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The film industry includes a chain composed of the machinery industry, the production industry and the derivative industry. Its evolution reflects the development of Chinese science fiction (sci-fi) films in the past century. Since the information revolution, marked by computer use, the film industry has undergone changes in digitalization, networking and intelligentization, and Chinese sci-fi films have taken on a new look. Sci-fi films have the duality of being industrial products and spiritual products. Therefore, Chinese sci-fi films have not only evolved with the evolution of the film industry but also highlight the importance of industrialization, reveal the side effects of industrialization and predict new industrial trends through their creativity, thus having rich connotations and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 81st World Science Fiction Convention, held in Chengdu, China, was a large-scale event that brought together over 20,000 sci-fi enthusiasts from around the world. The convention featured exhibitions, salons, parties, and the announcement of the prestigious Hugo Awards. It emphasized mass participation, cultural diversity, industrial development, and future orientation. The convention also highlighted the integration of Chinese culture, including the use of Chinese elements in the venue design, mascot, and Hugo Awards trophy. It played a significant role in stimulating sci-fi creation, developing the sci-fi fan culture, and promoting the sci-fi industry in Chengdu. [Extracted from the article]

Can haze pollution effectively influence local government debt? This study uses data from 285 Chinese cities at the prefecture level or above from 2006 to 2019, and uses annual average sunny days as an instrumental variable to systematically analyze the impact of haze pollution on local government debt from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) there is a positive correlation between haze pollution and local government debt; (2) sub-sample analysis suggests that the impact of haze pollution on local government debt shows heterogeneous effects in different cities and at different times; and (3) the analysis of the relevant mechanism suggests that haze pollution can promote local government debt through industrial structure upgrading and green technology innovation. The research conclusions provide policy references for Chinese local governments to effectively respond to haze pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A decade after the 1955 Bandung Conference, China and Japan engaged in a competition for technological exports to Burma. 1 During this process, technocrats in Beijing and Tokyo mobilized non-governmental collaborators—local Chinese industrialists and Japanese businesses seeking overseas expansion—as proxies to maximize their technological output to Burma. The Burmese, on the other hand, used the competition between Beijing and Tokyo as a bargaining tool, and pressed the two regional powers to provide at Rangoon's request. The technical aid Burma received was also affected by its shifting visions for development. Factionalist struggles between 1958 and 1962 changed not only Burma's political landscape but also its leadership's mind-set regarding the economy: the nation moved away from aid-driven industrial modernization towards a self-reliant, agricultural economy based on limited foreign technologies. Consequently, the meaning of the term 'technological aid', though used throughout the decade, became flexible and indistinct, carrying vastly different connotations at different stages of the Burmese state-building process. In this way, Burma's experience as an aid-receiving country in Cold War Asia may speak to the flexible power dynamics between the aiding and the aided countries, and shed light on the diversified means through which states employed science and technology as diplomatic tools in Cold War competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core theme of the special issue in which this article appears is the inherent impossibility of confining the knowledge required to build and sustain the instruments of travel to a single space or institution. This is certainly true for the ships that built empires – the large sailing and later steam ships produced by navies and companies in the process of European expansion. Ships traveled between polities and required repairs overseas, taking the construction knowledge and practices with them. Skilled laborers – experienced shipwrights and increasingly also trained engineers – helped to transfer shipbuilding practices across oceans, and to adapt these practices to local conditions based on forms of "blended know-how." This article explores how the circulation of shipbuilding knowledge and practices within and between maritime empires changed with the increasing pace of industrialization. It does so on the basis of three moments: the Dutch East India Company's shipbuilding activities in Asia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; the interaction between private industry and the Dutch state in advancing machine-manufacturing in both the Netherlands and on Java in the 1830s and 1840s; and the aid provided by Dutch engineers in laying the groundwork for Japanese industrial warship-construction in the second half of the nineteenth century. Such transfers put high demands on the capacities of states and naval administrators in controlling the flows of necessary resources and skilled labor, requiring complex arrangements between states and private capital. Industrialization did not change this basic fact, but it did change the nature of these arrangements. Although shipbuilding knowledge always remained practice-driven, highly mobile and susceptible to local adaptation, the increasing technological demands created by the transition from sail to steam and wood to iron, combined with the extension of the power of states and transnationally operating manufacturing companies, considerably changed the institutional embeddings and societal consequences of its circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive perspective of transformative regional development is pertinent considering complex present and future challenges such as the climate crisis. Particularly in face of ecological boundaries which manifest themselves in limited resources and result in social disputes, a realistic grip on transformative regional development is of utmost importance. To advance this field, we propose a research agenda that draws on the debates on regional industrial path development and sustainability transitions. We define two core dimensions: interrelations between several industrial paths and interrelations between regions and between spatial scales. We argue that both dimensions need to be considered against ecological boundaries and as embedded in social dynamics. We combine specific questions on these interrelations into a research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B I [A] successful, reinvigorated national industrial policy depends on a humane and inclusionary immigration policy. i b Can the labor movement and the left organize for a green industrial policy I and i an inclusionary immigration policy bold enough to stop climate change? Keywords: capitalism; climate change; environmental movement; green economy; immigrant workers; industrialization; labor; neoliberalism; populism; racism EN capitalism climate change environmental movement green economy immigrant workers industrialization labor neoliberalism populism racism 50 58 9 02/07/23 20230101 NES 230101 Graph: The Climate Strike and march in Pittsburgh on September 24, 2021.Mark Dixon, Flickr After years of sidelining and irrelevance in the market-dominated climate policy world, the American left struck green gold with the Green New Deal (GND) - substantially expanding the horizon of political possibility in green industrial policy. The GND framework, if not affirmatively messaged, can reproduce the exclusionary logics of the original New Deal.[29] A GND with Immigrants at the Center The degrowth movement has been a complementary, sometimes opposing parallel framework to the GND. [Extracted from the article]

Third Front construction was a massive defensive industrialization and economic campaign in response to the threat of war from both the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1960s in the remote and isolated hinterlands of China, which remained a top secret for many years before 1980s. Academic community has been making growing efforts in exploring its origin, history, development and influence ever since. As the largest industrial relocation in modern Chinese history, it is crucial for understanding the complexity of China today. Based on the bibliometric analysis of the retrieved and pruned 370 bibliographic references from Google Scholar, this article identified the major references, leading authors, contributing journals, productive countries or territories and cooperating institutions, as well as hot topics and emerging trends of the research on Third Front construction. By adopting VOSviewer as the visualizing tool, the paper found that Third Front construction continues to be a hot research topic with growing trend from the perspectives of historical background, macro-policy, industrial development, third-front cities and modern development of the Third Front construction in China. It also revealed the potential research trends in urbanization, industrial heritage and Cold War related to Third Front construction. Meanwhile, the paper made a brief comparison between the research on China's third front construction in English and Chinese languages. The findings could be of theoretical values to the academic community for the revelation of the knowledge landscape of Third Front construction and the entry point to the modern history of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on development has long highlighted the role of international trade and developmental states as key factors in explaining divergent processes of economic development. A country's position in the world economy and its state's capacity to promote industrialization are seen as fundamental to understanding its development path. Yet, these approaches are often inadequate for explaining the actual contours of industrial and economic growth across the Global South. In this study, an in-depth case study of Brazil reveals the limits of the mainstream approaches and illustrates the centrality of the underlying agrarian economy for understanding the country's development path. Archival and quantitative data show that both the timing and location of industrialization in Brazil are better explained by the agrarian dynamics that unfolded in the country in the twentieth century. This has broader implications for understanding development processes throughout the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing focus and development on the industrialization of the research and development (R&D) outcomes of universities, academic patents have witnessed significant growth in recent years. However, previous development directions for the technologies of academic patents have mostly focused on patents approved by or applied for with major patent offices; few have examined from the perspective of standard-essential patents (SEPs). This study examined key technologies of academic SEPs through network analysis. The findings revealed that most of the key technologies of academic SEPs are involved in wireless communication networks and the transmission of digital information, electric digital data processing, control or regulating systems, and secret communication systems. Among these, secret communication systems are key technologies in academia, and more scientific research resources should be invested in secret communication R&D in the future. In addition, the key technologies of academic SEPs have changed; specifically, image coding technology has undergone major developments. Accordingly, this study developed a key technology network model for academic standard-essential patents to verify those academic technologies that are vital to industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization in China has faced severe problems such as resource depletion and environmental degradation. The Yangtze River economic belt (YREB) strategy is one of the essential strategies for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy. Maximizing economic benefits while using the least resources and the least pollution to the environment is critical for China's sustainable development strategy. This paper proposed the DEA to measure industrial eco-efficiency in the YREB from 2009 to 2018. It analyzed its temporal evolution and spatial differentiation and adopted a spatial econometric model to study how interference in influencing factors affects industrial eco-efficiency. The results revealed that (1) the eastern area of YREB has the highest industrial eco-efficiency compared with the other regions. (2) The industrial total factor productivity in the YREB has been rising over the years, and its change trend shows an inverted "W" pattern of first rising, then falling, then rising, then falling. (3) By further analysis, we observed a statistically significant spatial difference in the Industrial eco-efficiency among the areas in YREB, which suggests that the change scale presents the rule of "downstream bigger than Midstream region and midstream region bigger than "upstream region." (4) The level of economic development, science and technology innovation, and human resources have significantly positive effects on industrial eco-efficiency, and the effect of economic development is of most significant importance. The industrial agglomeration demoted the efficiency of industrial ecology; Science and technology innovations, on the other hand, had a positive spillover effect, while the industrial concentration had a negative spillover effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary Odisha has witnessed many micro-social movements fighting industrialization, mining, major dams, and similar development projects. The introduction of these projects has a massive impact on tribe lives, survival, and cultural identity of tribes. The most recent one is the severe uproar from the Lanjigarh area's inhabitants against the Vedanta, which was about to set up a bauxite-aluminum factory near Niyamagiri Hill. The article attempts to highlight the historical resistance of tribals against development-induced displacement both during pre- and post-independence in Odisha and discuss the magnitude of displacement due to development-induced projects, impacts, rehabilitation, and resettlement. It further presents the Dongria Kondh community's struggle against the alumina refinery and the new bauxite mining project in Niyamgiri. The victory of Niyamgiri provides moral support, courage, and a ray of hope for the other tribal people in India who have been battling for rights to forest and land for days. Tribal movements have forced the postponement or cancellation of numerous projects, raising questions about their long-term viability. Thus, protest movements have compelled governments to review displacement issues and implement necessary measures to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the evolution and periodization of shifting ideas about the critical issues shaping city planning in South Africa, looking both at the relative and variable importance ascribed to health and other factors such as labour, economic reconstruction and housing. While the evolution of the South African city cannot be read without an understanding of the role of public health, changing ideas about cities and public health necessitate careful historical unravelling before any causal relationships can be identified. Any urban reconstruction, including post-COVID-19 reform, will demand deep knowledge of how the health/planning nexus has evolved, alongside expert advice on how to maximize urban health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on the principles of liberal democracy and individual rights. Topics include combination manifested itself in Russia's internal colonisation creating a deep cultural divide between the educated class and the common people; and split between Europeanised elites and indigenous masses being typical for countries and regions experiencing some form of colonisation showing consequence of industrialisation.

This essay proposes a new approach to world's fairs. Local elites, representing manufacturing, banking, transportation, merchandizing, and commercial interests, organized pre–World War I expositions to create urban settings supporting trade and cultivating innovation on a long-term basis. These stimuli came in the form of systematized infrastructure and environmental improvements, resources for training technical workforce, educating public taste, and reputation building. Most historically important, the result was to constitute the public facet of the second industrial revolution, identified on the business side with new energy sources, integration of industrial production and consumption, transportation, and institutionalization of research allied with industry based on official reports and documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1930s and 1940s, multiple five-year Soviet plans for national industrialization transformed Ukraine's capital Kyiv (Russian Kiev) into a dramatic industrial metropolis. By 1960, Kyiv was a core industrial city with renovated prerevolutionary factories and massive new industrial enterprises. Ukraine's 1991 independence threatened industrial complexes with demolition for retail, residential, and office uses. We examine Kyiv's Soviet industrial legacy as prescribed in master plans of 1936 and 1947, and successive five-year plans. We profile five significant industrial complexes and their divergent fates today. We call for future transformations of Kyiv's monumental Soviet industrial enterprises with enhanced awareness of heritage value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: climate change; deindustrialization; green economy; industrialization; labor; neoliberalism EN climate change deindustrialization green economy industrialization labor neoliberalism 14 20 7 06/05/21 20210401 NES 210401 Despite 2020's record fall in carbon dioxide emissions - largely due to extensive and repeated "lockdowns" of cities, plus dramatic decreases in air travel and the use of motor vehicles[4] - the world is far from making the changes necessary to avert climate catastrophe. The report also found that 135 Eskom officials are linked to Eskom vendors, which have conducted business with Eskom worth at least R6 billion ($412 million) - an average of around R45 million ($3 million) each. A clearer look at the roots of Eskom's fiscal crisis and international energy trends indicates that Eskom's unbundling and the related expansion of the REIPPPP will potentially exacerbate South Africa's energy crisis rather than help to resolve it, and deepen the country's already dire unemployment rate. I B ... South Africa's state-owned power utility, Eskom - which generates over 90 percent of energy consumed in the country - is in deep crisis. b i It is in this context that some are promoting the "unbundling" of Eskom, a measure initially imposed by the World Bank as a condition of debt relief. [Extracted from the article]

This study examines early disaster recovery and prevention planning projects in fishing port cities in the northern part of Japan after the 1933 Sanriku tsunami, the later modernization of those cities, and their current recovery from the 2011 Great Northern Japan earthquake. This work reframes the goal of disaster recovery and of disaster prevention planning in our society as social resilience —the ability of a community to cope with and adapt to stresses such as social, political, environmental, or economic change. Drawing on the author's field research in Kesennuma, this study also describes postwar economic and industrial development in fishing ports that changed social and spatial structures. It shows that postwar administration and planners ignored the prewar disaster recovery and prevention planning based on local social systems, which caused fundamental problems in redevelopment and disaster prevention planning after 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Netherlands experienced a rapid growth in car ownership. Dutch planners and politicians soon realized that this growing automobility would radically transform the living environment, daily commute, and consumption behavior of millions of people, in particular of those living in or near large conurbations. By investigating how professional and political elites perceived increasing automobility, and how their responses subsequently affected urban planning in the Netherlands, this article offers a comprehensive and multifaceted narrative of the dawning of the Dutch motor age. I demonstrate how the gloomy and fearful predictions of planners and traffic engineers working in the 1960s foreshadowed a wider discontent with car-centered planning. Their engagements with local officials and urban action groups led to planning compromises I describe as a form of "gentle modernization," typical for a country which has always opted for a cautious approach to modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yangzhou, once a capital city of China, has been transformed into a post-Socialist city. This narrative of its urban development explains its evolution from "a city for the royal family to build its temporary palace" in Imperial China, through "a city as a tool to develop manufacturing industries" during the Socialist regime, to "an ecological garden and a city with an attractive living environment" in Transitional China. Changing value systems interact with economic and political constraints to explain the course of its urban history. The explanation rests on the premise that urban development ultimately depends on the investment potential of the local economy and local power constraints impinging upon adopted plans. This case study explores how political and economic constraints shape the ambitions of local policy makers and planners, thereby reflecting the evolution of those Chinese cultural values that as development imperatives have shaped urban planning practice in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The turn of the twentieth century witnessed a significant expansion of both Deptford in southeast London and the market town of Dadaocheng in northern Taiwan. A factor that unites the two can arguably be found in both historically avoiding becoming part of the cities to which they now belong. The collective desire of their more well-to-do residents to shape an urban modern space that could fit their aspirations transcended national boundaries. Defined as the "urban elite," the more notable residents were both globally situated and connected. They lived in a modernity that was self-defined and interpreted, one that was differentiated across a range of institutions: family life, economic and political structures, education, mass communication, and individual orientation. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to argue that these arenas should be understood as a narrative of continual design and redesign. What is more, they were essentially marshaled by a rising new urban middle class. The fortunes that they acquired were a result of their connections to the town they helped mold and transform. Using social elite theory, this article will argue that if the social, economic, and political conditions across areas are similar, people will behave in comparable ways with only contextual differences. In the case of Taiwan, attention to this overlooked aspect of its social history is important in helping to situate the island in global comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redevelopment of the Bankside area in central London was proposed in 1943, yet substantive regeneration was only achieved toward the end of the century. This article analyzes the processes whereby a postwar industrial, then deindustrial, locality evolved into a popular leisure and residential quarter. It argues that strategic plans for the area engendered only incremental and piecemeal redevelopment. Change was principally driven by industrial decline, government building policies, and the availability of finance, and, since the 1990s, by private-sector investment and culture-driven regeneration. Tensions and conflicts arose over the direction of, sometimes controversial, redevelopment. The locality's principal building, Bankside power station, inhibited the realization of early redevelopment plans, but, as Tate Modern, was instrumental in the cultural and social transformation of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the revitalization of the Avenue of the Americas. It follows the efforts of leading New Yorkers to transform the Avenue into a more profitable space while turning it into the political, commercial, and cultural capital of the Western Hemisphere. Using a transnational perspective, the article argues that the remaking of the Avenue must be understood in relation to the growing involvement of New York reformers in Latin America, especially São Paulo. It illustrates how New York urban reformers' perception of São Paulo as a rising city and that of Brazil (and Latin America) as important allies to the United States during and after World War II (WWII) served as catalysts for growth as these actors—especially Robert Moses—strove to establish New York's global dominance. By focusing on the networks of exchange between São Paulo and New York, this article sheds light on the ideological origins of New York's urban renewal projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As revealed by John Armstrong, coastal shipping was vital to Britain's Industrial Revolution: it was a system of mass transport for coal, grain, and myriad other goods that long predated railways and canals. Despite this, we know little about how it functioned. This paper examines some fundamental characteristics, namely ship speeds, times spent in port, and trade patterns, to examine its effectiveness long before Britain's industrialisation. Local customs records provided data covering thousands of recorded departures and arrivals of coasters. These data are analysed using a geographical information system and panel-data analysis. Methods are described and new insights given. While seacoasts boasted opportunities, observed coasting vessels exhibit severe timing irregularities and clearly operated in very challenging seas where delays and troubles were to be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the social dimension of cruising by looking at new forms of sociality created by the advent of steamboats along the Danube and in the Black Sea. Since a Viennese steamship company introduced cruises between Vienna and Istanbul in the mid-1830s, Austrian steamboats became a busy stage of diverse social encounters. The idea of ships as "floating spaces", "historical arenas" or "contact zones" in which different cultures meet has been developed by scholars for a long time. Framed within the new mobilities paradigm, this paper details a large range of social interactions on board Austrian steamers based on the accounts of more than a dozen travellers who plied along the Vienna–Istanbul route in the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s. With sociality as an integral part of modern transportation, this paper analyses the early phases in the industrialisation and commodification of travelling and focuses on the social experiences that steamboat cruising provided to customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored both the development policy of regional industry and the aerotropolis as an empirical object. In planning an aerotropolis, governments should account for both regional and industrial characteristics to establish appropriate policies for promoting industrial development that maximizes the benefits of invested resources. In this study, a composite multicriteria decision-making method was used to filter the optimal aerotropolis industry evaluation index through the fuzzy Delphi method. Subsequently, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory–based analytic network process was used to obtain the influence relations and weights between the indexes to establish an optimal industry plan. Satisfaction evaluation was then used to calculate the performance values of the programs and discover the optimal industries for the city to provide the government with a policy reference. This study found that the technical environment, product and industry networks, and basic environment were the most important aspects of the Taoyuan Aerotropolis. Aviation linkage and logistics services had the highest performance among industries, identifying them as the most suitable supplementary developments to the aviation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: social welfare; women workers; industrialization; politics; gender discrimination; family wage EN social welfare women workers industrialization politics gender discrimination family wage 44 51 8 05/19/20 20200401 NES 200401 At the start of I The Socialist Manifesto i , by Bhaskar Sunkara, which seeks to reclaim the history of socialism as a rallying call for a new generation (see book review by Emma Teitelman in this issue), the author argues, "Socialism is not so much about trading freedom for equality but rather positing the question, 'Freedom for whom? A generation of historians have documented the development of the family wage ideology over the course of the nineteenth century, showing how this idealized wage structure rationalized capitalism for workers, captains of industry, and reformers alike. Family wage ideology promised that the compensation for entering this new industrial workspace would be sufficient earnings to support a wife and children at home. The family wage and domestic sphere ideologies were often distant from any lived reality, but they created new aspirational, economic roles for men and women.[6] Today, the phrase "family wage" is rarely invoked by the left. [Extracted from the article]

This study provides empirical evidence of how tourism triggers economic growth from a meso-level structural perspective. It introduces a novel shift-share approach in accordance with the Lewis hypothesis to analyze the spillover effect of tourism on economic restructuring and sectoral labor productivity. The study demonstrates a hump-shaped positive structural spillover effect exerted by tourism onto economic growth and identifies the emergence of a new tourism-related industrialization in the showcased destination, the Zhangjiajie city in China. The study captures the interactions between tourism and the other sectors of the economy and contributes to an in-depth understanding of tourism's contribution to overall economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was conducted to identify management information sources and communication channels used by commercially oriented smallholder beef cattle producers (n = 62) in Limpopo province, South Africa. A total of 62 commercially oriented smallholder farmers under the Limpopo Industrial Development Corporation-Nguni cattle project were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data on farmers' demographic and farm characteristics, sources of information and communication channels used. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to evaluate factors that influenced farmers' choices of information sources and communications channels used. Findings show that government extension (53% of the respondents) and other farmers (30%) were the major sources of management information for the farmers. Based on the logistic regression results, the decision to choose government extension as the main source of information was mainly influenced by respondents' gender (p = 0.001) and access to training (p = 0.023). Communication was mainly through farm-to-farm visits (56%) and the use of mobile phones (30%). Based on the current findings, the infusion of modern information communication technologies such as mobile phone-based innovations with the existing government extension service could further strengthen the capacity of farmers to share information among themselves as well as providing feedback to extension agents. Furthermore, it is essential to take cognizance of farmers' socio-economic factors when identifying and characterizing their management information sources and communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anthropocene names the epoch wherein humans have become the main geological agent on the planet's surface. But which humans, and since when? Dating the onset of the Anthropocene is a political and ontological as much as a scientific act. This essay argues the Anthropocene is inexorably racial because it flows out of a capitalist system which requires racializing populations and environments from early modernity to the present and into the future. The essay contends that racial capitalism should be a central category in explaining the onset of the Anthropocene. The focus will be on investigating whether it makes sense to take the European discovery of the Americas and the genocide against its original inhabitants as threshold of a new geological epoch. Following the radicalization of Marx in the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, it will be suggested that though colonization and slavery were essential for modern globalization to emerge, capital embarked on its self-perpetuating destructive trajectory through industrialization. Structural racism was transmuted and continues to characterize the global ecological crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can cultural differences affect economic change? Max Weber famously argued that ascetic Protestants' religious commitments—specifically their work ethic—inspired them to develop capitalist economic systems conducive to rapid economic change. Yet today, scholars continue to debate the empirical validity of Weber's claims, which address a vibrant literature in political economy on the relationship between culture and economic change. We revisit the link between religion and economic change in Reformed Europe. To do so, we leverage a quasi-experiment in Western Switzerland, where certain regions had Reformed Protestant beliefs imposed on them by local authorities during the Swiss Reformation, while other regions remained Catholic. Using 19th-century Swiss census data, we perform a fuzzy spatial regression discontinuity design to test Weber's hypothesis and find that the Swiss Protestants in the Canton of Vaud industrialized faster than their Catholic neighbors in Fribourg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Cold War, a barrage of globally mobile development professionals proliferated throughout the decolonizing Third World to both assist in economic development and to constrain the geopolitical spread of communist-sympathetic regimes. This paper considers a document authored by one such professional, Albert Winsemius, and draws on Antonio Gramsci's concept of passive revolution to theorize the process of state formation in Singapore. By examining Winsemius' role in Singapore's development planning, we demonstrate how globally sourced, ideological anti-communism and transnational economic expertise were inscribed into the institutional structure of the Singaporean state under Lee Kuan Yew and the People's Action Party. Basing our analysis in a close reading of a key economic planning document, we argue that Winsemius and the Industrial Survey Mission demonstrate a political understanding of state formation rooted in the need to suppress labour strife and maintain political stability. This paper contributes to a more spatially nuanced understanding of East Asian industrialization and state transformation through a theorization of the influence of transnational expertise on an archetypal 'developmental state'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work looks at the contribution of profit-rate analysis to explain the industrialization process in economics. Using Indonesia for empirical study, we observe a link between the profit rate and international industrialization strategy. Elements of profit rate are discussed, including profit share, labor coefficient, and capital productivity. Elements of the industrialization process are also examined; specifically, gross import substitution, domestic supply growth, and ratio of import substitution. New period categorizations are made, demonstrating changes in the long run. We argue that profit-rate fluctuation has served to explain the success or failure of the industrialization process. This paper identifies two dimensions to this process. First, it argues that industrialization is achieved if the domestic market is established as indicated by a higher profit rate in the period when import substitution is high. Second, the establishment of a home market can occur by adopting the import substitution strategy, including output, investment, and labor. The adoption of import substitution can tackle the sectoral analysis of industrialization because it assumes the formation of a production pattern in domestic economy. JEL Classification: E220, E230, E240, E310, O110, O140 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean and safe drinking water is important for the overall health and wellbeing; therefore, access to safe potable drinking water is one of the basic amenities of humankind, especially in urban areas with high consumption pattern of the large population inhabiting these spaces. Among the various sources of water, groundwater is considered to be the safest source of drinking water. However, due to rapid industrialization and population growth, the groundwater resources are getting polluted with harmful contaminants. These contaminants can be chemical or microbiological and cause various health problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80 percent of all diseases in the world are directly or indirectly related to the contamination of water. Water in its natural state is colorless, odorless, and free from pathogens with pH in the range of 6.5-8.5. This water is termed as 'potable water.' In the present study, the researchers have made an attempt to assess the physiochemical characteristics of drinking water quality in Allahabad and the effect of these contaminants on the health of the consumers. A comparison of the parameter standards as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (ISI, Indian standard specification for drinking water (IS10500). New Delhi: ISI, 1983) and the WHO (Guidelines for drinking water quality (Vol. 1). Geneva: WHO, 1984) have also been made to understand the national and global benchmarks. With the help of the standards of various parameters given by these organizations, the assessment of water quality of samples from various locations in Allahabad has been done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim in this article is to explore conditions of possibility for giving life to science in the context of science being under siege from the twin agendas of industrialization and managerialization. The focus of this exploration is my experiencing a shift from being brought in as an ally in the strategic conduct of others to then becoming engaged in the life sciences of ageing. In nuancing these different ways of 'being alongside', I show how social and life scientists' attachment and detachment to things can bring them into intimate entanglement with each other's world-making. Keeping in view possibilities for breaching the dividing practices by which each of us are emplaced, I focus on gatherings that give science life and so get beyond things as 'as others want them'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial homogamy, or the geographical closeness of life partners, has received little attention in recent decades. Theoretically, partners may be found anywhere in the world, as increases in educational participation, affluence, mobility and internet access have reduced the meaning of geographical distance in general. This paper examines whether geography still matters in the Swedish partner market, by examining distances between partners before co-residence over time. Register data are used to track the residential histories (1990–2008) of couples who married or had a child in 1996, 2002 or 2008 (N = 292,652). With the couple as the unit of analysis, the distance between partners before co-residence is explained by geographical, socio-economic and demographic indicators. I find that although the distance between partners has increased over time, it is still the case that half of all partners lived within 9 kilometres of each other before moving in together. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics explain some of the variation in spatial homogamy, but geographical factors, such as previous place of residence, spatial mobility, degree of urbanization and nearness of parents, are crucial. Even in a globalized society, most people still find their partners very close by. The findings are relevant to the family migration literature, where residential mobility at the beginning of co-residence has received little attention, despite long-lasting consequences of partner choice on social ties and people's socioeconomic careers. The results exemplify the importance of short geographical distances for intimate relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1955 the Automotive Factory ‘Crvena Zastava’ (Red Flag factory) began to manufacture automobiles based on the FIAT license and became a driving force of the communist Yugoslavia transformation from an agrarian into industrialised, urban and motorised country. This paper explores Zastava’s experience of building and developing the Yugoslav automobile industry in the context of the Yugoslav self-management system from the 1950s to the 1980s. The article aims at showing that the concept of self-management was sensible in light of the multinational Yugoslavia break from the Soviet bloc, but that the net effect of its implementation proved problematic for the national automobile industry. Additionally, Zastava leadership attempts to achieve a larger industrial scale and financial autonomy clashed with the Yugoslavia trend towards decentralisation as much as the communist leadership’s fear of an alternative centre of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tests the impact of industrial life, migration, and religious ties on family life. Specifically, it examines Jewish households, asking whether they conformed to traditional patterns of nuclearity, and what this suggests about wider kinship or community networks. It shows that Jews accommodated a range of people in their households, from family members to Jewish lodgers and non-Jewish servants. Jewish lodgers frequently lived with coreligionists who also often shared birthplaces or occupations. In sum, the data suggest a strong degree of intracommunal solidarity despite high levels of migration and also emphasize the diversity of household forms in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our engagement with Neil Brenner and Christian Schmid’s thesis on planetary urbanization we argue that, while they have successfully marked some important limits of mainstream thinking on the urban, their privileging of epistemology cannot produce an urban theory for our time. Engaging in a symptomatic reading of their work, and with a focus on the implications of their limited mobilization of social ontology—or Lefebvre’s ontology of the everyday—we ask what is occluded in planetary urbanization. In particular, we explore three areas of concern: the urban as the grounds for difference, centrality and the everyday; the omission of subjects of and occlusion of subjectivity; and the occlusion of a constitutive outside and its political capacities to remake the urban. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key to the success of a new agricultural management system is to create new types of operators of agricultural management and to reform the traditional model of agricultural operation, taking a more efficient approach to the scale, industrialization, and organization. However, anticompetitive market risks have the potential to exist in large-scale agriculture due to the excessive concentration of agricultural resources. Chinese legislators should turn competition policies into laws, determine the scope of agricultural exemptions, and learn from US anticorporate farming laws. Utilizing these strategies, antitrust laws can help guide and protect the design and implementation of the industrial polices in the new agricultural management system, rationally regulate some anticompetitive behavior in the agricultural market, and enhance the overall competitiveness of the agriculture industry as well as cater to the interests of the farmers and the welfare of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much scholarship on East Asian development has sidelined the crucial role of geopolitics by insisting that wars such as the Vietnam War had limited effects on industrial development and economic growth patterns. We find such arguments unpersuasive, and also unduly reductionist. The Vietnam War, in particular, had unambiguously powerful effects on industrial development in South Korea; but even in cases where the direct effects of war were somewhat less spectacular, such as Taiwan, the reasons for the differences were themselves deeply geopolitical and expressive of decision-making processes centered on the Vietnam War. In this paper, we explore the differential effects of such geopolitical decision-making by contrasting the development trajectories of the Ulsan and Kaohsiung industrial zones during the war period. We show, in addition, that the subsequent development of industrial projects in South Korea and Taiwan has continued to bear some of the marks of Vietnam War-era geopolitical economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The official policy of the Soviet state toward nomadic populations was to change their way of life by implementation of enforced collective property (on reindeer), boarding school education, and the displacement of nomadic women to settlements. This policy, however, never totally succeeded in all the Nenets areas and among all groups; many Nenets people remain living in a nomadic community. Today, globalization in the form of modern technologies, industrial development, exploration of underground resources and climate changes are affecting the lives of the Nenets. This article draws from several ethnographic fieldwork surveys of nomadic Nenets families conducted between 2015-2017, within the area of the arctic tundra and among the Forest Nenets of Northern Russia. The author’s aim is to address one aspect of Nenets’s life impacted by modern globalization: their dwelling space. Their traditional dwelling, the “Mya” has been only marginally changed and is still in use in almost all the areas in which Nenets families and communities can be found. Can it be that the displacement of women, originally caused by official Soviet state policy, has also affected the sacred symbolism of the traditional Mya? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le présent article propose d’examiner la problématique de la migration des œuvres de la littérature française vers le continent d’Asie. Il tentera d’établir l’origine de cette migration, le parcours migratoire des œuvres ainsi que les conditions de leur accueil dans les pays asiatiques notamment en Chine et au Japon. Parmi les nombreux aspects reliés au transfert des œuvres vers leurs nouveaux lectorats, le rôle de vecteur que joue la traduction sera analysé. Sera aussi mis en relief le rôle de tremplin et d’intermédiaire du Japon dans l’accomplissement du transfert des œuvres françaises. Enfin Madame Chrysanthème tout comme La Dame aux camélias sera étudiée sous l’angle de leur rencontre avec la littérature locale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes that the Fordist model of industrial standardization enabled and empowered the Soviets to enact distinctly socialist, decentralized, urban patterns. It follows the design of the Kharkiv Tractor Factory (KhTZ) and the socialist city (sotsgorod) to house its workers, built outside of the first capital of Soviet Ukraine between 1930 and 1931. The near-impossible schedule of Stalin’s hyperindustrialization drive, known as the first Five-Year Plan (1928-1932), limited the options both tractor factory and sotsgorod designers could pursue, which made easily replicable architectural types and models particularly attractive. Once tested on an experimental site like KhTZ, a type deemed successful joined the ranks of those ready for slight adjustment—a process known as priviazka in Soviet architectural discourse—and export to far-flung sites in the Soviet sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]