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The papers collected in this volume present multiple views on the skills required of LSP teachers and their preparation for the profession. The authors, whose experience comes from diverse educational contexts, ponder on the nature of the necessary knowledge and know-how as well as on the methods used in the professional training of the LSP teachers. The authors have undertaken to formulate a proposal, based on both empirical data and personal experience of the teachers, which would provide us with operational and effective methodological solutions to　be employed while teaching　language for specific purposes. Les textes réunis dans le présent volume exposent les idées relatives aux compétences des enseignants des langues de spécialité et aux parcours de leur préparation au métier. Issus de divers contextes éducatifs, les auteurs s'interrogent sur la nature des savoirs et savoir-faire ainsi qu'aux modalités de leur formation. Cette réflexion, qui prend appui sur les données empiriques ou les expériences personnelles, s'oriente vers la proposition des résolutions méthodologies opérationnelles au service de l'enseignement des langues sur objectifs spécifiques.

This book is a collection of papers that explores the notion of learner autonomy and the problem of helping language learners to manage their learning effectively. The first part of the book deals with issues of definition: what is the cognitive base for autonomous learning behaviour and how is this mediated by social and cultural expectations of a learner's role? The second part reports on experiences of working with learners and with teachers to promote learner autonomy. In working with learners, the focus is on language learning strategies and how strategic learning might be developed through strategy training, materials design, reflection and counselling. In working with teachers, the focus is on bringing about change in traditional perspectives on the roles of learners and teachers within education systems.

The present book is a collection of selected papers held at the 23rd International LAUD Symposium on «The Cultural Context in Communication Across Languages» (26-31 March 1997) in Duisburg, Germany. The papers included in this volume highlight several aspects pertaining to the cultural dimension of foreign language teaching and learning. The topics covered range from theoretical accounts on text, language, and culture through to empirically-based aspects of non-native discourse as well as sociolinguistic and cultural awareness in foreign language teaching. Finally, the volume brings together contributions from a wide variety of languages and cultural settings. The Cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching will interest students of educational linguistics and language pedagogy, intercultural communication and discourse analysis.

Reading is considered as one of the most challenging and difficult abilities in learning a foreign language which also serves as a basis for developing other competences. The monograph presents and discusses in detail a novel multi-stage research study on the acquisition and development of reading comprehension skills in trilingual advanced learners. It examines the use of reading strategies in two experiments involving Polish students of English and German, and the impact of strategic training in one foreign language on its autonomous employment in the next one. The obtained results are subject to a thorough statistical analysis which allows for drawing significant conclusions concerning the process of reading comprehension in trilingual advanced learners.

'This festschrift has been compiled to honour Günther Sigott for his notable contributions to academia in general and to the field of language testing in particular. The contributors to this volume come from all over the world, spanning regions from Austria and its neighbouring countries Slovenia and Germany, to the UK, USA, Canada, all the way to Japan and Iran. They work as test developers, teacher educators, psychometricians and researchers, taking up a variety of subjects such as washback of standardized tests, the acknowledgement of language varieties in high-stakes exams, fostering language assessment literacy or psychometric models to enhance C-test interpretations or scoring validity'--

This monography provides a comprehensive insight into the overriding hot topics regarding the implementation of bilingual education type CLIL (content and language integrated learning) that have been recently spotlighted by researchers and different stakeholders, including families and students. The authors analyse the multiple faces of CLIL as a global and ecological phenomenon and examine the potential of CLIL to guarantee effective language learning, along with preservation of adequate levels of content acquisition and satisfactory development of the mother tongue. The role of pre-service and in-service teacher training in unfolding CLIL is scrutinized, among other burning issues such as egalitarianism and sustainability of the approach.

Foreign language proficiency is a must for professional translation and interpreting. However, research into Translation and Interpreting-Oriented Language Learning and Teaching (TILLT) is still scarce. As a result, many foreign language lecturers tackle language courses from a general perspective, disregarding the specific linguistic demands that both translation and interpreting place on their practitioners. Against this backdrop, this book brings together scholars who have conducted extensive research into this area. The aim of the volume is thus twofold: on the one hand, to establish international avenues for cooperation, and on the other, to proffer new and updated insights into a subdiscipline of Translation Studies that has not received the same attention as other translation areas.

The book investigates the effectiveness of long-term strategy training on how successfully and efficiently students listen to lectures and take notes. It is centered around a longitudinal study designed to measure to what extent a specially designed course allows 1st year undergraduate students to improve their academic skills. The research presented is grounded in theoretical perspectives on general listening comprehension, discourse processing, and teaching second language subskills. The book will be of interest to anyone interested in tertiary education and providing college and university students with courses useful in their academic performance. The readers might also gain insights into long-term research methodology of which the book gives a detailed account.

Insights into Language Education Policies is of particular interest to academic researchers, policymakers, and teaching professionals interested in language education. It aims to provide the reader with critical insights into language education policies in diverse countries around the world. The chapters examine from different perspectives (for instance, migration and minority languages, indigenous languages, and content and language integrated learning [CLIL] instruction) the measures adopted in these settings to foster (modern) language learning, underlining their strengths and weaknesses and suggesting future avenues and courses of action to enhance plurilingual education in these particular contexts and beyond.

The progress of ubiquitous information technologies has led to the arrival of entirely new environments where interaction amongst its users takes place. The means of communication, learning environments and methods of enhancing students'competence have changed in both academic and professional settings. The book aims to investigate if the implementation of a virtual learning environment into regular foreign language instruction, as an augmentation of the regular classroom practice, has an impact on adult learners'speaking (productive skills), listening (receptive skills) and grammatical competence. However, what was meant as a localised study became the new normal and a global reality as the coronavirus impacted all aspects of education.

This book addresses the value of literature in intercultural perspective in two interrelated spheres: foreign or second language learning and language teacher education. It brings together researchers of several disciplinary fields who crisscross research and empirical evidence about the valuable role of literature in the development of intercultural competence. The authors, through their different approaches and diverse contexts, from lower to higher education, hope to encourage others to explore literature in a foreign or second language as a space for readers of all ages to generate critical thinking, empathy, and intercultural learning

The author reviews both theory and research concerning learning foreign language lexis, and reports on a study into the dynamics of advanced learners'L2 lexicons. The theoretical part offers a discussion of the concept of the bilingual mental lexicon, the notion of lexical competence, the interface of word knowledge and the language skills, and the current trends in vocabulary testing. The study described in the book, which adopts a unique longitudinal design, is a significant contribution to our understanding of the changes taking place in receptive and productive lexicons in time. The obtained results carry important implications for course design, instruction and testing procedures in the context of teaching English as an L2 at the advanced level.

This monograph aims to stimulate thinking and increase consciousness about the cultural dimension of foreign language teaching.　The author draws from the theoretical framework of Schmidt's «ABCs of Cultural Understanding and Communication» (Schmidt, 1998; Schmidt & Finkbeiner, 2006) to support and advocate for expanding awareness in relation to the influence of culture on the perception of self and other. She interrogates how language learners acquire interpretative skills to gain a deeper reflexive understanding of different cultures and how electronic communication can be effectively utilised in teaching for intercultural learning. Learning how to interrogate diverse cultural practices using multiple cultural frameworks has been shown to facilitate authentic engagement with the complexities of diverse pluralistic societies. This qualitative research study explores how culture can be taught in the foreign language classroom and school setting.

This book proposes a comprehensible, context-sensitive and flexible framework for the development of pedagogy for autonomy in language education. The «framework» metaphor highlights the effort to identify structuring elements in the authors'stance towards pedagogy for autonomy, which fall into three domains -the context, the learner, and the teacher. In each domain, the authors raise ethical, conceptual and practical issues that are crucial to their perspective and offer a basis for reflection on learner and teacher development towards learner and teacher autonomy. The book proposes a common definition for learner and teacher autonomy within a vision of education as transformation and empowerment. Pedagogy for autonomy is operationalized through a set of ten general principles.

The book brings together sociolinguistic, neurolinguistic, and educational perspectives on language acquisition and learning in the classroom and at home. First and second language acquisition studies, classroom research findings, Polish, European and international legislation, as well as statistical reports on foreign language learning and teaching show how learners proceed from monolingual to bilingual or plurilingual competence. The book provides an overview of the major issues in the field from the teacher's perspective, equipping teachers with theoretical underpinnings related to language education, and inviting reflection on individual choices in promoting bi- and multilingualism.

This book explores the functions and potential of translation in language learning. It demonstrates that despite its changing fortunes in the history of foreign language teaching, translation has a prominent part to play both in the L2 classroom and beyond. As a cognitive process and a quintessential communicative activity, it not only boosts the learner's bilingual and bicultural competence, but also promotes and accelerates the development of the skill of translation. Considering its diverse educational assets as well as the results of a research survey presented in this book, the author argues that translation practice should become an integral element of contemporary foreign language education.

Este volumen proporciona una visión panorámica de las herramientas lexicográficas actuales (diccionarios impresos, electrónicos, aplicaciones de uso lingüístico...), así como varias propuestas para su aplicación en la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras (unidades didácticas y ejercicios). Su principal finalidad es facilitar al profesorado de L2 información útil y actualizada sobre el abanico de posibilidades que tiene ante sí y ofrecer varios modelos de aplicación en el aula, con ejemplos – extrapolables – de alemán, español, francés, gallego, inglés e italiano. Aporta, además, información imprescindible sobre nuevas tecnologías y métodos para el uso de los recursos lexicográficos, atendiendo especialmente a la relación entre la lexicografía, la didáctica de las lenguas y la sociedad digital.

Interkulturelle Kompetenz spielt für das Lernen fremder Sprachen aktuell eine Schlüsselrolle. Der Autor untersucht die Leitfragen, wofür eine solche Kompetenz steht und welches Verständnis von Kultur ihr zu Grunde liegt. Er arbeitet die Problemlage auf, in welchem Maße das Gebot, alle Kulturen zu tolerieren, wünschenswert und umsetzbar ist, und diskutiert zentrale Beiträge zum Thema kritisch. Der Autor schlägt vor, den Fremdsprachenunterricht in Zukunft auf das neue Zielkonstrukt Fremdsprachliche Diskursbewusstheit auszurichten. Für den Umgang mit Konflikten lehnt er relativistische Beliebigkeit ab. Vielmehr empfiehlt er eine konsequente Rückbesinnung auf jene Werte, welche die Grundlage des friedlichen Zusammenlebens in pluralen Gesellschaften bilden: Menschenrechte, Demokratie und Rechtsstaatlichkeit.

This book presents a unique inter-university scale development project, with a focus on the validation of two new rating scales for the assessment of academic presentations and interactions. The use of rating scales for performance assessment has increased considerably in educational contexts, but the empirical research to investigate the effectiveness of such scales is scarce. The author reports on a multi-method study designed to scale the level descriptors on the basis of expert judgments and performance data. The salient characteristics of the scale levels offer a specification of academic speaking, adding concrete details to the reference levels of the Common European Framework. The findings suggest that validation procedures should be mapped onto theoretical models of performance assessment.

While multimodality is one of the most influential semiotic theories for analysing media artefacts, the concepts of this theory are heterogeneous and widespread. The book takes the differences between approaches in Germany and those in international contexts as a starting point, offering new insights into the analysis of multimodal documents. It features contributions by researchers from more than 15 nations and various disciplines, including theoretical reflections on multimodality, thoughts about methodological, empirical, and experimental approaches as well as analyses of various multimodal artefacts.

The past two decades have created quantitatively higher and qualitatively different demands for foreign language skills. Learners'needs, expectations and contexts of language use have undergone radical and far-reaching transformations. This collection of essays by experienced educators, teacher trainers and researchers from diverse linguistic, cultural and professional settings offers a fresh perspective on the aspects and ways of teaching skills which are crucial to contemporary language instruction, especially at the more advanced stages, but which have oftentimes been unjustly neglected in the classroom. The book discusses issues ranging from approaches to teaching, contexts of instruction, testing and assessment to curriculum development and technology in the classroom.

CLIL Revisited liefert eine kritische Analyse des als CLIL oder bilingualer Sachfachunterricht bezeichneten Unterrichtskonzepts. Zentrale Fragen, die in der Forschung und in den beteiligten Didaktiken zur Debatte stehen, werden innerhalb des Sammelbands aufgegriffen und mit Hinblick auf den aktuellen Stand der Diskussion reflektiert und aufgearbeitet. Das Buch greift in sechs Kapiteln folgende Schlüsselthemen auf: 1. Stand der Diskussion zur Definition von CLIL. 2. Ausgestaltung von CLIL im öffentlichen Schulwesen. 3. Erwerb sprachlicher Kompetenzen in CLIL-Kontexten. 4. Erwerb sachfachlicher Kompetenzen in CLIL-Kontexten. 5. Gestaltung von Fach- und Sprachunterricht in CLIL-Kontexten. 6. Lehrerausbildung für den CLIL-Unterricht.

The author addresses key questions of foreign language teaching: How does foreign language learning take place? What is the mechanism of foreign language use and learning? What are the sources of our understanding of these processes? What significance does our understanding have for foreign language teaching? The main argument is that, in order to deal with the complexity of language learning and meet the current demands for foreign language competency, we must employ the framework of an empirical, relatively autonomous discipline of Foreign Language Didactics, constituted as a «normal» science which strives to understand foreign language learning as its subject-matter. This constructivist psycholinguistic conception targets language learning processes in the real world, i.e. as language use in the context of verbal communication, i.e. comprehension and production in speech and writing. The processes are represented as taking place in the learner's cognitive system for information processing in communicative interaction, a universal human phenomenon. This perspective leads to systematic options and strategies for the practical teaching of foreign languages with focus on English as a world language.

LANGSCAPE is a plurilingual and multicultural international research network on language acquisition and language education. The current research focus is on Identity Construction in Language Education. This volume summarizes some research results of the last four years by presenting empirical research projects as well as theoretical concepts. The contributions all deal with topics linked to plurilingualism or to certain aspects of the concept of multiliteracies like globalization, language policy, multiculturalism, multimodal communication processes, intercultural learning etc. The authors conceptualize or analyse identity construction processes of learners and educators in different plurilingual and multicultural learning environments or media based settings.

Although Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) has become a key objective in foreign language (FL) education, curricula offer little in how language teachers can promote ICC through language instruction. This book responds to the challenge of how intercultural language learning can be accounted for more profoundly in FL teaching. By means of innovative intercultural assessments, the author investigates the development of three language competences central to ICC in relation to learning opportunities as experienced by German learners of English. Audiovisual media were found to be a major input factor in the development of intercultural language abilities. The book ends with a discussion of how audiovisual media can be implemented in secondary and tertiary FL and teacher education.

Malaysian English: Language Contact and Change is a corpus-based study of contemporary Malaysian English. Based on linguistic features extracted from the Malaysian English Newspaper Corpus, this study demonstrates the diverse ways in which Malaysian English has changed as a result of contact with Malay and Chinese languages. The interactions between groups of speakers who are dominant in English and those who are dominant in Malay or Chinese have resulted in wide-ranging changes in Malaysian English. Multilingual individuals who juggle several languages in their daily communications have also shaped the structure of this variety. This volume suggests that variation and change in Malaysian English are the results of both the communal acquisition and the maintenance of English by a multilingual community.

The book offers an interdisciplinary account of linguistic research. It covers the repertoire of such fields of study as cognitive linguistics, translation studies and glottodidactics. Primarily, it throws light on different aspects concerning modern linguistics research; the reader will become acquainted specifically with the developments in the area of conceptual semantics, humour in translation and quality in foreign language education. The book includes a wide range of topics and aims to reach a broad audience.

The contributions in this volume shed light on lived multilingualism around the globe. A small, but still representative selection of the multitude of migrant experiences, all studies share the intertwining of geographical mobility and non-mainstream linguistic practices which serves as a resource of agency and promotes alternative multiple identities of the immigrant speakers. This volume is based on the two core tenets of sociolinguistic identity research. First, it accepts the idea that identities or sub-identities are in a sense pre-given and can be formulated through membership categories. Second, identities are viewed as being enacted and performed, thus constituting social realities. In the social construction of identity, national and linguistic boundaries dissolve. The originating countries of the participants (and/or their ancestors) in the studies of this volume include Argentina, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, Russia, Morocco, the Phillipines, Korea, Kazakhstan, Suriname and India. The countries of immigration include Germany, the USA, Israel, France and the Netherlands.

Teaching language and teaching with languages is what is called for in contemporary classrooms, be they language classrooms or otherwise. When the learners'plurilingualism and societies'multilingualism have social, cultural or political implications, becoming aware of language matters is a necessity both for non-specialist teachers and language teachers alike. This book thus presents a variety of research-based perspectives on the cultural-political and social-educational domains of language awareness. Context, both historical, socio-economic, political and cultural has an undeniable impact on language attitudes and awareness, and the variety of different contexts contained in this volume – the Basque County, Catalonia (Spain), England (UK), Finland, Germany, Hong Kong (China), Japan, Portugal, Scotland (UK), and Turkey – testifies to this. As each chapter outlines the specificities and the impact of context upon language policies, attitudes and beliefs, the authors in this book focus on language awareness as a multi-faceted concept fit to play a major role in the reform processes of teacher education in the 21st century.

Similar to immersion, Content and language Integrated Learning (CLIL) combines second language education with other content-subjects and has become an important educational approach in many parts of the world. Only recently research on CLIL classrooms has started to emerge on the international scene. This volume presents current work dealing with classrooms located in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany and the UK, focussing on various dimensions of classroom talk such as oral proficiency, repair, the structure of learning opportunities, cognitive effects, pragmatic differences from traditional EFL lessons as well as issues of research methodology. These are complemented by the discussion of educational policies and the perceptions and attitudes of CLIL teachers.