, peritonitis details. We used Chi-square analysis to compare the personal hygiene behaviors, and used Chi-square goodness-of-fit analysis to compare the peritonitis rates before and after COVID-19. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for peritonitis rate. Results There were no significant differences on peritonitis rates in six-month period before and after COVID-19 (p = 0.0756, Fig. 2 and Table 3). But Gram-positive infections decreased dramatically (p = 0.0041, Table 4). Personal hygiene behaviors such as length of time for washing hands when performing PD treatment, the frequency of washing hands before PD treatment and six general behaviors had significant differences (P