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Xavier Bichat, who lived a short life (1771–1802), was prominent French anatomist and physiologist during the time of revolution and one of the founders of French scientific medicine. He played a key role in the creation of the science of histology. Indeed, he was the first to see the organs of the body as being formed through the specialization of simple, functional units (tissues). Bichat is also known as one of the last of the major theorists of vitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: As medical schools worldwide condense the preclinical phase of medical education, it is increasingly important to identify resources that help medical students retain and employ the medical information. One popular tool among medical students is an application called Anki, a free and open-source flashcard program utilizing spaced repetition for quick and durable memorization. The purpose of this study is to determine how variable Anki usage among first-year medical students throughout a standardized anatomy and physiology course correlates with performance. Methods: We designed a novel Anki add-on called "Anki Stat Scraper" to collect data on first-year medical students at Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine during their 8-week anatomy and physiology course. Anki users (N = 45) were separated into four groups: Heavy (N = 5), intermediate (N = 5), light (N = 16), and limited-Anki (N = 19) users, based on the time each student spent on the flashcard app, how many flashcards they studied per day, and how many days they used the app prior to their anatomy and physiology exam. A 14-question Likert scale questionnaire was administered to each participant to gauge their understanding of Anki and how they used the app to study. Results: Heavy and intermediate Anki users had higher average exam scores than their counterparts who did not use Anki as a study method. Average exam scores were 90.34%, 91.74%, 85.86%, and 87.75% for heavy, intermediate, light, and limited-Anki users respectively (p > 0.05). Our survey demonstrated that Anki users spent an average of 73.86% of their study time using Anki, compared to an average of 36.53% for limited-Anki users (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Anki users did not score significantly higher compared to limited-Anki users. However, survey responses from students believe that Anki may still be a useful educational tool for future medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The glenoid track concept has been widely used to assess the risk of instability caused by a bipolar lesion. The mean glenoid track width is reported to be 83% of the glenoid width. However, this width seems to be affected by the range of motion of the shoulder. By clarifying the relationship between the range of shoulder motion and the glenoid track width, a more precise determination of the glenoid track width for each individual could be possible. Purpose: To determine the relationship between the glenoid track width and the range of motion of healthy volunteers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was taken in 41 shoulders of 21 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32 years) with the arm in maximum horizontal extension, with the arm kept in 90° of abduction and 90° of external rotation. Three-dimensional surface bone models of the glenoid and the humerus were created with image analysis software. The distance from the anterior rim of the glenoid to the medial margin of the footprint of the rotator cuff tendon was defined as the glenoid track width. Active and passive ranges of shoulder motion were measured in the supine and sitting positions. The correlations between the glenoid track width and the ranges of shoulder motion were investigated with Pearson correlation coefficients. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities based on the intraclass correlation coefficient were also analyzed to assess the reliability of the glenoid track measurement. Results: The intra- and interobserver reliabilities for the glenoid track measurement were excellent (0.988 and 0.988, respectively). Among all the measurements, the glenoid track width and the active range of motion in horizontal extension in the sitting position showed the greatest correlation coefficient (r = −0.623, P < .0001). A correlation between the glenoid track width and this angle was expressed as Y = −0.49X + 90, where X is the horizontal extension angle (degrees) and Y is the glenoid track width (percentage of glenoid width). Conclusion: The present data demonstrate that the greater the horizontal extension angle in abduction and external rotation, the smaller the glenoid track width. An individualized glenoid track width can be obtained by measuring the active horizontal extension angle with the arm in abduction and external rotation in the sitting position. Clinical Relevance: An individualized glenoid track width enables selection of a more precise surgical option by the on-track/off-track concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate 3-dimensional (3-D) photogrammetry as a tool for assessing the postoperative head shape of patients who had undergone cranial vault remodeling for metopic synostosis. Design: We prospectively analyzed images of patients with metopic craniosynostosis who had undergone anterior cranial vault remodeling and age-matched controls. To ensure standardized facial orientation, each 3-D image was positioned to "best fit" the preoperative face by aligning 6 soft tissue landmarks. Forehead measurements were taken from a standardized position behind the surface of the face to landmarks placed in a ray configuration across the forehead. Setting: Academic teaching hospital. Patients, Participants: Thirteen pediatric patients with metopic craniosynostosis who had undergone anterior cranial vault remodeling and age-matched controls. Interventions: Images were taken preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and over 1-year postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Forehead contours preoperatively and postoperatively, with statistics performed using a multivariate analysis of variance shape analysis. Results: Mean postoperative follow-up was 1.8 (0.6) years. The average distance from the origin to forehead landmarks was 55.1 (3.4) mm preoperatively, 59.3 (0.7) mm immediate postoperatively, 59.1 (1.0) mm 1-year postoperatively, and 59.4 (0.6) mm in controls. Postoperative metopic forehead contours varied significantly from preoperative contours (P < .01), while there was no statistical difference between the 2 postoperative time points (P = .70). One-year postoperative patients were not significantly different from their age-matched controls (P > .99). Conclusions: Preoperative metopic forehead contours varied significantly from postoperative contours. Cranial reconstructions approximated the foreheads of normal controls, and reconstructions were stable at more than 1-year follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The concept of mandibular catch-up growth is often quoted in the literature regarding Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). We endeavored to perform a systematic review of whether the literature supports this concept. Design: Systematic review. Interventions: A PubMed-based systematic review of the English literature was performed of articles objectively measuring mandibular growth or position after nonoperative management of PRS. Main Outcome Measures: Rate and end point of mandibular length, ramus length, gonial angle, and maxillomandibular discrepancy. Results: The initial search delivered 607 English-language abstracts. Of these, 16 met inclusion criteria. Eight articles evaluating 143 patients followed longitudinal patient data and therefore allowed comparison of growth rates to controls. Ten articles evaluating 228 patients presented cross-sectional data and therefore could only evaluate a single time point. Two of the 8 longitudinal studies reported faster than normal growth of mandibular length in a significant portion of their cohort. Five of 8 reported equal growth rates. One of 16 studies reported that mandibular length of patients with PRS normalized compared to controls. Two of 16 studies reported no difference in maxillomandibular discrepancy between PRS and controls, whereas 10 reported a posteriorly displaced mandible relative to the maxilla in PRS. Significant differences in control groups, patients, and age existed between studies. Conclusions: While the concept of catch-up growth in PRS is often quoted, a minority of objective studies suggest increased mandibular growth rates in isolated PRS. Even fewer studies suggest that the maxillomandibular discrepancy in PRS completely resolves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) microstructural organization and collagen fiber realignment in response to load are unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to describe the real-time microstructural collagen changes in the anterior bundle (AB) and posterior bundle (PB) of the UCL with tensile load. It was hypothesized that the UCL AB is stronger and stiffer with more highly aligned collagen during loading when compared with the UCL PB. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The AB and PB from 34 fresh cadaveric specimens were longitudinally sectioned to allow uniform light passage for quantitative polarized light imaging. Specimens were secured to a tensile test machine and underwent cyclic preconditioning, a ramp-and-hold stress-relaxation test, and a quasi-static ramp to failure. A division-of-focal-plane polarization camera captured real-time pixelwise microstructural data of each sample during stress-relaxation and at the zero, transition, and linear points of the stress-strain curve. The SD of the angle of polarization determined the deviation of the average direction of collagen fibers in the tissue, while the average degree of linear polarization evaluated the strength of collagen alignment in those directions. Since the data were nonnormally distributed, the median ± interquartile range are presented. Results: The AB has larger elastic moduli than the PB (P < .0001) in the toe region (median, 2.73 MPa [interquartile range, 1.1-5.6 MPa] vs 0.65 MPa [0.44-1.5 MPa]) and the linear region (13.77 MPa [4.8-40.7 MPa] vs 1.96 MPa [0.58-9.3 MPa]). The AB demonstrated larger stress values, stronger collagen alignment, and more uniform collagen organization during stress-relaxation. PB collagen fibers were more disorganized than the AB during the zero (P = .046), transitional (P = .011), and linear (P = .007) regions of the stress-strain curve. Both UCL bundles exhibited very small changes in collagen alignment (SD of the angle of polarization) with load. Conclusion: The AB of the UCL is stiffer and stronger, with more strongly aligned and more uniformly oriented collagen fibers, than the PB. The small changes in collagen alignment indicate that the UCL response to load is due more to its static collagen organization than to dynamic changes in collagen alignment. Clinical Relevance: The UCL collagen organization may explain its susceptibility to injury with repetitive valgus loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify the optimal screw configuration for internal fixation of femoral neck fractures based on anatomic analysis on radiologic imaging. Methods: 30 proximal femurs of 15 adults were constructed by CT. 3 femoral neck sections (FNS), the subcapital, medial, and the fundus, were projected on to the lateral femoral trochanteric wall. The simulated 3 screw configurations in the projection of FNS include: 2 inverted equilateral triangles symmetrised to the axis of the FNS (IET-FNS group) or the coronal axis of the proximal femur (IET-PR group) and an obtuse triangle (OT group). The distance between the screws, the distance between the centre of the FNS and the screws, and the area ratio of the triangle/FNS were calculated. Results: The projection of the FNS on to the lateral femoral trochanteric wall is displayed as a rotating forward ellipse. Measurements of distance between screws, distance between the centre of the FNS to the screws, and the area ratio of triangle/FNS were significantly larger in the OT group than in the IET-FNS and IET-PF groups (p < 0.05). The values of the 3 parameters in the IET-FNS group were also larger than those in the IET-PF group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The obtuse triangle screw configuration displayed advantages with respect to the parameters of distance between screws, distance between the centre of FNS to screws, and the triangle area. Therefore, the obtuse triangle screw configuration may be the ideal pattern for internal fixation of femoral neck fractures (Pauwels I and II). This needs to be corroborated with biomechanics testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility/effectiveness of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to document velopharyngeal (VP) structural changes induced by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Outcome Measures: Changes in velar length and thickness, levator veli palatini (LVP) length and thickness, velar volume, and intravelar muscular proportion along the course of CPAP therapy participation (Pre-CPAP, Post-CPAP, and withdrawal). Results: Velar and LVP lengths remained nearly the same, with the median changes (Δ) less than 0.6%, across repeated conditions. Although varying in magnitudes of change, median velar volume (Δ4%), velar thickness (Δ20%), LVP thickness (Δ17%), and intravelar muscular proportion (Δ10%) illustrated a consistent pattern of increases following the 8-week CPAP therapy. These VP structural measurements slightly decreased but remained above the pretraining condition after 8-week detraining. Conclusions: This report successfully demonstrated that MRI is a viable tool to document CPAP therapy–induced VP structural changes while providing preliminary empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent literature correlated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction failure to smaller diameter of the harvested hamstring (HS) autograft. However, this approach may be a simplification, as relation of graft size to native ACL size is not typically assessed and oversized grafts may impart their own complications. Purpose: To evaluate in vivo data to determine if the commonly used autografts reliably restore native ACL size. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Intraoperative data of the tibial insertion area and HS graft diameter were collected and retrospectively evaluated for 46 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with HS autografts. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the possible patellar tendon (PT) and quadriceps tendon (QT) autografts were also done for each patient. The percentages of tibial insertion site area restored by the 3 possible grafts were then calculated and compared for each individual. Results: The mean ACL tibial insertion area was 107.2 mm2 (60.5-155.5 mm2). The mean CSAs of PT, HS, and QT were 33.2, 55.3, and 71.4 mm2, respectively. When all grafts were evaluated, the percentage reconstruction of the insertion area varied from 16.2% to 123.1% on the tibial site and from 25.5% to 176.7% on the femoral site, differing significantly for each graft type (P < .05). On average, 32.8% of the tibial insertion area would have been filled with PT, 53.6% by HS, and 69.5% by QT. Based on previous cadaveric studies indicating that graft size goal should be 50.2% ± 15% of the tibial insertion area, 82.7% of patients in the HS group were within this range (36.9%, QT; 30.5%, PT), while 65.2% in the PT group were below it and 60.9% in the QT group were above it. Conclusion: ACL insertion size and the CSAs of 3 commonly used grafts vary greatly for each patient and are not correlated with one another. Thus, if the reconstructed ACL size is determined by the harvested autograft size alone, native ACL size may not be adequately restored. PT grafts tended to undersize the native ACL, while QT might oversize it. Clinical Relevance: These results may help surgeons in preoperative planning, as magnetic resonance imaging measurements can be helpful in determining individualized graft choice to adequately restore the native ACL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous studies on testicular asymmetry in birds, there are still inconsistent reports on the pattern of asymmetry in species belonging to various phylogenetic groups and exhibiting diverse lifestyles. In addition, there is a lack of clarity on whether functional differences exist between the left and right testes despite differences in size, as well as no evidence of naturally occurring compensation in testis size in terrestrial and galliform birds. A study involving 400 Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) cocks was conducted to determine asymmetry and compensatory growth in the testes as well as age-related changes in absolute and relative testicular asymmetry. The left testis had significantly higher weight, volume and relative weight than the right testis. Similarly, populations of round spermatids, type I spermatocytes, total germ cell, Sertoli efficiency, actual and apparent seminiferous tubular diameters and testicular sperm production were higher in the left than the right testis. Correlations between the left and right testicular gross anatomical and histological biometric traits were strong and positive. Left biased asymmetry was recorded in the Guinea Fowl. Absolute testicular asymmetry increased with age, but tended to stabilise from 20 weeks of age, while relative testicular asymmetry remained stable throughout. Both absolute and relative testicular asymmetries were higher in breeding than non-breeding males. Compensatory growth was recorded in both testes with no difference in the degree of compensation. The left biased asymmetry observed in the Guinea Fowl was reflected in functional differences between the two testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To develop a vocal fold (VF) scarring procedure in the ferret, characterize the scars histologically, and test the injectability of the lamina propria (LP). Secondarily, to compare laryngeal anatomy of the ferret with rat and rabbit. Materials and Methods: The larynges of 18 male ferrets were prepared by unilateral scarring, and normal larynges from 6 female Wistar rats and 5 male albino rabbits were used for comparative purposes. For scarring, the right VF were electrocauterized, ablating the entire LP. Prior to harvesting the larynges at 4 and 16 weeks, each ferret was re-anesthetized, and in 3 animals, India ink was injected into the LPs of both normal and scarred VFs. Results: Laryngoscopic methods and instrumentation for precise visualization, scarring, and injection were developed. The scarred VFs had reduced hyaluronic acid and increased collagen type I, III, and fibronectin compared with normal VFs. The 2 timepoints (4 and 16 weeks) differed significantly only in collagen type III level (levels were higher at 4 weeks). Injected ink migrated from scarred LP to muscle layer just beneath the scarred tissue 3 hours after injection. Conclusion: The ferret is a promising species for creation and experimental treatment of vocal fold scar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cam morphology of the proximal femur is an abnormal contour of the femoral head-neck junction present in approximately 15% to 25% of the asymptomatic population, predominantly in males. Alpha angle and femoral head-neck offset ratio are 2 objective measurement tools that define cam morphology. Both primary (idiopathic) and secondary cam deformity develops through distinct mechanisms. The cause of primary (idiopathic) cam morphology remains incompletely understood. Mounting evidence suggests that idiopathic cam morphology develops during adolescence through alterations in the capital femoral epiphysis in response to participation in vigorous sporting activity. While the exact cause of epiphyseal extension has not yet been determined, preliminary evidence suggests that epiphyseal extension may reflect a short-term adaptive response to provide stability to the physis at the long-term cost of the development of cam morphology. Commonly recognized causes of secondary cam deformity include frank slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, and deformity after fracture of the proximal femur. Recent studies also support subtle slipped capital femoral epiphysis as a unique and silent cause of a small percentage of subjects previously thought to have idiopathic cam deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We describe our experience in transradial recanalization of the superficial femoral artery (SFA), and we provide a stepwise approach accounting for the patient’s height and optimizing the yield of currently available devices. Methods and Results: Fifteen patients with simple SFA disease, including 4 patients with total SFA occlusions <15 cm, were selected for stand-alone transradial recanalization. A 6F, 125-cm multipurpose guiding catheter was used to cannulate the limb of interest and support device delivery. The procedure was successful in all patients and consisted of balloon angioplasty (using 0.014″, 200-cm shaft monorail balloons) in all patients, and orbital atherectomy in 6 patients. We illustrate the steps and challenges of the transradial approach, namely the limited support in complex disease and the limited reach of current equipment. Conclusion: In patients with simple SFA disease, transradial recanalization appears feasible and safe but currently limited to balloon angioplasty ± orbital atherectomy. Proximal SFA stenting may be feasible in patients <160 cm in height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated talus and tibial plafond subchondral bone puncture strength based on surface location. Puncture tests of the subchondral bone were performed in 9 equal zones on the articular surface of 12 cadaver specimens aged 49.1 years (range, 36-56 years). Compressive load was applied through a microfracture awl at 2 mm/min. Puncture strength was defined as the first load drop in load-deflection curves. In the talus, zone 1 (215 ± 91 N) and zone 2, the anterior medial and anterior middle zones, had significantly greater puncture strength than zones 7, 8, and 9, the posterior medial, middle, and lateral zones (104 ± 43 N, 115 ± 43 N, and 102 ± 35 N, respectively; P < .001). In the tibial plafond, zone 3, the anterior-lateral zone, and zone 7, the posterior medial zone, had significantly greater strength than zone 8, the posterior middle zone (202 ± 72 N, 206 ± 121 N, and 112 ± 65 N, respectively; P < .001) These results suggest that the subchondral bone is significantly weaker to penetrative force in the posterior region than in the anterior region of the talar dome and of the tibial plafond. These findings may have implications for microfracture awl design and for understanding the complex anatomy and physiology of the ankle joint.Levels Of Evidence: Controlled laboratory study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee has gained attention recently for its potential role in rotational stability of the knee, especially in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Anatomic studies have characterized the ALL as it runs in an anteroinferior and oblique direction from the lateral distal femur to the anterolateral proximal tibia, although the prevalence and variance of this ligament are not well understood. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound have identified the ligament and linked it with the classically described Segond fracture. While the ALL likely plays a role in rotational stability of the knee, further studies investigating the significance of ALL injuries and the role of ALL reconstruction in combination with ACL reconstruction are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is unknown whether the height of a heel-rise performed in the single-leg standing heel-rise test 1 year after an Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) correlates with ankle biomechanics during walking, jogging, and jumping in the long-term. Purpose: To explore the differences in ankle biomechanics, tendon length, calf muscle recovery, and patient-reported outcomes at a mean of 6 years after ATR between 2 groups that, at 1-year follow-up, had less than 15% versus greater than 30% differences in heel-rise height. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Seventeen patients with less than 15% (<15% group) and 17 patients with greater than 30% (>30% group) side-to-side difference in heel-rise height at 1 year after ATR were evaluated at a mean (SD) 6.1 (2.0) years after their ATR. Ankle kinematics and kinetics were sampled via standard motion capture procedures during walking, jogging, and jumping. Patient-reported outcome was evaluated with Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), Physical Activity Scale (PAS), and Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Tendon length was evaluated by ultrasonography. The Limb Symmetry Index (LSI = [Injured Side ÷ Healthy Side] × 100) was calculated for side differences. Results: The >30% group had significantly more deficits in ankle kinetics during all activities compared with patients in the <15% group at a mean of 6 years after ATR (LSI, 70%-149% and 84%-106%, respectively; P = .010-.024). The >30% group, compared with the <15% group, also had significantly lower values in heel-rise height (LSI, 72% and 95%, respectively; P < .001) and heel-rise work (LSI, 58% and 91%, respectively; P < .001) and significantly larger side-to-side difference in tendon length (114% and 106%, respectively; P = .012). Achilles tendon length correlated with ankle kinematic variables (r = 0.38-0.44; P = .015-.027) whereas heel-rise work correlated with kinetic variables (r = −0.57 to 0.56; P = .001-.047). LSI tendon length correlated negatively with LSI heel-rise height (r = −0.41; P = .018). No differences were found between groups in patient-reported outcome (P = .143-.852). Conclusion: Height obtained during the single-leg standing heel-rise test performed 1 year after ATR related to the long-term ability to regain normal ankle biomechanics. Minimizing tendon elongation and regaining heel-rise height may be important for the long-term recovery of ankle biomechanics, particularly during more demanding activities such as jumping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent studies have shown a correlation between scapular geometry and the development of atraumatic rotator cuff tears. However, a paucity of literature is available on the effects of critical shoulder angle (CSA) and acromial index (AI) on functional outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the influence of CSA and AI on 24-month functional outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The hypothesis was that a larger CSA or AI would result in poorer postoperative outcomes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study included 147 patients who underwent arthroscopic double-row rotator cuff repair for radiologically documented full-thickness supraspinatus tears. An independent reviewer measured the CSA and AI on preoperative radiographs. These patients were prospectively enrolled and were evaluated preoperatively as well as at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Functional outcome was assessed with the Constant Shoulder Score (CSS), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Rating Scale. The patients were first divided based on CSA: (1) ≤35° (control CSA) and (2) >35° (increased CSA); and then based on AI: (1) ≤0.7 and (2) >0.7. The Student unpaired t test, Pearson chi-square test, and Pearson correlation were performed to examine the influence of CSA and AI on postoperative functional outcome scores. Results: At 6 months of follow-up, the CSS, OSS, and UCLA Shoulder Rating Scale were 10 ± 1, 4 ± 2, and 3 ± 1 points poorer in the increased CSA group compared with the control CSA group (P = .005, P = .030, and P = .035, respectively). These scores were not significantly different between both AI groups. By 24 months of follow-up, all outcome scores were comparable between both CSA groups as well as between both AI groups. No significant correlation was found between either CSA or AI when compared with CSS, OSS, or UCLA Shoulder Rating Scale at 24 months of follow-up. Conclusion: CSA and AI do not appear to influence 24-month functional outcomes postoperatively and hence are not contraindications to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new perspective on the concept of feed-forward compared to feedback mechanisms for motor control. We propose that conceptually all sensory information in real time provided to the brain and spinal cord can be viewed as a feed-forward phenomenon. We also propose that the spinal cord continually adapts to a broad array of ongoing sensory information that is used to adjust the probability of making timely and predictable decisions of selected networks that will execute a given response. One interpretation of the term feedback historically entails responses with short delays. We propose that feed-forward mechanisms, however, range in timeframes of milliseconds to an evolutionary perspective, that is, “evolutionary learning.” Continuously adapting events enable a high level of automaticity within the sensorimotor networks that mediate “planned” motor tasks. We emphasize that either a very small or a very large proportion of motor responses can be under some level of conscious vs automatic control. Furthermore, we make a case that a major component of automaticity of the neural control of movement in vertebrates is located within spinal cord networks. Even without brain input, the spinal cord routinely uses feed-forward processing of sensory information, particularly proprioceptive and cutaneous, to continuously make fundamental decisions that define motor responses. In effect, these spinal networks may be largely responsible for executing coordinated sensorimotor tasks, even those under normal “conscious” control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary palatogenesis occurs when the bilateral palatal shelves (PS), arising from maxillary prominences, fuse at the midline, forming the hard and soft palate. This embryonic phenomenon involves a complex array of morphogenetic events that require coordinated proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and adhesion in the PS epithelia and underlying mesenchyme. When the delicate process of craniofacial morphogenesis is disrupted, the result is orofacial clefting, including cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/P). Through human genetic and animal studies, there are now hundreds of known genetic alternations associated with orofacial clefts; so, it is not surprising that CL/P is among the most common of all birth defects. In recent years, in vitro cell-based assays, ex vivo palate cultures, and genetically engineered animal models have advanced our understanding of the developmental and cell biological pathways that contribute to palate closure. This is particularly true for the areas of PS patterning and growth as well as medial epithelial seam dissolution during palatal fusion. Here, we focus on epithelial cell-cell adhesion, a critical but understudied process in secondary palatogenesis, and provide a review of the available tools and mouse models to better understand this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After leaving Glasgow University, Pettigrew joined the Edinburgh Medical School in 1856. Professor Goodsir determined Pettigrew’s entire future by awarding him the Anatomy Gold Medal for an essay on cardiac muscle. The essay was accompanied by dissections of such high quality that they led to the Croonian Lecture of the Royal Society of London in 1860. After graduating, Pettigrew’s time as House Surgeon to James Syme was followed by a position in the Hunterian Museum, London. Intensive studies of urinary and alimentary muscle, and observations of insects and animals, with lectures on flight to distinguished societies, contributed to disabling illness and a long convalescence but in 1869 Pettigrew became Conservator of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and then Pathologist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The publication of Physiology of the Circulation and of Animal Locomotion, with its emphasis on aeronautics, ensured international fame. Fellowship of both London and Edinburgh Royal Societies was another factor contributing to Pettigrew’s election to the Chandos Chair at St Andrews University in 1875. The construction and abortive flying of a motor-driven aeroplane came near the end of his life and Pettigrew gave his remaining years to completing his monumental Design in Nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Neuromuscular alterations are a major causal factor of primary and secondary injuries. Though injury prevention programs have experienced some success, rates of injuries have not declined, and after injury, individuals often return to activity with functionality below clinical recommendations. Considering alternative therapies to the conventional concentric exercise approach, such as one that can target neuromuscular injury risk and postinjury alterations, may provide for more effective injury prevention and rehabilitation protocols.Evidence Acquisition: Peer-reviewed sources available on the Web of Science and MEDLINE databases from 2000 through 2016 were gathered using searches associated with the keywords eccentric exercise, injury prevention, and neuromuscular control.Hypothesis: Eccentric exercise will reduce injury risk by targeting specific neural and morphologic alterations that precipitate neuromuscular dysfunction.Study Design: Clinical review.Level Of Evidence: Level 4.Results: Neuromuscular control is influenced by alterations in muscle morphology and neural activity. Eccentric exercise beneficially modifies several underlying factors of muscle morphology (fiber typing, cross-sectional area, working range, and pennation angle), and emerging evidence indicates that eccentric exercise is also beneficial to peripheral and central neural activity (alpha motorneuron recruitment/firing, sarcolemma activity, corticospinal excitability, and brain activation).Conclusion: There is mounting evidence that eccentric exercise is not only a therapeutic intervention influencing muscle morphology but also targets unique alterations in neuromuscular control, influencing injury risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a prevalent disorder among female adolescents. Overuse is frequently cited as the cause of pain for this population. What is currently unclear, however, is if the patella demonstrates abnormal tracking patterns relative to the femoral trochlear groove in female adolescents with PFP. Purpose: The aim of this case-control study was to determine if abnormal patellar tracking patterns are present in female adolescents with PFP. The secondary aim was to identify if an increased tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance is associated with the observed kinematic patterns. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty female adolescent knees from 12 patients with PFP and 20 age-matched female knees from 13 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Patellofemoral kinematics (eg, lateral patellar displacement) during a repetitive knee extension-flexion maneuver was quantified by dynamic cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Static MRI scans were used to determine the TT-TG distance. Results: Relative to the control cohort, female adolescents with PFP demonstrated significantly greater lateral displacement at 10° (3.2 mm; P < .001), 20° (2.3 mm; P < .001), and 30° (1.7 mm; P = .014) of knee flexion. A subgroup within this cohort (7 knees from 5 patients) demonstrated extreme lateral maltracking >2 SDs of the mean of the control cohort. This subgroup also demonstrated a greater TT-TG distance relative to the controls (Δ = 4.2 mm; P = .001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates abnormal lateral patellar displacement in the absence of patellar tilt in female adolescents with PFP. Because all adolescents from both cohorts participated in impact sports, it appears that rigorous athletic training alone is inadequate to produce symptoms in this population. Rather, PFP may derive from a combination of physical activity in the context of pathological kinematics. Clinical Relevance: Abnormal patellar tracking patterns and abnormal static alignment have been shown to contribute to the etiology of patellofemoral pain in adults. This study demonstrates that pathologic patellar tracking patterns are present in adolescent females with patellofemoral pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotid atherosclerosis may lead to devastating clinical outcomes such as stroke. Data on the value of local factors in predicting progression in carotid atherosclerosis are limited. Our aim was to investigate the association of local endothelial shear stress (ESS) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) accumulation with the natural history of atherosclerotic disease using a series of 3 time points of human magnetic resonance data. Three-dimensional lumen/wall reconstruction was performed in 12 carotids, and blood flow and LDL mass transport modeling were performed. Our results showed that an increase in plaque thickness and a decrease in lumen size were associated with low ESS and high LDL accumulation in the arterial wall. Low ESS (odds ratio [OR]: 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.31-3.88; P < .001 vs higher ESS) and high LDL concentration (OR: 3.26; 95% CI: 2.44-4.36; P < .001 vs higher LDL concentration) were significantly associated with substantial local plaque growth. Low ESS and high LDL accumulation both presented a diagnostic accuracy of 67% for predicting plaque growth regions. Modeling of blood flow and LDL mass transport show promise in predicting progression of carotid atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several studies have shown comparable early efficacy of mechanochemical ablation to endothermal techniques. The goal of this report was to show if early efficacy is maintained at 24 months. Methods This was a two-year analysis on the efficacy of mechanochemical ablation in patients with symptomatic C2 or more advanced chronic venous disease. Patients with reflux in the great saphenous vein involving the sapheno-femoral junction and no previous venous interventions were included. Demographic information, clinical, and procedural data were collected. The occlusion rate of treated veins was assessed with duplex ultrasound. Patient clinical improvement was assessed by Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology (CEAP) class and venous clinical severity score. Results Of the initial 126 patients, there were 65 patients with 24 month follow-up. Of these 65 patients, 70% were female, with a mean age of 70 ± 14 years and an average body mass index (BMI) of BMI of 30.5 ± 6. The mean great saphenous vein diameter in the upper thigh was 7.6 mm and the mean treatment length was 39 cm. Adjunctive treatment of the varicosities was performed in 14% of patients during the procedure. Closure rates were 100% at one week, 98% at three months, 95% at 12 months, and 92% at 24 months. There was one patient with complete and four with partial recanalization ranging from 7 to 12 cm (mean length 9 cm). There was significant improvement in CEAP and venous clinical severity score (P < .001) for all time intervals. Conclusion Early high occlusion rate with mechanochemical ablation is associated with significant clinical improvement which is maintained at 24 months, making it a very good option for the treatment of great saphenous vein incompetence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal glenoid version is a risk factor for shoulder instability. However, the degree to which the variance in version (both anteversion and retroversion) affects one’s predisposition for instability is not well understood. Purpose: To determine the influence of glenoid version on anterior shoulder joint stability and to determine if the direction of the humeral head dislocation is a stimulus for the development of Hill-Sachs lesions. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Ten human cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 59.4 ± 4.3 years) were tested using a custom shoulder dislocation device placed in a position of apprehension (90° of abduction with 90° of external rotation). Glenoid version was adjusted in 5° increments for a total of 6 version angles tested: +10°, +5°, 0°, −5°, −10°, and −15° (anteversion angles are positive, and retroversion angles are negative). Two humeral dislocation directions were tested. The first direction was true anterior through the anterior-posterior glenoid axis. The second dislocation direction was 35° inferior from the anterior-posterior glenoid axis based on the deforming force role of the pectoralis major. The force and energy to dislocate were recorded. Results: Changes in glenoid version manifested a linear effect on the dislocation force. The energy to dislocate increased as a second-order polynomial as a function of increasing glenoid retroversion. Glenoid version of +10° anteversion and −15° retroversion was highly unstable, resulting in spontaneous dislocation in one-quarter (10/40) and one-half (25/40) of the specimens anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively, in the absence of an applied dislocation force. The greater tuberosity was observed to engage with the anterior glenoid rim, consistent with Hill-Sachs lesions, 40% more frequently when the dislocation direction was true anterior compared with 35° inferior from the anterior-posterior glenoid axis. The engagement of the greater tuberosity caused an increase in the energy required to dislocate. Conclusion: Glenoid version has a direct effect on the force required for a dislocation. An anterior-inferior dislocation direction requires less energy for a dislocation and results in a lower risk of the development of a Hill-Sachs lesion than a direct anterior dislocation direction. Clinical Relevance: Consideration should be given to glenoid version when choosing a surgical treatment option for anterior shoulder instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anteromedial (AM) bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has a higher modulus and failure stress than does the posterolateral (PL) bundle. However, it is unknown how these properties vary within each bundle. Purpose: To quantify mechanical and microstructural properties of samples within ACL bundles to elucidate any regional variation across the ligament. We hypothesized that there are no differences within each bundle in contrast to cross-bundle variation. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Sixteen human ACLs were dissected into AM and PL bundles. Three samples were taken from each bundle in an ordered sequence from AM (region 1 AM bundle) to PL (region 6 PL bundle). Each sample was tested in uniaxial tension, using quantitative polarized light imaging (QPLI) to quantify collagen fiber alignment. After preconditioning, samples were subjected to a stress-relaxation (SR) test followed by quasistatic ramp-to-failure (RF). Peak and equilibrium stress values were computed from the SR test and modulus quantified in the toe- and linear-regions of the RF. QPLI values describing collagen orientation (angle of polarization [AoP]) and strength of alignment (degree of linear polarization [DoLP]) were computed for the SR test and at points corresponding to the zero, transition point, and linear region of the RF. Results: Toe- and linear-region modulus values decreased from region 1 to 6. Slopes of regression lines increased for the average DoLP during RF, with significance at higher strains. The standard deviation of AoP values decreased during RF, indicating tighter distribution of orientation angles, with significant correlations at all points of the RF. During SR, stress values uniformly decreased but did not show significant linear regression by region. DoLP and AoP values changed slightly during SR and demonstrated significant linear variation by region at both peak and equilibrium points. Conclusion: Most microstructural and material properties evaluated in this study appear to follow a linear gradient across the ACL, rather than varying by bundle. Clinical Relevance: This AM-to-PL variation provides a more accurate description of functional tissue anatomy and can be used to assess and guide techniques of ACL reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of research on the intra individual variability of the exterior branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN). It describes an anatomical study to identify possible characteristics of the variability between sides in order to better inform surgical practices.

Background: Femoral torsion is a critical parameter in hip and knee disorders. The unproven assumption is that the femoral neck exclusively contributes to the overall torsion of the femur. Purpose/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to measure femoral torsion at different levels in patients with abnormally high or low femoral torsion and to compare the results with healthy volunteers. Our hypothesis was that the pattern of torsion distribution among the different femoral levels varies between patients with abnormal torsion and healthy volunteers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Magnetic resonance images of patients with a history of patellar instability and torsion of the femur ≥25° (11 patients, 16 femurs) and ≤0° (14 patients, 22 femurs) were analyzed. Our controls were 30 healthy volunteers (60 femurs). To assess femoral torsion, 4 lines were drawn: a first line through the center of the femoral head and neck, a second line through the center of the femur at the top of the lesser trochanter, a third line tangent to the posterior aspect of the distal femur just above the attachment of the gastrocnemius, and a fourth line tangent to the posterior condyles. Three investigators performed the measurements; 1 performed the measurements twice. Results: All femur segments showed significantly different torsion among the high-torsion, low-torsion, and control groups. Regarding the pattern of torsion distribution, on average, all levels contributed to the torsion. The ratio between the average neck and shaft torsion shifted toward a higher value in the high-torsion group, mostly because of a lack of external torsion in the shaft, and toward a lower value in the low-torsion group, owing to both a lack of internal torsion of the neck and increased external torsion in the shaft. Conclusion: We established a difference between neck, mid, and distal femoral torsion with reproducible measurements. Our data suggest that all 3 levels of the femur contribute to the total femoral torsion, with a different pattern among patients with high torsion and patellar instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Based on our laboratory’s newly confirmed motor pathway for glottic closure, we measured the glottic closing force (GCF) during isolated stimulation of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (eSLN) in the porcine model. Glottic closure is 1 of the primary mechanisms for prevention of aspiration during deglutition. Methods: The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and eSLN were identified bilaterally in 4 porcine necks. Subsequently, GCF was measured with a pressure transducer as the distal ends of individual nerves were stimulated in 4 animals. The RLN mediated GCF was measured first, followed by isolated eSLN mediated GCF, followed by transection of the RLN and repeat measurement of the eSLN GCF. Ultimately, the cricothyroid (CT) muscle attachment was released and the GCF measured. Results: The GCF during isolated eSLN stimulation before and after RLN transection is approximately 89% of the RLN mediated GCF in each animal. The GCF after CT release is approximately 84% of the RLN perceived GCF. Transection of the RLN did not alter the eSLN observed GCF. Conclusions: The GCF obtained during isolated eSLN stimulation is adequate for delivery of an appropriate laryngeal protective response and may be considered a target motor nerve for augmenting GCF in selected rehab settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medial femoral condyle (MFC) chondral defects cause knee pain. Clinical studies have shown worse functional outcomes and cartilage defect fill rates after microfracture in obese patients (BMI ≥30) and for defects with size ≥2 cm2. Purpose: To determine the effect of obesity, defect size, and cartilage thickness on the force sustained at the base of full-thickness MFC cartilage defects during weightbearing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight human cadaveric knees were loaded in 15° of flexion. A sensor measured force across the medial compartment. The area at the base of the defect protected from load, termed the “area of containment,” was quantified, and loads simulating weightbearing for BMIs of 20, 30, and 40 were applied. A full-thickness cartilage defect was created on the MFC. Cycles of loads were applied for defect sizes with diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 mm. A second sensor recorded force at the base of the defect for defects with diameters of 14, 16, 18, and 20 mm. Results: Loads simulating BMI ≥30 led to a decrease in the area of containment for all defects ≥14 mm in diameter (P ≤ .038). Base of defect force increased for defects ≥16 mm in diameter (area, ≥2 cm2) between loaded and unloaded states (P ≤ .042) and for loads simulating BMI ≥30 (P ≤ .045). Cartilage rim thickness <2 mm showed higher base of defect force than did thickness ≥2 mm, for all BMI groups (P ≤ .025). Conclusion: Increased force at the base of MFC cartilage defects was observed for weightbearing loads simulating BMI ≥30, for defect size ≥2 cm2, and for rim thickness <2 mm. This may lead to a biomechanically unfavorable environment after microfracture in these patient subsets. Clinical Relevance: These biomechanical findings corroborate clinical studies that have noted worse outcomes after microfracture in patients with BMI ≥30 and cartilage defects of size ≥2 cm2. Further clinical studies are needed to compare microfracture with other cartilage restoration procedures in these patient subsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of α-lipoic acid (α-LA) on oxidative damage and inflammation that occur in endothelium of aorta and heart while constant consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The rats were randomly divided into three groups with each group containing eight rats. The groups include HFCS, HFCS + α-LA treatment, and control. HFCS was given to the rats at a ratio of 30% of F30 corn syrup in drinking water for 10 weeks. α-LA treatment was given to the rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day orally for the last 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed by cervical dislocation. The blood samples were collected for biochemical studies, and the aortic and cardiac tissues were collected for evaluation of oxidant–antioxidant system, tissue bath, and pathological examination. HFCS had increased the levels of malondialdehyde, creatine kinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and uric acid and showed significant structural changes in the heart of the rats by histopathology. Those changes were improved by α-LA treatment as it was found in this treatment group. Immunohistochemical expressions of tumor necrosis factor α and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in HFCS group, and these receptor levels were decreased by α-LA treatment. All the tissue bath studies supported these findings. Chronic consumption of HFCS caused several problems like cardiac and endothelial injury of aorta by hyperuricemia and induced oxidative stress and inflammation. α-LA treatment reduced uric acid levels, oxidative stress, and corrected vascular responses. α-LA can be added to cardiac drugs due to its cardiovascular protective effects against the cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stress ultrasound (SUS) of the elbow has demonstrated changes in the anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) in professional baseball pitchers. However, there have been no reports documenting the chronological appearance of these changes. Purpose: To characterize the chronology of anatomic changes of the UCL in a cohort of young professional baseball pitchers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: SUS of the elbow was performed on the dominant arm in 127 asymptomatic professional pitchers aged 17 to 21 years. UCL thickness was measured at rest. The width of the ulnohumeral joint was measured at 30° of elbow flexion, both at rest and with 150 N of valgus stress, using a standardized instrumented device. Any ligament heterogeneity and calcifications were documented. Players were divided into 3 groups based on the number of years of professional experience before the ultrasound examination: 0 years (n = 51), 1-2 years (n = 54), and 3-4 years (n = 22). Additionally, players were divided into 5 groups based on chronological age at the time of the first SUS examination: 17 years (n = 5), 18 years (n = 18), 19 years (n = 33), 20 years (n = 20), and 21 years (n = 51). Statistically significant differences between the groups were determined. Results: The mean UCL thickness was 5.85 ± 1.22 mm, 6.23 ± 1.32 mm, and 6.94 ± 2.12 mm in the players with 0, 1-2, and 3-4 years of professional experience, respectively. This difference was statistically significant overall (P = .024) as well as statistically significant between each consecutive group. There was no statistically significant difference in joint space width at rest or with applied stress between groups (P = .944). Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in the presence of calcifications (27.5%, 27.8%, and 40.9%, respectively; P = .144) or heterogeneity (29.4%, 16.7%, and 40.9%, respectively; P = .502) as years of professional experience increased from 0 to 3-4 years. There were no significant differences in UCL thickness (P = .363), joint space width with stress (P = .648), or echotextural abnormalities based on chronological age (P = .871 [hypoechoic foci] and P = .520 [calcifications]). Conclusion: These findings suggest that an increase in UCL thickness may be one of the first changes to develop in young professional baseball pitchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although human stapes are known to have varied dimensions and the footplate is considered to be oval (fitting as it does into the oval window), few studies of high-resolution imaging of these structures have been performed. No study appears to have addressed the bilateral symmetry of stapes dimensions or to have determined if an association exists between the size of the stapes and the size of mastoid pneumatization; a small mastoid pneumatization is an indicator of childhood otitis media. We obtained 41 ear-normal cadaver crania specimens for study in our temporal bone laboratory and isolated 10 for further analysis: the 5 with the largest areas of mastoid pneumatization and the 5 with the smallest. Microcomputed tomography of tissue blocks was performed on the in situ stapes. Using Image} software, we created a three-dimensional model of each stapes. The mean height of these stapes was 3.43 mm (range: 3.20 to 3.80), the mean length of the footplates was 2.71 mm (range: 2.52 to 2.97), and the mean width of the footplates was 1.23 mm (range: 1.12 to 1.46). Qualitatively, the footplate was shaped like a human footprint in moist sand, as Eysell described in 1870. The dimensions o f the stapes were found to be bilaterally symmetrical in general, but there was no correlation between these dimensions and the size of mastoid pneumatization. The distribution of footplate widths may be bimodal, which is consistent with the observation of Sim et al that men have wider footplates than do women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:There is growing evidence that vocal fold stellate cells (VFSCs) in the human maculae flavae are tissue stem cells of the human vocal fold and that the maculae flavae are a stem cell niche. The origin of the cells in the human maculae flavae (CHMF) and the relationship with bone marrow–derived cells were investigated.Methods:Five human adult vocal fold mucosae were investigated. The CHMF were subcultured and morphological features were assessed. Immunoreactivity to antibodies directed to cytokeratin, desmin, GFAP, vimentin, CD34, CD45, and collagen type I was investigated.Results:Cultured CHMF formed a colony-forming unit, indicating they are mesenchymal stem cells or stromal stem cells in the bone marrow. The CHMF expressed hematopoietic markers (CD34, CD45) and collagen type I, which are the major makers for bone marrow–derived circulating fibrocytes. The cultured CHMF expressed epithelium-associated, muscle-associated, neural-associated, and mesenchymal cell–associated proteins, indicating the CHMF are undifferentiated and express proteins of all 3 germ layers.Conclusions:The CHMF are undifferentiated cells derived from the differentiation of bone marrow cells. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the VFSCs are tissue stem cells or progenitor cells of the human vocal fold mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review provides a brief account of the clinically relevant functional neuroanatomy of the thalamus, before considering the utility of various modalities utilized to image the thalamus and technical challenges therein, and going on to provide an overview of studies utilizing structural imaging techniques to map thalamic morphology in the spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for peer-reviewed studies involving structural neuroimaging modalities investigating the morphology (shape and/or size) of the thalamus in the spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. Results: While the precise role of the thalamus in the healthy brain remains unclear, there is a large body of knowledge accumulating which defines more precisely its functional connectivity within the connectome, and a burgeoning literature implicating its involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. It is proposed that correlation of clinical features with thalamic morphology (as a component of a quantifiable subcortical connectome) will provide a better understanding of neuropsychiatric dysfunction in various neurodegenerative disorders, potentially yielding clinically useful endophenotypes and disease biomarkers. Conclusion: Thalamic biomarkers in the neurodegenerative disorders have great potential to provide clinically meaningful knowledge regarding not only disease onset and progression but may yield targets of and perhaps a way of gauging response to future disease-modifying modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been no clinical studies regarding the effect of decreased meniscal thickness on outcomes after meniscectomy.Purpose: To examine the postoperative outcomes of partial meniscectomy with or without horizontal resection compared with the outcomes of subtotal meniscectomy and to evaluate the influence of decreased thickness of the medial meniscus on out- comes after partial meniscectomy.Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods: A total of 312 patients who underwent medial meniscectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group A (n = 84) included patients with partial meniscectomy with vertical resection, group B (n = 140) consisted of those with partial meniscectomy with horizontal resection, and group C (n = 88) included those with subtotal meniscectomy. Clin- ical function was evaluated by use of the Lysholm knee scoring scale, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) sub- jective knee evaluation form, and Tapper and Hoover grading system. Radiologic evaluation was performed with the IKDC radiographic assessment scale as well as with measurements of the medial compartment height at the tibiofemoral joint. Preop- erative values and postoperative values measured 5 years after operation were assessed.Results: Functional outcomes in group C were inferior to those in groups A and B according to the Lysholm knee score (mean ± SD for group A = 96.1 ± 4.7, group B = 94.9 ± 5.2, group C = 84.8 ± 11.4; P < .001), IKDC subjective score (group A = 92.1 ± 6.5, group B = 91.3 ± 8.8, group C = 81 ± 11.4; P < .001), and Tapper and Hoover grading system (P = .003). There was no significant difference in scores between groups A and B. With regard to radiologic evaluation, the IKDC radiographic grade for group C was worse than the grades for groups A and B (P < .001); there was no significant difference between groups A and B. However, the postoperative joint space on the affected side was higher for group A (4.7 ± 0.6 mm) than for groups B (4.3 ± 0.5 mm; P < .001) and C (3.7 ± 0.8 mm; P < .001). The joint space was higher in group B than in group C (P < .001).Conclusion: Despite joint space narrowing, decreases in meniscal thickness after partial meniscectomy for horizontal tear had no additional adverse effect on 5-year functional and radiographic outcomes compared with conventional partial meniscectomy pre- serving whole meniscal thickness. In treating horizontal tears of the meniscus, partial meniscectomy with complete resection of the unstable leaf was an effective method in a 5-year follow-up study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many clinical and radiographic studies suggest that patient age and sex have an influence on rotator cuff (RC) repair outcomes. However, these findings result from retrospective statistical analyses and cannot provide a causal answer. Purpose: To analyze whether age and sex influence the biological potential at the time of RC repair or midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes. Also assessed was the effect of the biological potential on intraindividual clinical/radiographic results. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 40 patients underwent arthroscopic RC repair. At the time of surgery (t = 0), supraspinatus tendon biopsy specimens were obtained, cultivated, and assessed for their biological potential, particularly (1) cell growth and (2) collagen type I production. After a follow-up at 24 months (t = 1), all patients were assessed by clinical scores (Constant score, subjective shoulder value, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES] score, and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index [WORC] score) and underwent magnetic resonance imaging to determine RC integrity. The data were examined for age- and sex-related differences and to identify the correlation between biological potential (t = 0) and clinical/radiographic outcome (t = 1). Results: The follow-up rate for the imaging and clinical evaluation was 100%. Age, but not sex, influenced the biological tendon cell parameters at t = 0. However, there was no effect of age or sex on the clinical and radiographic results at t = 1. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between the initial biological parameters and later clinical outcomes or radiographic RC integrity. Finally, there was no significant difference between intact and nonhealed repairs in terms of the respective clinical scores. Conclusion: Age, but not sex, was found to have a negative effect on RC tendon cell biology. However, neither sex nor, in particular, a higher age influenced repair outcomes after 24 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The arthroscopic suture-bridge technique has proved to provide biomechanically firm fixation of the torn rotator cuff to the tuberosity by increasing the footprint contact area and pressure. However, a marginal dog-ear deformity is encountered not infrequently when this technique is used, impeding full restoration of the torn cuff. Purpose: To evaluate the structural and functional outcomes of the use of a modified suture-bridge technique to prevent a marginal dog-ear deformity compared with a conventional suture-bridge method in rotator cuff repair. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence 2. Methods: A consecutive series of 71 patients aged 50 to 65 years who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for fullthickness medium-sized to massive tears was evaluated. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to repair technique: a conventional suture-bridge technique (34 patients; group A) versus a modified suture-bridge technique to prevent a marginal dog-ear deformity (37 patients; group B). Radiographic evaluations included postoperative cuff integrity using MRI. Functional evaluations included pre- and postoperative range of motion (ROM), pain visual analog scale (VAS), the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, the Constant score, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score. All patients were followed up clinically at a minimum of 1 year. Result: When the 2 surgical techniques were compared, postoperative structural integrity by Sugaya classification showed the distribution of types I:II:III:IV:V to be 4:20:2:4:4 in group A and 20:12:4:0:1 in group B. More subjects in group B had a favorable Sugaya type compared with group A (P<.001). The postoperative healed:retear rate was 26:8 in group A and 36:1 in group B, with a significantly lower retear rate in group B (P = .011). However, there were no significant differences in ROM and all functional outcome scores between the 2 groups postoperatively. When surgical techniques were compared across healed (n = 62) and retear (n = 9) groups, significantly fewer modified suture-bridge technique repairs were found in the retear group (P = .03). There were significant differences between healed and retear groups in functional outcome scores, with worse results in the retear group. Conclusion: A modified suture-bridge technique to prevent a marginal dog-ear deformity provided better structural outcomes than a conventional suture-bridge technique for medium-sized to massive rotator cuff tears. This technique may ultimately provide better functional outcomes by decreasing the retear rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of volume flow rates in major cerebral vessels can be used to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of cerebrovascular disease. However, both age and vascular anatomy can affect flow rates independent of disease. We prospectively evaluated 325 healthy adult volunteers using phase contrast quantitative magnetic resonance angiography to characterize these effects on cerebral vessel flow rates and establish clinically useful normative reference values. Flows were measured in the major intracranial and extracranial vessels. The cohort ranged from 18 to 84 years old, with 157 (48%) females. All individual vessel flows and total cerebral blood flow (TCBF) declined with age, at 2.6 mL/minute per year for TCBF. Basilar artery (BA) flow was significantly decreased in individuals with one or both fetal posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs). Internal carotid artery flows were significantly higher with a fetal PCA and decreased with a hypoplastic anterior cerebral artery. Indexing vessel flows to TCBF neutralized the age effect, but anatomic variations continued to impact indexed flow in the BA and internal carotid artery. Variability in normative flow ranges were reduced in distal vessels and by examining regional flows. Cerebral vessel flows are affected by age and cerebrovascular anatomy, which has important implications for interpretation of flows in the disease state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of knee flexion angle, rotational torque and anterior/posterior translational force on end-to-end distance between femoral and tibial insertion sites of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Topics discussed include the anatomy of PCL including its four functional bundles on the basis of structure and function, the results of the authors' study including change in the end-to-end distance of PCL in range of motion and that with internal/external rotational torque.

Meniscal root tears, less common than meniscal body tears and frequently unrecognized, are a subset of meniscal injuries that often result in significant knee joint disorders. The meniscus root attachment aids meniscal function by securing the meniscus in place and allowing for optimal shock-absorbing function in the knee. With root tears, meniscal extrusion often occurs, and the transmission of circumferential hoop stresses is impaired. This alters knee biomechanics and kinematics and significantly increases tibiofemoral contact pressure. In recent years, meniscal root tears, which by definition include direct avulsions off the tibial plateau or radial tears adjacent to the root itself, have attracted attention because of concerns that significant meniscal extrusion dramatically inhibits normal meniscal function, leading to a condition biomechanically similar to a total meniscectomy. Recent literature has highlighted the importance of early diagnosis and treatment; fortunately, these processes have been vastly improved by advances in magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy. This article presents a review of the clinically relevant anatomic, biomechanical, and functional descriptions of the meniscus root attachments, as well as current strategies for accurate diagnosis and treatment of common injuries to these meniscus root attachments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This review provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of poultry, particularly of the domesticated chicken. The structure and functioning of the major regions of the GIT are discussed bringing together recent studies with the older, often neglected, literature. Attention is focused on the GIT as an immune organ and on GIT fermentation/bacterial colonisation. In addition, the interactions of nutrition with GIT biology are discussed. The roles of neuropeptides and hormones on the development and functioning of the GIT are extensively reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of phlebological interventions are performed under local and tumescent anesthesia. Although the modern local anesthetic agents are generally perceived as being effective and safe drugs, the administration of these drugs may be associated with a number of adverse events. It is therefore mandatory that everyone who uses these compounds has insight into the pharmacological actions of these drugs and is capable of recognizing and adequately treating potential adverse events. The present narrative review summarizes the current knowledge on mechanisms of action of the most important local anesthetic drugs and reviews the potential adverse effects as well as their treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) product lubricin plays essential roles in boundary lubrication and movement in limb synovial joints, but its roles in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are unclear. Thus, we characterized the TMJ phenotype in wild-type and Prg4–/– mouse littermates over age. As early as 2 weeks of age, mutant mice exhibited hyperplasia in the glenoid fossa articular cartilage, articular disc, and synovial membrane. By 1 month of age, there were fewer condylar superficial tenascin-C/Col1-positive cells and more numerous apoptotic condylar apical cells, while chondroprogenitors displayed higher mitotic activity, and Sox9-, Col2-, and ColX-expressing chondrocyte zones were significantly expanded. Mutant subchondral bone contained numerous Catepsin K- expressing osteoclasts at the chondro-osseous junction, increased invasive marrow cavities, and suboptimal subchondral bone. Mutant glenoid fossa, disc, synovial cells, and condyles displayed higher Hyaluronan synthase 2 expression. Mutant discs also lost their characteristic concave shape, exhibited ectopic chondrocyte differentiation, and occasionally adhered to condylar surfaces. A fibrinoid substance of unclear origin often covered the condylar surface. By 6 months of age, mutant condyles displayed osteoarthritic degradation with apical/mid-zone separation. In sum, lubricin exerts multiple essential direct and indirect roles to preserve TMJ structural and cellular integrity over post-natal life. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents research which examined the age-related differences in cells derived from the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Topics covered include the description of ACL tissues in adolescent and younger patients as well as collection of ACL remnants from 28 patients. Also mentioned is the need for surgeons to consider the age of patients when assessing healing potential of those with ACL injuries.

The article discusses a study that evaluated the impact of aging on tendon-to-bone healing in an established rat model of rotator cuff repair. The aged animal colony from the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health was used. Histologic portions of the tendon-to-bone interface were examined with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Old animals showed diminished tendon-to-bone healing after rotator cuff injury and repair in a rat model of aging.