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This paper systematically presents the development process of studying ancient Chinese ethnic scripts over the past seven decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, including the establishment of related research institutions and academic disciplines. Firstly, it records the establishment of the Chinese Association for Ethnic Paleography, the emergence of ancient scripts of ethnic groups in China as an academic discipline, and the conduction of a comprehensive and in-depth study of ancient Chinese ethnic literature in history. Secondly, this paper outlines the establishment of the National Leading Group for Compilation and Publication Planning of Ancient Ethnic Books, the census of ancient books written in ethnic scripts, the specialized preservation and conservation of ancient ethnic books in Xizang and Xinjiang, the promotion of compiling and publishing ancient ethnic books, and how the promotion further drives the protection of and research on ancient books written in ethnic scripts. Thirdly, the paper lists many innovative outcomes in studying ancient ethnic books. Fourthly, the paper proposes to conduct further censuses and in-depth research in this area, establish a grading system for ancient ethnic books, and utilize the resource of ancient ethnic books written in ethnic scripts in a modern context to further promote the excellent cultural heritages of the Chinese nation and enhancing ethnic unity and national unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development is a fundamental pursuit of human society. When it comes to national governance, there are issues of imbalanced and insufficient development that must be addressed. Since 1949, when the People's Republic of China was founded, the Chinese government has adopted a series of ethnic policies to resolve these development issues across ethnic minority areas. Since the late 1970s, Chinese scholars and the government have paid particular attention to the development issues of ethnic groups with smaller populations. This paper examines the relevant literature on this topic and divides China's policies on this issue into three stages: (1) initial exploration, (2) targeted assistance, and (3) specialized planning. It discusses the Chinese government's policy process and its experience empowering ethnic groups with smaller populations. The paper argues that the Chinese government's support for ethnic groups with smaller populations is guided by valid ethnic theories and a comprehensive policy system. In the implementation of policies, the government recognizes "development" as the primary objective. It then formulates, implements, and evaluates policies based on the characteristics of the different ethnic groups with smaller populations. This approach effectively addressed the problems faced by these ethnic groups during different stages of their development and achieved the intended policy goals. Therefore, these policies are practical and sustainable. They are a valuable asset, and studying them could be beneficial to any unified multi-ethnic country that wants to tackle the development issues of their ethnic minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia is a multi-cultural society, with the majority of recent migrants arriving from non-English speaking Asian countries. Yet we know little about how ethnic diversity in the population is reflected in employment participation and within-family time exchange. This paper investigates how nonmarket time and labour market time vary across migrant groups from non-English speaking country backgrounds (NESCB) compared with English-speaking country background migrants and non-Indigenous Australians (ESB&AU). It uses a longitudinal instrumental variable method to deal with biases caused by endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that nonmarket time is strongly influenced by family circumstances such as having young children and partner’s circumstances (health status and life events including health shocks). The relationship of these factors with nonmarket time varies across our two major groups. For example, the relationship between a partner’s life events and partner’s health status and the other partner’s nonmarket time are significantly greater for NESCB migrant couples than for ESB&AU couples. This connects with our initial theories about the collectivist cultural backgrounds in NESCB couples in maintaining gender roles or different levels of economic security facing NESB migrants that affect how they allocate caregiving and housework time, especially when a partner becomes ill or face a life event. This paper also shows clear evidence of health selection into the labour market, and a strong trade-off between nonmarket and market time in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the study conducted by Janet Landa which presents evidence that cultural group strategies are a major factor in the development and continuity of ethnically homogenous middleman trading groups (HMGs). He expresses appreciation to Landa's autobiographical approach but asserts that her analysis does not explore biological factors. He suggests the incorporation of behavioral biological factors on the analysis, and discusses its importance to the success of HMGs.

Migration scholars repeatedly claim that mothers in migrant families are responsible for cultural preservation and that this responsibility is passed on to their daughters. In turn, male family members are claimed to be more oriented towards the majority society. This often assumed "keepers of the culture" hypothesis is assessed here using bivariate conditional latent growth curve models to track identity developments in a multigroup comparison. The analysis uses information from second-generation youth and their parents from the CILS4EU data. After a review of the mechanisms that may lead to such a gendered effect, the empirical comparison of parent-child dyads reveals that, contrary to expectations, sons and daughters undergo the same identity development during adolescence. Moreover, both parents pass on their identities to both genders in the same way. I discuss the consequences of these results on an empirical and theoretical level at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents findings of a second trial evaluating telephone-based motivational enhancement therapy (MET) to motivate untreated and unadjudicated men who abuse their intimate partners to explore treatment options. Participants' perceptions of how their abuse is negatively affecting them personally are a highlight of the paper. One hundred forty-one adult men were recruited through social marketing and randomly assigned to the intervention (MET) or comparison (Mail) group. The MET condition consisted of two feedback sessions guided by a personalized feedback report on participants' intimate partner violence (IPV) and substance use. The Mail condition included a mailed educational brochure on IPV and substance use. Results supported the likely effectiveness of MET in short-term reduction of IPV behavior, marijuana use, and increasing motivation for treatment seeking particularly for participants who reported more adverse consequences of IPV to themselves. Findings emphasize the importance of including a focus in interventions on IPV's impact on the abusers themselves. The study's virtual participation and success in reaching and retaining a diverse population of male abusers can contribute to transformative justice and communities looking for alternative early interventions for men of color prior to encountering the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For writing this invited paper, I was given the title Ethnic Groups of Iran and I was also asked to inform the reader/audience about the general situation of anthropology in the country. Specific questions were asked and the first part of this paper responds to those questions. The second part can be best understood if at the time of the reading reference could be made to the site mentioned in the article. A few articles and one book have discussed the history of the field of anthropology in Iran and they are discussed in this text. This field has had great difficulty trying to establish itself in the country due to the sensitivity of the political machine of the country which at times it did not really understand its topic, and at others was sensitive to the information it could bring from rural and pastoral areas of Iran to the center and critically consider the activities of the government. Transparency of political activities have always been at odds with social sciences, and this can clearly be seen in the problems anthropology has had to face to establish itself. The very name of the field has been problematic and this also shows the lack of discussion of the erudite of the field in a clear manner. Today this field is dispersed in various faculties of different universities and topics. The second part of this paper concentrates on my own work on the ethnic groups of country, and a map and a site which I have made to represent the active cultural life of all different peoples of Iran. My anthropological knowledge has helped me to divide the work according first to subsistence (pastoral nomadic, rural and urban), and then according to cultural characteristics and my hope is to continue this work which has been a very important lack in Human Relations Area Files. So far I only have some titles in English, its translation into English could disseminate the information to the anthropological scientific world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of Janet Landa's study on cultural group selection. It states that her study makes a strong empirical case for convergent cultural group selection. The author asserts that Landa has ethnographically made an excellent case for convergent cultural evolution. Moreover, her emphasis on social control within culturally-homogeneous ethnic groups is sophisticated and her study of convergent cultural evolution based on solid ethnographic technique is very interesting.

This paper applies Collaborative Language Systems (CLS) theory to programs working with high-risk adolescent fathers. Research shows that many barriers prevent these fathers from meaningfully engaging in intervention programs due to a variety of tangible (e.g., lack of transportation, variable employment schedules) and intangible (e.g., poor family-of-origin relationships, discord with child's mother, history of trauma, perceived stigma) factors. In order to engage and retain fathers, intervention programs need to address these barriers by understanding the needs and cultural values of fathers, creating open and nonjudgmental spaces, and building relationships rather than solely administering curricula. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how CLS principles provide a particularly relevant framework to reduce engagement barriers for this population. Using examples from interviews with n = 27 high-risk adolescent fathers (19–27 years of age, 93% racial or ethnic minority) who participated in fathering programming, this paper shows how CLS provides a theoretical foundation for addressing barriers and working alongside fathers. Several aspects of CLS emerged through thematic coding, which suggest that creating a sense of belonging through non-judgmental spaces and fostering open group dynamics characterized by equality motivated fathers' engagement in fathering programming. This paper adds to the meager research on theoretically grounded and effective methods for engaging fathers in parenting programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration can contribute to economic growth. Its impact on ethnic diversity may also generate socio-cultural tensions and political instability. Having said that, ethnic diversity can play a role in both promoting and hindering economic growth depending on its form and extent. This role often rests on the levels of either ethnic fractionalization (usually related to higher economic growth) or ethnic polarization (more commonly associated with lower economic growth). Such considerations raise a question about the ways ethnic diversity mediates the relationship between internal migration and economic growth. The following paper responds to that question by focusing on different regions of Indonesia. Drawing on comprehensive statistics and updated classification of Indonesia's ethnic groups, it presents new evidence on the archipelago's ethnic diversity which is cross-referenced with recent fractionalization and polarization indexes. This methodological enhancement allows the study to translate with a greater degree of accuracy the mediation of ethnic diversity on the relationship between internal migration and economic growth across Indonesia's regions than previously carried out. What emerges is a rather mixed picture of the intermediating role of ethnic diversity. There is a significant influence in various regions, but different sets of variables also modulate the relationship in others. We can also discern an identifiable link between the economic region in question, the indicators of ethnic diversity referenced, and the given rate of migration. Placed in composite relief, the findings draw attention to the uneven and complex character of Indonesia's regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings on associations between four subscales of social alienation and psychological distress and sleep problems, and the moderating effects of ethnic pride and shame on these relationships. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Participants were 1008 Israeli Palestinian and Jewish adolescents recruited via public schools that allowed access. The questionnaires were administered in adolescents' native language (Hebrew or Arabic) in their homeroom classes. As hypothesized, findings showed that adolescents who have more trust in procedural justice and prefer their own ethnic group reported fewer sleep problems and that adolescents who were less committed to the law and more alienated reported more sleep problems. The findings also showed negative association between psychological distress and believing in procedural justice and positive association with alienation. However, of sixteen moderating effects tested only ethnic pride reached statistical significance and moderated the effect of alienation on sleep problems. Findings also showed that gender, ethnicity and SES were partially linked to both outcomes variables. Psychological distress and sleep problems were associated with female gender, Palestinian-Israeli ethnic affiliation and low SES. Several possible explanations are offered for the findings. Directions for future research, and potential implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have documented the disparate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor market outcomes for different racial groups. This paper adds to this literature by documenting that the employment of Asian Americans—in particular those with no college education—has been especially hard hit by the economic crisis associated with the onset of the pandemic. This can only partly be explained by differences in demographics, local market conditions, and job characteristics, and it also cannot be entirely explained by possible different selection into education levels across ethnic groups. The burden on Asian Americans is primarily borne by those who are not US-born. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the contributions of laboratory-based alcohol challenge research (ACR) to the development of HIV prevention interventions. Following a brief overview of HIV prevention interventions and related health behavior change models, we discuss how alcohol may influence mechanisms of behavior change. The paper highlights the value of ACR for: (1) elucidating mechanisms of action through which alcohol affects sexual risk behavior, (2) testing how alcohol may influence mechanisms thought to underlie HIV prevention interventions, (3) clarifying moderators of the causal influences of alcohol, (4) identifying novel intervention targets, and (5) developing strategies to reduce sexual risk among those who consume alcohol. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of using experimental research to identify mechanisms of behavior change that are specific to populations at high risk for HIV and outline some key implications for developing HIV prevention interventions that integrate the role of alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the relationship between socioeconomic vulnerabilities and due process violations in contemporary Mexico, using a novel survey of imprisoned populations. We further investigate whether institutional reforms—in particular, the 2008 reform that constitutionally mandated the provision of trained public defenders for those without private counsel—help offset the impact of preexisting socioeconomic disparities on the likelihood of suffering a due process violation. We find that women, indigenous people, and people with less schooling are more likely to suffer a due process violation. This finding, is, unfortunately, not surprising. The 2008 constitutionally mandated reform to provide quality public defenders has done little to alleviate this situation. Although it has improved the experience of defendants overall—whether represented by private or public counsel—it has failed to create an office of public defenders that successfully functions as an equalizing mechanism that offsets pre-existing socioeconomic inequalities. Instead, our analysis suggests that those most benefited by these reforms are those who did not need them as much to begin with: those who rely on private lawyers for their legal representation. This paper contributes to the literature that critically examines the idea of equality under the law and the mechanisms that seek to guarantee it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, there has been a growing focus on resilience-building work by international humanitarian and development organizations; however, development policies have historically given less attention to the different perceptions and experiences of women and various ethnic groups. Drawing on empirical evidence from Isiolo County, Kenya, the objective of this paper is to highlight how resilience-building work should pay more attention to differing perceptions of livelihood resilience between genders and members of different ethnic groups, specifically through an intersectional lens. A total of 338 quantitative household surveys were conducted: 152 in Kinna and 187 in Burat. Perceptions of livelihood resilience were measured using the Household Livelihood Resilience Approach (HLRA). Results found that perceptions of livelihood resilience were lower for females and did vary between the four ethnic groups involved in the study. An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnicity found more nuanced results than looking at gender or ethnicity alone. Further, while perceptions of changes in drought severity and frequency were not significantly different between genders, they did vary by ethnic group and major livelihood practice. Overall, research results demonstrate how perceptions of household livelihood resilience, and the impacts of climate change, vary based on the intersectionality of demographic characteristics. Integrating a diversity of perceptions into resilience-building work can lead to more successful outcomes for a greater number of individuals, achieving overall poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xinjiang unearthed brocade as a significant cultural heritage records the historical and cultural information of diverse ethnic groups, and it also influences cultural product development. However, the existing knowledge concerning these brocades is disorganized, fragmented, and incomplete, hindering a comprehensive understanding of their intricate relationships. To address these issues, this study has developed an integrated ontological model for Xinjiang's unearthed brocades (XJUBontology). By applying Conceptual Reference Model of International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC CRM) ontology and the Remanufactured Process Planning (RPP) approach, this XJUBontology comprises knowledge about both the brocades and their cultural derivatives, and knowledge in these two domains are able to be organized and refined. The implementation of XJUBontology in Protégé and validation via SPARQL queries not only centralize and manage Xinjiang unearthed brocade-related knowledge but also establish vital connections among this fragmented information. The contribution is to help in associating, managing, and sharing knowledge in the domain of Xinjiang unearthed brocades, providing a framework for establishing related data repository, and helping researchers, apparel and accessories designers, museums, and other cultural and tourism institutions to access a more systematic information to assist their works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates domestic violence against women, including definitions of ‘domestic violence;’ and investigates “Female Genital Mutilation.” Data for this paper are from three national household surveys in Kenya: ‘Demographic & Health Survey’ (2003), Afrobarometer (2003), and ‘Work, Attitudes, & Spending’ (2004). Previous research in many countries has found convincing evidence of a tendency for domestic violence to be less common in households where the respondent and/or spouse have more education. This paper adds a new factor: the respondent’s mother’s education also seems relevant to prevalence of GBV (perhaps because of childhood socialization). This pattern applies to both experience of violence, and attitudes to such violence. There also appears to be a strong link between ‘Female Genital Mutilation’ (female circumcision) and mother’s education level. In each case, more education is associated with less violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an overview of articles featured in the special issue of "Studies in East European Thought," in 2002, devoted to the topic of nationalism in the Central and Eastern European context. Novel elements in the tradition of philosophical debate, in the issue; Schematics of the alternatives concerning the issue of nations and ethnicity which Central and East European peoples and states face at the beginning of the millennium; Papers concerned with supra-statal models.

A large body of research has documented an immigrant mortality advantage. However, we still do not know enough about how interactions between the characteristics of origin and destinations countries shape variabilities in immigrants' experiences and health. In this paper, we examine the effects of ethno-cultural similarities and differences between the country of origin and the country of destination on immigrants' longevity. We use meta-regression methods to examine data on 78 origin and 16 destination countries (1092 risk estimates from 69 studies). In contrast to expectations from approaches that focus on immigration/acculturation stress, we found that a shared official linguistic family, moving to a country where one is not likely to be considered a visible minority, and more integrative immigration policies actually reduce or even eliminate the immigrant mortality advantage. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and argue that selection mechanisms provide a better account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the domestic interprovincial migrants, Uygur traders have been engaged in the Hetian jade trade from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the city of Nanyang in Henan Province. Having lived in the private rented houses around the market in the early days, they moved into the government-built public rental housing in 2017, an independently managed community. They have maintained their past residential pattern of living around the market, and gradually develop the community into an inter-embedded multi-ethnic community together with other ethnic groups. Through the history of the formation of the Uygur community in Nanyang Stone Town, this paper presents the process of interaction between the ethnic minority migrants and the local community, examines the responses and influence of the market, society, government, and individuals in this process, aiming to understand how the minority community was formed, to deepen understanding of the "inter-embedded multi-ethnic community", and, in turn, to promote research and reflection on the development of the ethnic community during urbanization in China. This study suggests that such communities surrounding the market are socially extended based on inter-embedded livelihood. The open national market is the core of the social structure of inter-embedded ethnic groups, and market exchange is one of the main relations generated in the current interactions between the ethnic groups. The government's efforts to build inter-embedded communities are conducive to transforming the relationships among ethnic groups from limited interaction to comprehensive and balanced development. Moreover, the improvement of common living environments and increase in exchanges are conducive to upgrading interactions between individuals to extensive and in-depth exchanges among different ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and solves a model of ethnically motivated warfare which treats annexations as the explicit outcomes of secessions. An ethnic group within one country may want to engage in a secession in order to join its ethnic peers in the annexing country. The annexing country decides whether or not to support the separatist ethnic group in the conflict. I use this model to discuss how equilibrium behavior depends on economies of scale in the public good provision, ethnic heterogeneity, and sanctions. Among others, I find that sanctions can have the seemingly paradoxical effect of increasing conflict intensity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiracial youth experience social-psychological challenges that differ qualitatively from those that their parents encounter, and there is evidence to suggest that these experiences negatively affect development. Therefore, it is particularly important to consider what parent behaviors youth may find supportive of their experiences as multiracial individuals. In this article, we aim to center multiracial youth's lived experiences in the racial-ethnic socialization literature, given the disproportionate attention that has been paid to parent reports of socialization behaviors. We use the critical multiracial theory as a framework to describe two overlapping, albeit distinct, constructs in parenting of multiracial youth, racial-ethnic socialization and familial support of multiracial experiences, and we highlight the importance of integrating these constructs in future research and in applied work. First, to contextualize the need for understanding familial support around race-related issues in multiracial families, we describe common social-psychological challenges that multiracial youth face. Then, we review recent evidence of different types of racial-ethnic socialization and familial support of multiracial experiences to demonstrate the importance of integrating these two emerging lines of inquiry for a more holistic understanding of the role of family support in multiracial youth development. We conclude the paper with directions for future research and recommendations for multiracial families and practitioners who work with these families to promote healthy development in the growing population of multiracial children. Highlights: Parents play a vital role in supporting multiracial youth's development in the context of the monocentric U.S. society. Racial socialization (RES) and familial support of multiracial experiences (FSME) are distinct constructs. Examination of both RES and FSME are important to promote multiracial youth's healthy development. Scholars should study how parents teach about race and support multiracial youth to center multiracial youth's experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between religion and health has been the subject of growing interest in academia. However, limited reviews of such studies in Canada exist. The paper systematically reviews and synthesizes existing literature on the relationship between spirituality and health in Canada. Available general databases such as: Medline; Web of Science, PubMed, Sociological abstract, Social Service Abstracts, Google scholar, Humanities International Index, JSTOR, CPI.Q Canadian Periodicals, and American Theological Library Association were searched for the period between 2000 and April 2019 inclusive. Collected data were then systematically analysed for common themes about spirituality and health in Canada. In total, 151 articles were found, but only 128 had relevance with the study objectives. Overall, the analysis showed that religion and spirituality do influence health behaviours, and well-being. However, more gender-based studies need to be conducted to tease out the differences in religion/spirituality and health across different genders, and ethnic groups in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative evaluations of national survey data can improve future survey design and sampling strategies thereby enhancing our ability to detect important population level trends. This paper presents differences in past year estimates of alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and non-medical painkiller use prevalence by age, sex, and race/ethnicity between the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III) administered in 2012–2013. In general, estimates were higher for the NSDUH survey, but patterns of substance use prevalence were similar across race/ethnicity, age, and sex. Results show most significant differences in estimates, across substances, age groups, and sex were greatest among Hispanics, followed by non-Hispanic Whites, and non-Hispanic Blacks. Members of other racial/ethnic groups (e.g., Asian-American, Native American/Alaskan Native) were underrepresented in the NSDUH survey. In many cases, estimates for these subpopulations could not be calculated using the NSDUH data limiting our ability to draw comparisons with the NESARC estimates. Methodological differences in data collection for the NSDUH and NESARC surveys may have contributed to these findings. To promote effective population health surveillance methods, more work is needed to derive reliable and valid estimates from demographic subpopulations to better improve policymaking and intervention programming for at-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sukur Kingdom, one of the ethnic groups located in the west of the Mandara Mountains is within the Sukur District of the Madagali North Development Area in Madagali Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Sukur Kingdom flourished between the early 16th and late 18th centuries as a cultural landscape. In 1999, Sukur cultural landscape became a world heritage site (WHS) and the first to be named in Nigeria. However, the survival of the cultural landscape is in serious doubt, especially with the recent spate of terrorist attacks which have ravaged the northeastern region of Nigeria. This is more worrisome because not many research have been conducted in the area to highlight and document the tourism potentials of the landscape, to help spur more attention. In this paper, we narrate how we conducted our ethnographic fieldwork, selected and interacted with respondents within the Sukur Kingdom and other key stakeholders in the area to help understand the context of the WHS. We also try to share how our ontology and epistemology influenced and guided our research approach during our fieldwork while we equally argue for more rigorous qualitative research to be conducted in the study area as this would contribute to public awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil conflicts, which have been much more prevalent than inter-state conflicts over the last fifty years, vary enormously in their intensity, with some causing millions of deaths and some far fewer. The central goal of this paper is to test an argument from previous theoretical research that high inequality within an ethnic group can make inter-ethnic conflict more violent because such inequality decreases the opportunity cost to poor group members of fighting, and also decreases the opportunity cost to rich group members of funding the conflict. To test this argument, we create a new data set that uses individual-level surveys to measure inequality within ethnic groups. The analysis using these data provide strong evidence for the importance of within-group inequality, and thus underscores the value of focusing on the capacity of groups to fight if one wishes to limit the destruction of civil conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic inequality has been argued to have numerous pernicious effects. Among other things, scholars have argued that it breeds political violence, destabilizes democracy, and impedes economic development. While the arguments developed by these literatures implicitly assume that ethnic inequality increases the degree to which individuals identify with their ethnicity, this assumption has yet to be tested empirically at the individual-level. This paper argues and empirically demonstrates that between-ethnic group inequality does strengthen ethnic identities. However, we also find that the magnitude of its effect weakens as inequality within ethnic groups increases. That is, individuals identify most strongly with their ethnic identity when ethnicity is reinforced by economic inequality. Using the Afrobarometer, we provide the first cross-national empirical test of the effect of ethnic inequality on the strength of ethnic identities at the individual-level. Our dataset covers 21 sub-Saharan African countries and 85 ethnic groups. Results strongly support our hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the presence of Sámi in central and southern Sweden in the seventeenth century. The Nordic countries have generally been believed to be ethnically homogeneous, with the** colonial subjects not being present in the center of these empires. If the multicultural aspects of early modern Nordic countries are at all discussed, Sámi and other ethnic groups are understood as peoples living on the outskirts of the empires. This notion has cemented an idea that cities such as Copenhagen or Stockholm were inhabited solely by peoples from southern Scandinavia and the continent. Drawing on the experience of the role and presence of indigenous people from the Americas and the Arctic in cities such as London in the seventeenth century, this paper examines the multi-ethnic aspects of early modern Stockholm, capital of Sweden, as an imperial center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the correlation between demographic and clinical factors and warfarin dose of patients in Chinese Han population taking warfarin and study gene polymorphisms impact of related gene loci (CYP2C9*3, VKORC1-1639G > A) on warfarin doses, to establish a model to predict initial standard dose and maintenance dose based on CYP2C9*3, VKORC1-1639G > A genotype. Methods: The study collects the data of patients in our hospital and other subcenters which incorporates 2160 patients to establish the initial dose model and 1698 patients for the stable dose model, and sequences 26 multigene sites in 451 patients. Based on the patient's dosage, clinical data, and demographic characteristics, the genetic and non-genetic effects on the initial dose and stable dose of warfarin are calculated by using statistical methods, and the prediction model of initial standard dose and maintenance dose can be established via multiple linear regression. Results: The initial dose of warfarin (mg/day) was calculated as (1.346 + 0.350 × (VKORC1-1639G > A) − 0.273 × (CYP2C9*3) + 0.245 × (body surface area) − 0.003 × (age) − 0.036 × (amine-iodine) + 0.021 × (sex))2. This model incorporated seven factors and explained 55.3% of the individualization differences of the warfarin drug dose. The maintenance dose of warfarin (mg/day) was calculated as (1.336 + 0.299 × (VKORC1-1639G > A) + 0.480 × (body surface area) − 0.214 × (CYP2C9*3) − 0.074 × (amine-iodine) − 0.003 × (age) − 0.077 × (statins) − 0.002 × (height))2. This model incorporated six factors and explained 42.4% of the individualization differences in the warfarin drug dose. Conclusion: The genetic and non-genetic factors affecting warfarin dose in Chinese Han population were studied systematically in this study. The pharmacogenomic dose prediction model constructed in this study can predict anticoagulant efficacy of warfarin and has potential application value in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically examines the disparities over time across six dimensions of poverty (monetary, education, health, housing, basic services, and durable assets) between ethnic minority and majority households in rural Vietnam. Using the five-wave panel data of the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) 2008–2016, we observe improvements in most non-monetary dimensions of poverty for both ethnic groups, while the monetary dimension shows the highest degrees of deprivation and the lowest rate of decrease during the studied period. Health is the only dimension in which ethnic minority households are not only better off than those of majority households during the studied period, but also report improvement. We further explore the role of social capital in ethnic minorities and non-minorities at household and community levels in multiple dimensions of poverty by employing multilevel models. Our study reports the significant effects social capital have at the community level on reducing poverty in the monetary, education, housing, and basic services dimensions for ethnic minorities, while social capital at the household level shows significant effects on monetary, basic services, and durable assets. These findings indicate that policy makers ought to consider the role of social capital when designing poverty alleviation strategies for the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By comparing five aspects between China and the West—ideas, model of political participation, path of economic and social development, pattern of protection of language and culture rights, and construction of national cohesion and social (Minzu) solidarity, this paper reveals that the Chinese path of integration and development among all ethnic groups has the following characteristics: the ideas of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony among all ethnic groups; the integrative participation model of all ethnic groups under the unified leadership of the Communist Party of China; the integration on the economic and social development (common prosperity and development); equal protection of the language and culture rights of all ethnic groups; strong sense of national cohesion and social solidarity of fifty-six ethnic groups, based on the equal emphasis on the individual and collective rights as well as the close integration between political value and traditional cultural value. In general, China's ethnic policies embody both specific rights and the level of community with a common future. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, relations between ethnic groups are harmonious and positive, and development of all ethnic groups tends to achieve a real equality. In Western countries, ethnic (or racial) relations remain relatively stable with fluctuations from time to time, and the development gap between ethnic groups has a trend of further expansion. Different ideas, systems and cultural concepts lead to different ethnic relationships and current situations of development between China and the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Story Makers Press (SMP) is a University-based publisher which co-constructs stories with under-represented groups of children in order to diversify representation in children's literature and disrupt the way adult perceptions of normality pattern children's literature (aetonormativity). In this paper we analyse six drama and creative writing workshops run by SMP with Czech and Slovak Roma children from an inner city primary school in the north of England to co-construct a story about climate change. Our analysis identifies how in developing the story, the children were often reluctant to draw upon their funds of knowledge relating to their Roma backgrounds, instead Westernising their protagonists and settings. We also explore how the children disrupt aetonormativity by interweaving magical elements into realistic narrative about climate change in order to establish a genre of magical realism. Finally, we identify how this genre of magical realism is problematic when considering stereotypical depictions of Roma characters in children's literature and how changes were made to our story in light of a critical race theory reading of the first draft. As well as helping SMP to refine its processes, this analysis suggests that minority groups such as Roma need to be able to draw upon more literary representations of Roma in order to shape their creative outputs and that the curriculum needs to focus on developing children's critical responses to the representation of minority ethnic groups in children's literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the minister responsible for local government requested the Municipal Demarcation Board (MDB) to restructure municipalities with a view to increasing their financial viability, a process that was duly conducted in 2016. This study assessed the requests for boundary redeterminations received by the MDB after this restructuring took place with a specific focus on those from the Vhembe District. These requests included a call for the reversal of the restructuring that occurred in 2016. The study found that insufficient attention was paid to ethnic identity issues before reorganising the municipalities in the district. Also, financial viability did not improve after 2016 with some municipalities becoming more dependent on government transfers. The argument in this paper is that municipal restructuring in South Africa after 2002 was characterised by isomorphism—international trends were copied based on concepts such as "scale economies" that promised financial viability in amalgamated municipalities. However, South Africa is a developing country with developing country problems—poorly qualified and corrupt managers running municipalities, semi-literate councillors who cannot provide effective oversight and ethnic groups that still set great store on tradition, language and culture. The MDB will have to revisit some of the boundary redetermination decisions of the past. Where errors have occurred, these will have to be corrected. Redetermination decisions in areas such as the Vhembe District need to be based on advice from anthropologists and not just the criteria as laid out in the legislation. Sensitive ethnic issues cannot be wished away in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite the obstacles of limited education and employment opportunities—and the stress associated with immigration and pregnancy—Mexican immigrant women have low rates of preterm birth (PTB) compared to the US national average for all races and ethnicities. Stressors during pregnancy, and stressors associated with acculturation, may accelerate cellular aging manifested by shortened telomere length (TL) in pregnant women. Our objectives were to: (1) determine whether women with PTBs had shorter telomere lengths compared to women who had full term births; (2) assess the association of acculturation with TL and PTB. Methods: This prospective pilot study collected data from 100 self-identified Mexican-origin pregnant women. Survey data included self-administered sociodemographic and acculturation measures and was collected from participants via paper and pen, while biologic data was collected via a single blood draw during a regularly scheduled prenatal visit between 26 and 36 weeks gestation. PTB data was collected from the participant's medical record after delivery. Results: TL was significantly associated with PTB; the median TL of the women with PTB was less than the median TL for the full sample (p = 0.02). Based on regression analysis for PTB vs acculturation, we found no significant associations between acculturation and PTB or TL. Conclusions for Practice: This study provides important evidence of the association between shortened maternal TL and adverse birth outcomes. By linking social, clinical and biologic data, we can enhance our understanding of social determinants that may affect racial and ethnic disparities in preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gratitude, as a moral virtue, emphasizes reciprocity and interpersonal relations; its development involves cognitive abilities, moral understandings, and socially learned expectations. This paper aimed to explore ethnic variation in the expression of gratitude among 595 children and adolescents aged 7 to 14 (mean age = 9.71, SD = 2.17) in the United States (European Americans, Brazilians, Hispanics, and African Americans) and the association between gratitude and participants' wishes and age. Results indicated that Brazilians and Hispanics were more likely to use verbal (e.g., "thank you") than concrete gratitude (reciprocation without considering the benefactor's needs) than were African Americans. Older participants were less likely to express concrete than verbal and connective gratitude (reciprocation considering the benefactor's needs). Hedonistic wishes were linked to a greater likelihood of expressing verbal than connective gratitude for Brazilians compared to Hispanics. Self-oriented wishes were linked to a greater likelihood of expressing connective than verbal gratitude for Brazilians and African Americans compared to Hispanics. African Americans were less likely to express verbal than concrete gratitude when expressing self-oriented wishes than were Hispanics. This study provides evidence of developmental and cultural aspects of gratitude expression and calls attention to within-society variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the determinants of economic freedom, the presence of different ethnic groups within a country has sometimes been explored by the empirical literature, without conclusive evidence on the sign of the relation, its drivers, and the conditions under which it holds. This paper offers new evidence by empirically modelling how ethnic fragmentation is related to economic freedom, as measured by the Economic Freedom Index and by each of its numerous areas, components and sub-components. The results provide insights on the components driving the effect and, interestingly, detect notable differences between developed and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of ethnic diversity on municipal spending, taxes, and employment, as well as on municipal spending in various subcategories. Previous work has found that diversity is associated with decreased productive spending but increased overall spending and employment. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether these opposing effects are found for two different levels of diversity. The first considers broad ethnic groups like non-Hispanic white, black, and Hispanic. The second considers more focused diversity, the various subgroups making up the white category. We find that greater broad diversity increases municipal spending and taxes, spending on all of the specific productive goods, and sometimes on protective or redistributive services. Greater focused diversity, on the other hand, decreases municipal spending and spending on one redistributive service but increases spending on another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intersectionality has received an increasing amount of attention in health inequalities research in recent years. It suggests that treating social characteristics separately—mainly age, gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic position—does not match the reality that people simultaneously embody multiple characteristics and are therefore potentially subject to multiple forms of discrimination. Yet the intersectionality literature has paid very little attention to the nature of ageing or the life course, and gerontology has rarely incorporated insights from intersectionality. In this paper, we aim to illustrate how intersectionality might be synthesised with a life course perspective to deliver novel insights into unequal ageing, especially with respect to health. First we provide an overview of how intersectionality can be used in research on inequality, focusing on intersectional subgroups, discrimination, categorisation, and individual heterogeneity. We cover two key approaches—the use of interaction terms in conventional models and multilevel models which are particularly focussed on granular subgroup differences. In advancing a conceptual dialogue with the life course perspective, we discuss the concepts of roles, life stages, transitions, age/cohort, cumulative disadvantage/advantage, and trajectories. We conclude that the synergies between intersectionality and the life course hold exciting opportunities to bring new insights to unequal ageing and its attendant health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to contribute to the literature on smoking, religion, and health, by analyzing the associations between smoking and health of a sample of US immigrants, who represent many religions, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds. Immigrants to the USA have better health outcomes than their native-born peers. This paper asserts that the pattern of smoking, influenced by immigrants' religion and religiosity, is key to understanding this phenomenon. This study investigates the relationship between religion and health of new legal immigrants to the USA by analyzing the New Immigrant Survey. The findings suggest that there is a protective relationship between immigrant religion and smoking patterns, both in likelihood of having ever smoked and in quitting smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the impact of Islamic religious texts on dementia care in the Middle East. It examines how old age and older adults mental disorders are framed in the Quran and Hadith, and how these texts are transformed to belief ideologies and caregiving practices. The study uses a qualitative research methods, which include a review of all Islamic holy texts that address mental and cognitive changes associated with ageing, along with interviews with eight Sharia scholars and 37-Arab-Muslim families living in Qatar. Islamic texts command compassion and honouring of elderly parents and give care instructions. These texts are transformed into social practices and used as diagnostic and treatment tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auckland, the largest city of New Zealand, is one of the most diverse cities in the world, with more than 40% of its population born abroad, more than 200 ethnicities represented and 160 languages spoken. In this paper, we measure residential sorting of individuals in Auckland by their cultural (ethnicity) and economic (income, education and occupation) characteristics for the years 1991–2013. Using entropy-based measures of residential sorting and of neighbourhood diversity, we find that individuals exhibit greater residential sorting by ethnicity than by economic characteristics. Geographically, the semi-rural fringes of the city exhibit less diversity than the central urban area. Multi-group indexes of cultural and economic sorting showed a small decline over the 1991–2013 period. We also observe that ethnic sorting declined over that period for broad ethnic groups, but that sorting within the broad ethnic groups increased since 2001. A similar pattern of decreasing sorting at the aggregate level, with increasing sorting within groups in the more recent sub-period, is observed for occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written on the positive effect of direct democracy (initiatives, referendums) on voter turnout. However, we have limited knowledge about potential differential effects on voters belonging to various ethnic groups. The paper argues that depending on a group's responsiveness to the political context, direct democracy can (dis-)integrate voters (from) into the electorate. Empirical analysis of Current Population Survey (CPS) voting supplement survey data, together with data on the absolute use of direct democracy across US states, corroborates this theoretical expectation, however lending more support for the disintegrating assumption. Frequent direct democratic elections further widen the negative voting gap between first-generation Asian voters and voters living in the US for three generations or longer, whereas they tend to diminish this voting gap for first-generation Hispanic voters. The disintegrative pattern for first-generation Asian voters remains even significant when excluding California from the state sample, yet not the integrative tendency for first-generation Hispanics. Additional analyses using alternative measures of direct democracy and voting, and applying statistical adjustments to address causality concerns, confirm the robustness of these findings, which shed light on the so-far underexplored (dis-)integrative potential of political institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong student–teacher relationships foster students' social, emotional, and academic development, particularly for students from marginalized racial/ethnic groups. The current study gathered input from teachers, school and district administrators, and education researchers (N = 22) regarding strategies that can help teachers build relationships with high school students and to build such relationships in an equitable manner. Participants completed quantitative ratings, open-ended survey questions, and then participated in a series of focus groups. Descriptive analyses of quantitative ratings and content analysis of qualitative data examined teachers' perceptions of the value of relationships generally and equity in relationships in particular. Analyses also examined barriers to relationship building and potential strategies to address barriers. Results suggest that teachers see relationships with students as important, but they vary in the amount of time and effort they invest in relationships. Teachers may not have the requisite training or skills, particularly when dealing with students with behavioral difficulties and/or individualized needs. Some teachers have professional identities that center around their content area and may not conceptualize building relationships with students as part of their role. Finally, structural features of secondary schools and a lack of leadership support were seen as barriers to relationship building. Participants had a number of concrete suggestions for successful school-wide efforts to enhance student–teacher relationships. With regard to equity, participants did not perceive that teachers take an equity lens to relationship building. Attitudinal, systemic, and skills-related barriers to relationships with racial/ethnic minority students were named, and strategies suggested included elevating student voice. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines individuals' thinking during and after reading controversial historical accounts and the possible contribution of epistemic beliefs, emotions, and prior-knowledge in this context. Young adults (n = 39) were asked to read two accounts about a recent war in their country, an own-side account – from a historian of their ethnic group – and an other-side account – from a historian from the adversary ethnic group. Participants were asked to think-aloud and report their emotions during reading. After reading, participants were asked to write a summary. Results showed that participants exhibited my-side bias during reading and writing, while there were also interesting individual differences in epistemic beliefs and prior knowledge. Participants with evaluativist epistemic beliefs were less likely to show my-side bias in the writing task. Epistemic beliefs, along with prior knowledge and the emotion of anger, predicted also low-epistemic processing during reading of other-side text. The paper concludes with a discussion of the educational implications in promoting critical thinking about controversial issues in history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the psychiatric healthcare utilisation of refugees vis-à-vis their peers in Denmark during the ages 15–22. Methods: This paper utilises comprehensive full-population registry data from 1995 to 2016 to explore the psychiatric healthcare utilisation during the transition from childhood to adulthood for refugees (N = 13,027), a comparison group of children of labour migrants from Morocco, Pakistan, and Turkey (N = 13,413), and the majority population (N = 693,043) in Denmark. To test for population differences in types of admission for particular types of disorders, odds ratios for a first contact during ages 15–22 were calculated using logistic regression. For those with at least one diagnosis-specific hospital contact, differences in the amount and type of treatment were tested using negative binomial regression to estimate means ratios of days hospitalised, days in outpatient care, number of outpatient contacts, consultations with psychiatrists in private practice, and prescribed medicine purchases. Results: Refugees and the comparison group were generally less likely than the majority population to have a first contact for most disorders (adjusted ORs 0.03–0.88), but not for schizophrenia for boys (adjusted ORs 0.92–2.13). Among those who did have a first contact, youths from the ethnic minority groups tended to have more or similar inpatient and emergency room contacts (MRs 0.89–2.10), hospitalisations of refugee girls being an exception (MR 0.46; CI [0.23–0.94]), but fewer outpatient contacts, consultations with psychiatrists in private practice, and prescribed medicine purchases (MRs 0.23–0.94). Conclusions: The results suggest that refugee and other ethnic minority groups may face barriers both to initial contact and to completing adequate treatment beyond the first contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines gender communal terrorism in past conflicts across the globe. Gender communal terrorism is a symbolic form of war rape. It was used systematically during the Bosnian War (1992-1995) and the Second Congo War (1998-2003), as part of a large-scale campaign to wipe out ethnic groups. In fact, war rape in the Second Congo War has been considered the worst in the history of humankind. To increase our understanding of war rape as a form of terrorism, ten symbolic themes (i.e., symbolic reasons) emerged from this analysis: (1) identicide (or ethnic cleansing), (2) punishment, (3) conquering territory, (4) proof of manhood, (5) wounded femininity, (6) wounded community, (7) rejection from family, (8) abjection, (9) ritual, and (10) fantasy. An important conclusion of this analysis is that all ten symbolic reasons of war rape have one purpose in common: the cultural elimination of the enemy. As such, gender communal terrorism is a weapon of war and an instrument of terror that cause profoundly negative effects on entire communities. Hence, a recurrent key word among those themes is the word 'wounded'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews of problem gambling (PG) literature increasingly recognize the ways in which different ethnic groups are affected by gambling behaviors, yet discourse, which considers sociocultural factors within PG, remains limited. Literature on this topic is influenced by large inconsistencies amongst research studies, overlapping terminology, and variability in the validity of research studies, making conclusions difficult to draw. Despite these discrepancies, this paper explores how sociocultural factors influence PG among diverse cultural groups and provides specific practical implications for treating PG disorders in culturally diverse populations. Notable factors that exacerbate PG behavior cross-culturally include substance abuse, low socioeconomic status, lack of social activities, and geographic location. Culturally sensitive treatment options such as Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy have been identified as effective treatments for PG with culturally diverse populations. This paper extends current thought by providing practical treatment recommendations that consider the subtle nuances of diverse populations. It explains how treatment providers and behavioral addiction professionals can increase their understanding and skills when conceptualizing PG clients from a diverse background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary acculturation for immigrant groups has largely been attributed to the 'Westernization' of indigenous diets, as characterized by an increased consumption of unhealthy American foods (i.e., fast foods, hamburgers). However, acculturation and adoption of western dietary habits may not fully explain new dietary patterns among racial/ethnic minority immigrants. The immigrant diet may change in such a way that it elaborates on specific ethnic traditions in addition to the incorporation of Western food habits. In this paper, we explore the role that festival foods, those foods that were once eaten a few times a year and on special occasions, play in the regular diet of immigrants to the US. This paper will focus on the overconsumption of ethnic festival foods, which are often high in carbohydrates, animal protein, sugar and fat, as opposed to Western 'junk' food, as an explanation for the increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders among new immigrant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the healthcare sector, race, ethnicity and religion have become an increasingly important factor in terms of patient care due to an increasingly diverse population. Health agencies at a national and local level produce a number of guides to raise awareness of cultural issues among healthcare professionals and hospitals may implement additional non-medical services, such as the provision of specific types of food and dress to patients or the hiring of chaplains, to accommodate the needs of patients with religious requirements. However, in an attempt to address the spiritual, cultural and religious needs of patients healthcare providers often assume that ethnic minority groups are homogenous blocks of people with similar needs and fail to recognize that a diverse range of views and practices exist within specific groups themselves. This paper describes the example of the Sikh community and the provision of palliative care in hospitals and hospices. Although, the majority of patients classifying themselves as Sikhs have a shared language and history, they can also be divided on a number of lines such as caste affiliation, degree of assimilation in the west, educational level and whether baptized or not, all of which influence their beliefs and practices and hence impact on their needs from a health provider. Given that it is unfeasible for health providers to have knowledge of the multitude of views within specific religious and ethnic communities and accounting for the tight fiscal constraints of healthcare budgets, this paper concludes by raising the question whether healthcare providers should step away from catering for religious and cultural needs that do not directly affect treatment outcomes, and instead put the onus on individual communities to provide resources to meet spiritual, cultural and religious needs of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) among refugees, despite the common practice of CAM in many non-Western countries. We performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature using nine electronic databases. We included articles pertaining to refugees and CAM (whole medical systems, mind body medicine, herbal remedies, manipulative therapies, energy medicine). Qualitative and quantitative data were compiled and analyzed through descriptive statistics and chi square distribution tables. We reviewed 237 abstracts, and 47 publications met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-six papers documented whole medical systems; 11 mind-body medicine; 5 biologically based practices; 4 manipulative and body-based therapies; and 1 study documented the use of energy medicine. There were 3 clinical trials, 20 surveys, 12 case reports, 2 participant-observer qualitative papers, and 10 review papers. Most studies focused on Asian refugee populations (66%; n = 31). Mental problems related to trauma accounted for 36% of CAM use (17). Among included articles, methodological quality was extremely low. Our results show evidence that type of CAM used by refugees may vary based on ethnicity, yet this is most likely due to a bias in the medical literature. Efforts are needed to further explore these results and expand research within this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]