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This book offers to reader a sound understating of two-dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) materials, detailing their physio-chemical mechanisms and technological applications in various areas such as nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Moving from their invention to their modern developments, including theoretical approaches, experimental interpretations and their technical applications, the book explores the basic concepts of 2D TMDs. It will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers and scientists working in the area of 2D TMDs. A key goal of this book provides a sound or clear idea about two-dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) materials by providing their sound background, fabrication approaches including interpretations of the inside physio-chemical mechanism including technological applications in various significant areas such as nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, topological insulators, biomedical.

After an initial slow diffusion of minimal invasive approaches in liver surgery, laparoscopy has now been implemented worldwide. This process has been sped up after several papers showed the superiority of laparoscopy over the open approach with regard to short-term outcomes. Before, the adaptation and diffusion of LLS was much slower compared to other general surgical specialties. The challenge in controlling major hemorrhage, the risk of gas embolism, the steepness of the learning curve and the uncertainty about oncological outcomes were barriers for the implementation of LLS. Nowadays, laparoscopic liver resections (LLR) are considered safe and feasible. The same evolution is seen in the diffusion of robotic liver surgery (RLS). The first reported robotic liver resection was published in 2003. Introduction of RLS has remained very slow compared to other subspecialties. This could be attributed to the complexity of minimally invasive liver surgery and the steep learning curve to overcome. Furthermore, the absence of instruments for parenchyma transection appeared to be a barrier for many surgeons to start RLS. Nowadays, Robotic liver surgery is in it's pioneering phase and limited to a few high volume centers. Furthermore data regarding the implementation of RLS are still scarce and the reproducibility of the implementation is still debated. This textbook will offer readers a useful overview of RLS state of the art, collecting the contributions of renowned robotic liver surgeons from Europe, Asia and the Americas. The editors will collaborate with a professional medical illustrator specialized in minimal invasive liver surgery to offer readers a visual experience of the most important surgical steps.

This book focuses on summarizing recent research trends for new beyond-CMOS and beyond-silicon devices, circuits, and architectures for computing. It reports the recent achievements in this field from leading research trends around the globe, specifically focusing on nanoscale beyond silicon materials and devices, functional nanomaterials, nanoscale devices, beyond-CMOS devices materials, and their opportunities and challenges. The book is devoted to the fast-evolving field of modern material science and nanoelectronics, particularly to the physics and technology of functional nanomaterials and devices.

This book focuses on both recent advances and the applications of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials in different fields. This book encapsulates all the aspects related to 2D nanomaterials and their applications. It provides scientific and technological insights on novel routes of design and fabrication of few layered nanostructures and their hetero structures based on a variety of 2-D layered materials. It also covers a wide range of industrial applications of 2D nanomaterials. It emphasizes on the detailing of the various characterization techniques used. The book will be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in nano-materials and allied fields.

This book discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of optics, photonics and lasers, presenting new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques as well as a general survey indicating future trends and directions. The main fields addressed include nonlinear optical phenomena, photonics for energy, high-field phenomena, photonic and optoelectronic sensors and devices, optical communications, biomedical optics and photonics. It also covers a large spectrum of materials, ranging from semiconductor-based optical materials to optical glasses, organic materials, photorefractive materials and nanophotonic materials, as well as applications such as metrology, optometry, adaptive optics, all optical instrumentation, optical communications, quantum information, lighting technologies, energy harvesting and optically based biomedical diagnosis and therapeutics.

This completely updated and expanded second edition stands as a comprehensive knowledgebase on both the fundamentals and applications of this important materials processing method. The diverse, international team of contributing authors of this reference clarify in extensive detail properties and applications of sol-gel science and technology as it pertains to the production of substances, active and non-active, including optical, electronic, chemical, sensor, bio- and structural materials. Essential to a wide range of manufacturing industries, the compilation divides into the three complementary sections: Sol-Gel Processing, devoted to general aspects of processing and recently developed materials such as organic-inorganic hybrids, photonic crystals, ferroelectric coatings, and photocatalysts; Characterization of Sol-Gel Materials and Products, presenting contributions that highlight the notion that useful materials are only produced when characterization is tied to processing, such as determination of structure by NMR, in-situ characterization of the sol-gel reaction process, determination of microstructure of oxide gels, characterization of porous structure of gels by the surface measurements, and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid; and Applications of Sol-Gel Technology, covering applications such as the sol-gel method used in processing of bulk silica glasses, bulk porous gels prepared by sol-gel method, application of sol-gel method to fabrication of glass and ceramic fibers, reflective and antireflective coating films, application of sol-gel method to formation of photocatalytic coating films, and application of sol-gel method to bioactive coating films. The comprehensive scope and integrated treatment of topics make this reference volume ideal for R&D scientists and engineers across a wide range of disciplines and professional interests.

This book focuses on inorganic nanosheets, including various oxides, chalcogenides, and graphenes, that provide two-dimensional (2D) media to develop materials chemistry in broad fields such as electronics, photonics, environmental science, and biology. The application area of nanosheets and nanosheet-based materials covers the analytical, photochemical, optical, biological, energetic, and environmental research fields. All of these applications come from the low dimensionality of the nanosheets, which anisotropically regulate structures of solids, microspaces, and fluids. Understanding nanosheets from chemical, structural, and application aspects in relation to their'fully nanoscopic'characters will help materials scientists to develop novel advanced materials. This is the first book that accurately and concisely summarizes this field including exfoliation and intercalation chemistries of layered crystals. The book provides perspective on the materials chemistry ofinorganic nanosheets. The first section describes fundamental aspects of nanosheets common to diverse applications: how unique structures and properties are obtained from nanosheets based on low dimensionality. The second section presents state-of-the-art descriptions of how the 2D nature of nanosheets is utilized in each application of the materials that are developed.

In the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of alternative pathways to nucleation and crystallisation that oppose the classical view. Such proposed scenarios include multistage reactions proceeding via various precursor species and/or intermediate phases. The aim of this book is to review and discuss these recent advances in our understanding of the early stages of mineralisation through a series of contributions that address both experimental and theoretical studies about the formation and nature of initial precursor species (e.g., prenucleation clusters, dense liquid phases, amorphous nanoparticles, etc.) as well as their transformations leading to the stable mineral phase. Several chapters are devoted to cutting-edge analytical techniques used for investigating the above processes in situ, in real time and at conditions relevant to both natural and industrial processes. At the end of the book, the editors summarize the key questions that still need to be addressed in order to establish a complete picture of the nucleation and growth processes involved during the formation of minerals

This book presents the current trends and practices in breast imaging. Topics include mammographic interpretation; breast ultrasound; breast MRI; management of the symptomatic breast in young, pregnant and lactating women; breast intervention with imaging pathological correlation; the postoperative breast and current and emerging technologies in breast imaging. It emphasizes the importance of fostering a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and treatment of breast diseases. Featuring more than 800 high-resolution images and showcasing contributions from leading authorities in the screening, diagnosis and management of the breast cancer patient, Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis is a valuable resource for radiologists, oncologists and surgeons.

Household appliances encompass a large variety of equipment including the cold appliances (refrigerators and freezers), the wet appliances (washing machines, dishwashers and dryers), the space conditioning appliances (heaters, air­ conditioners, heat pumps, fans, boilers), the water heaters, the cooking appliances, a wide array of consumer electronics (such as TVs, VCRs, HiFi systems) and miscellaneous small appliances (such as vacuum cleaners, irons, toasters, hairdryers and power tools). Household appliances save a large amount of domestic labour to perform the household tasks, as well as provide comfort conditions and convenience to the household occupants. The European Community SAVE Programme has promoted the efficient use of energy, in particular in domestic appliances. SAVE has sponsored a variety of studies to characterise the use of the main household appliances and lighting and to identify cost-effective technical options to improve the energy efficiency, as well as to identify the strategies to promote the penetration ofefficient equipment in the market place. National energy agencies, independent experts and appliance manufacturers have participated in the SAVE activities and have done a remarkable job. While the energy efficiency ofthe main household appliances has been improved, at the same time it was possible in most cases to improve the appliance performance, reliability and qualityofservice.

“Microsystems and Nanotechnology” presents the latest science and engineering research and achievements in the fields of microsystems and nanotechnology, bringing together contributions by authoritative experts from the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan and China to discuss the latest advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology and micro/nanotechnology. The book is divided into five parts – the fundamentals of microsystems and nanotechnology, microsystems technology, nanotechnology, application issues, and the developments and prospects – and is a valuable reference for students, teachers and engineers working with the involved technologies.Professor Zhaoying Zhou is a professor at the Department of Precision Instruments & Mechanology, Tsinghua University, and the Chairman of the MEMS & NEMS Society of China. Dr. Zhonglin Wang is the Director of the Center for Nanostructure Characterization, Georgia Tech, USA. Dr. Liwei Lin is a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, USA.