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This paper focusses on the forensic work put on display at Londres‐38, a building in Santiago Chile designated as a National Monument, which once functioned as a torture and extermination centre under Pinochet's dictatorship. Striving to avoid conventional memorial practices, or didactic strategies that would morbidly represent the past horror, Londres‐38 curatorially opts for very few educational props, so that visitors can have a peculiarly direct encounter with the materiality of the building. The paper engages with one of the few displays employed at Londres‐38: a time‐looped video detailing the forensic work undertaken on a small washroom. Despite the years that have passed, remaining within its walls, floors, and on the surfaces of the National Monument are material traces left by the detainees‐disappeared: scratches and inscriptions, as well as DNA, that are still being forensically harvested. The paper discusses how the video exhibit documents a pedagogical performance of how the unperceived can come to light, how the erasure of the violent past can be made to re‐appear as a matter of public concern through a certain sensibility to materiality that is unique to forensics. At issue in the paper is the curatorial–pedagogical strategy employed that invites us to immerse and try out for ourselves the forensic sensibility that tends to and gazes at the materiality of the building in a particular way so that the embedded evidence therein can come to matter and move us to hear the unsettled call for justice in our present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the idea of refugee 'journeys to health' (Newbold and McKeary, 2018) as a point of departure this paper examines the case of Chilean exiles in the UK. Reflecting on interviews conducted with Chilean exiles the analysis highlights how the health-related challenges that many people have experienced change over time. For some the passing of time has enabled people to make sense of what happened to them following the military coup in Chile in 1979 and this has helped them to 'move on'. For others, on-going challenges remain, for example a number of people still experienced PTSD. The paper also reflects on the difficulties encountered by refugees when dealing with formal health providers. While all of the respondents had full entitlements to NHS services the paper reflects on the informal barriers that continue to shape refugees' engagement with health care providers and limit their ability to address health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue explores the operationalization of the triple helix system in developing countries by examining the university-industry relationship and its implications for national and regional innovation systems. The five papers in this issue attempt to set in perspective the role of universities in capacity building in four developing countries (India, Mexico, Chile and Thailand). The papers are based on in-depth case studies drawing on system theories such as the national and regional systems of innovation, national innovative capacity, and the triple helix system. They draw useful lessons of policy import for university managers and higher education policy-makers, local government officials and regional industry associations. They also underline the importance of policy initiatives for networking and collaboration between industry, university and government agencies. The key factors that would need to be taken into account by policy-makers and university authorities in order to ensure continuing, effective, working relationships with industry are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive planting of exotic species under the so-called forestry model has dramatically transformed the landscapes of south-central Chile, replacing diverse agricultural, livestock and forest landscapes with forest monocultures, which are highly water-consuming and prone to massive fires. This has meant a productive simplification, and peasant communities have been displaced and stripped of their traditional ways of life. However, in this landscape of disaster, biotic communities of fungi have flourished, and with them human communities of collectors have learned to sustain themselves in a monocultural and privatized scenario. This paper is based on a multi-local ethnographic approach, built upon 26 semi-structured interviews, participant observation, social mapping, creating a calendar and a trend line. The text documents the processes of two communities affected by massive fires which have developed organization, agencies and practices. Mushrooms (callampas in Chilean Spanish) are claimed as a common good derived from the forestry model, claiming access to their use and usufruct of land belonging to forestry companies. They have also developed local governance systems for the care and better use of this new resource for common use. Forestry companies, for their part, try to subsume these practices in their territorial governance processes, disputing these commons' meaning and purpose. Both cases contribute to empirically address the central thesis of this article, according to which communalization exercises within contexts of capitalist expansion constitute responses of survival, resistance and adaptation in landscapes transformed and devastated by extractivist industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitable water vapour (PWV) strongly affects the quality of data obtained from millimetre- and submillimetre-wave astronomical observations, such as those for cosmic microwave background measurements. Some of these observatories have used radiometers to monitor PWV. In this study, PWV was measured from 2021 April to 2022 April using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) instruments in the Atacama Desert, Chile, where several millimetre- and submillimetre-wave telescopes are located. We evaluated the accuracy of these measurements by comparing them to radiometer measurements. We calculated the PWV from GNSS data using csrs-ppp (Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning), an online software package. When using GNSS data alone, the estimated PWV showed a systematic offset of |$+1.08$| mm. When combining GNSS data with data from a barometer, which was co-located with the GNSS receiver, the estimated PWV showed a lower systematic offset of −0.05 mm. The GNSS PWV showed a statistical uncertainty of 0.52 mm with an averaging time of an hour. Compared to other PWV measurement methods, GNSS instruments are robust in bad weather conditions, have sufficient time resolution, and are less expensive. By demonstrating good accuracy and precision in low-PWV conditions, this paper shows that GNSS instruments are valuable tools for PWV measurements for observing site evaluation and data analysis for ground-based telescopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilean antitrust authorities banned termination-based price discrimination in mobile calls in 2012. This paper discusses the antitrust process that led to this prohibition and analyzes its merits. We characterize the discriminatory plans that the largest mobile company in Chile—Movistar—offered in 2010, when the legal dispute began, calibrate a competition model for the Chilean market—both for pre- and post-paid customers—and compare the observed price differentials with those which are justifiable on competitive grounds. The main result is that in most plans, efficiency and strategic reasons could explain the observed differential only for large call externality parameter values. We also discuss Competition Court rulings in the context of several other changes that affected the mobile telephony market in Chile and report the evolution of several key market indicators after the ban was introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, competition agencies around the world have increasingly directed their attention to enforcement against cartels. With the encouragement of the antitrust authorities of the United States, and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, various countries have introduced leniency programs, and sanctions for individuals found guilty of colluding. Critics are concerned, however, that these measures are not backed by broad public support, which could jeopardize their enforcement. This paper explores public attitudes toward cartels in Chile, an emerging economy that introduced a leniency program in 2009 and criminal sanctions in 2016, by presenting the results of a public opinion survey conducted in this country in August–September 2019. The results of the survey show high awareness of cartels and the harm they cause, and high public disapproval of cartel conduct among the Chilean respondents. In particular, up to 70 percent of the respondents support prison sentences against individuals found guilty of colluding. Such strong public support for anti-cartel measures could be considered positive from the perspective of enforcement. The results also emphasize the importance of continued competition advocacy directed at the society to explain and gain public support for the anti-cartel agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erwin Krauskopf wonders if where you observe makes a difference to the impact of your papers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between polyvictimization, school social climate, and depression in adolescents. Authors also looked at whether school social climate acts as a moderator of the interaction between polyvictimization and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, to have a deeper analysis, they included—as control variables—factors that have been shown in previous research to have an impact on depression, including age, gender discrimination, family support, and mood control. In total, 411 Chilean adolescents participated in the study from public (72.2 percent), semiprivate (17.4 percent), and private schools (10.4 percent). Four paper-based instruments were used to measure school social climate, depression, family support, and polyvictimization, and additional information was solicited with a sociodemographic data questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that both polyvictimization (β =.10, p =.03) and school social climate (β = –.10, p =.03) were predictors of depressive symptomatology. However, the interaction between polyvictimization and school social climate was not significant (β =.07, p =.73). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how social capital is divided across classes in Chile, one of the most unequal countries in the world. We analyse the extent to which upper-, middle-, and lower class individuals congregate in social networks with similar others, while following Bourdieu and expecting that in particular the networks of the higher social strata are segregated in terms of social capital. We test our argument with large-scale, representative survey data for the Chilean urban population aged 18–75 years (n  = 2,517) and build an integrated indicator of people's social class that combines measures of education, occupational class, and household income. Our regression analyses show that upper-class individuals have larger networks and access to more varied and prestigious social resources than their middle- and lower class counterparts. Interestingly, however, we found a U-shaped relationship between social class and class homogeneity, indicating that network segregation is high at the top as well as at the bottom of the class-based social strata. In contrast, the classes in the middle have more heterogeneous class networks, possibly forming an important bridge between the "edges" of the class structure. These findings demonstrate that whereas social and economic capital cumulates in higher classes, the lower classes are socially deprived next to their economic disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic phase detection, identification and first-onset picking are basic but essential routines to analyse earthquake data. As both the number of seismic stations, globally and regionally, and the number of experiments greatly increase due to ever greater availability of instrumentation, automated data processing becomes more and more essential. For example for modern seismic experiments involving 100s to even 1000s instruments, conventional human analyst-based identification and picking of seismic phases is becoming unfeasible, and the introduction of automatic algorithms mandatory. In this paper, we introduce DeepPhasePick, an automatic two-stage method that detects and picks P and S seismic phases from local earthquakes. The method is entirely based on highly optimized deep neural networks, consisting of a first stage that detects the phases using a convolutional neural network, and a second stage that uses two recurrent neural networks to pick both phases. Detection is performed on three-component seismograms. P - and S -picking is then conducted on the vertical and the two-horizontal components, respectively. Systematic hyperparameter optimization was applied to select the best model architectures and to define both the filter applied to pre-process the seismic data as well as the characteristics of the window sample used to feed the models. We trained DeepPhasePick using seismic records extracted from two sets of manually picked event waveforms originating from northern Chile (∼39 000 records for detection and ∼36 000 records for picking). In different tectonic regimes, DeepPhasePick demonstrated the ability to both detect P and S phases from local earthquakes with high accuracy, as well as predict P - and S -phase time onsets with an analyst level of precision. DeepPhasePick additionally computes onset uncertainties based on the Monte Carlo Dropout technique as an approximation of Bayesian inference. This information can then further feed an associator algorithm in an earthquake location procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile is undergoing a constituent process to replace its Constitution. Within the rules that regulate the process, it is established that the text of the new Constitution must respect the international treaties ratified by Chile. Some authors have pointed out that this rule entails a substantive limit to the process underway. This paper argues that the rule has another constitutional function: to ensure the exclusive dedication of the Constitutional Convention. It does not follow, however, that international treaties —especially human rights treaties— will not serve as a standard or guideline for the process. Such soft approach, which is a way to respect international law, is fully consistent with a democratic version of the constituent power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries are trying to develop long-term financial markets and institutional investors are expected to play a key role. This paper uses unique evidence on the universe of institutional investors from the leading case of Chile to study to what extent mutual funds, pension funds, and insurance companies hold and bid for long-term instruments and which factors affect their choices. Using monthly asset-level portfolios we show that, despite the expectations, mutual and pension funds invest mostly in short-term assets relative to insurance companies. The significant difference across maturity structures is not driven by the supply side of debt or tactical behavior. Instead, it seems to be explained by manager incentives (related to short-run monitoring and the liability structure) that, combined with risk factors, tilt portfolios toward short-term instruments, even when long-term investing has averaged higher returns. Thus, expanding large institutional investors does not necessarily imply more developed long-term markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the Mexican currency crisis of 1994 and the Chilean crisis of 1982 to assess to what extent exchange-rate-based stabilisation programmes are successful in reducing - or even eliminating - inflationary inertia. The paper provides a brief overview of the Chilean and Mexican reform and stabilisation programmes. A theoretical model that emphasises the role of credibility is developed to analyse the effects of exchange-rate based stabilisation programmes on inflationary inertia. According to the model, less than credible stabilisations will not eliminate inertia and will generate major real exchange rate overvaluation. Detailed data are used to test the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition is considered as a key driver of productivity growth. However, the empirical evidence on its impact is scant in developing countries. Using information from manufacturing plants for the period 1995–2007, we analyze the impact of competition on firm selection and productivity growth in Chile. Our results indicate that competition has a positive effect on total factor productivity (TFP) growth, especially for laggard firms. We find weaker evidence that competition affects the probability of exit for low-productivity firms. In general, these results for productivity growth are robust to alternative methodologies for calculating productivity and to the inclusion of other variables that may affect firms' TFP growth. We find support for Schumpeterian forces, but the quantitative impact is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring the emergence of new clusters, this paper departs from traditional research focused on established clusters and enriches recent studies on their development dynamics. The analysis of two successful clusters in Chile, one in agroindustry and the other in salmon aquaculture, highlights interactions between the state, local firms and multinationals, and the conditions enhancing collective firm learning. The argument is that the emergence of dynamic clusters depends on building institutions that enable coordinated learning among firms to improve capabilities processes and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dobusiness accelerators affect new venture performance? We investigate this question in the context of Start-Up Chile, an ecosystem accelerator. We focus on two treatment conditions typically found in business accelerators: basic services of funding and coworking space, and additional entrepreneurship schooling. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that schooling bundled with basic services can significantly increase new venture performance. In contrast, we find no evidence that basic services affect performance on their own. Our results are most relevant for ecosystem accelerators that attract young and early-stage businesses and suggest that entrepreneurial capital matters in new ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to estimate mean glandular dose levels (DG) in six digital mammography systems in Santiago, Chile, and to propose preliminary reference levels to execute mammography in Chile. The study was carried out assessing two direct digital systems and four computer-based radiography (CR) systems. Estimates of DG were calculated for different thicknesses of polymethyl methacrylate according to the quality control protocol in digital mammography of the Spanish Society of Medical Physics and NHSBSP Equipment Report 0604 Version 3. DG values ranged between 0.64 and 7.26 mGy for a range of 20- to 70-mm thickness, respectively. Thirty-six per cent of DG was higher than the acceptable dose level and 100 % of DG was higher than the desirable level. It is therefore necessary to optimise doses. The initial proposal to establish dose reference levels for DG would range between 0.90 and 6.40 mGy for a thickness range of 20 to 70 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous spikes in global prices of many agricultural commodities in recent years have induced an interest in quantifying the degree of synchronisation of these movements. We suggest a conceptual framework explaining why temporally varying price synchronisation may happen and propose the concordance index for the empirical measurement of the incidence, symmetry and permanence of synchronisation. We establish that the index generates insights into time series dynamics which are complementary to those obtained from cointegration analysis. We illustrate the approach with an application for the co-movement in cyclical components of pig and cattle prices in three Latin American countries. The findings reveal moderate synchronisation levels which show asymmetric instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While flexible exchange rates are commonly regarded as shock absorbers, heterodox views suggest that they can play a pro-cyclical role in emerging markets. This article provides theoretical and empirical support for this view. Drawing on post-Keynesian and structuralist theories, we propose a simple model in which flexible exchange rates in conjunction with external shocks become endogenous drivers of boom-bust cycles, once financial effects from foreign-currency debt are accounted for. We present empirical evidence for regular cycles in nominal US-dollar exchange rates in several emerging markets that are closely aligned with cycles in economic activity. An econometric analysis suggests the presence of a cyclical interaction mechanism between exchange rates and output, in line with the theoretical model, in Chile, South Africa, and partly the Philippines. Further evidence indicates that such exchange rate cycles cannot exclusively be attributed to external factors, such as commodity prices, US monetary policy or the global financial cycle. We therefore argue that exchange rate cycles in emerging markets are driven by the interplay of external shocks and endogenous cycle mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpretive nutrition labels provide simplified nutrient-specific text and/or symbols on the front of pre-packaged foods, to encourage and enable consumers to make healthier choices. This type of labelling has been proposed as part of a comprehensive policy response to the global epidemic of non-communicable diseases. However, regulation of nutrition labelling falls under the remit of not just the health sector but also trade. Specific Trade Concerns have been raised at the World Trade Organization's Technical Barriers to Trade Committee regarding interpretive nutrition labelling initiatives in Thailand, Chile, Indonesia, Peru and Ecuador. This paper presents an analysis of the discussions of these concerns. Although nutrition labelling was identified as a legitimate policy objective, queries were raised regarding the justification of the specific labelling measures proposed, and the scientific evidence for effectiveness of such measures. Concerns were also raised regarding the consistency of the measures with international standards. Drawing on policy learning theory, we identified four lessons for public health policy makers, including: strategic framing of nutrition labelling policy objectives; pro-active policy engagement between trade and health to identify potential trade issues; identifying ways to minimize potential 'practical' trade concerns; and engagement with the Codex Alimentarius Commission to develop international guidance on interpretative labelling. This analysis indicates that while there is potential for trade sector concerns to stifle innovation in nutrition labelling policy, care in how interpretive nutrition labelling measures are crafted in light of trade commitments can minimize such a risk and help ensure that trade policy is coherent with nutrition action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In Chile, working after retirement age has grown substantially over the last years. This, in addition to the country's current discussion about extending retirement age, motivates the need of generating evidence on the occupational health and safety of the working old, with a special focus on women, who are critically disadvantaged in Chile's labour market. The objective of this paper is to describe and compare the ageing workforce of women and men in Chile in terms of labour market participation, employment and working conditions, work--life balance, and health. The social determinants of health and employment sustainability frameworks guide this study. Data Sources: Cross-sectional data from three publicly available sources: the Chilean Labour Force Survey, NENE (2010); the first Chilean Employment and working conditions survey, ENETS (2009-2010) and the second National Health Survey, ENS (2009). Methods: Participation rates and employment conditions (NENE and ENETS), working conditions, occupational health and work--life balance (ENETS) and chronic health conditions (ENS) were described by 5-year age groups separately for women and men. Descriptions cover all age groups in order to identify trends and patterns characteristic of older workers. Results: Rates of occupation decrease sharply after age 54 in women and 59 in men. Ageing women and men who continue to work are more likely to be in own-account (self-employed) work than younger workers; in the case of women, in households as domestic workers, and men, in agriculture. Social protection and workplace rights are markedly reduced in older workers. Part-time work increases from the age of 50 onwards, especially among women, but average working hours do not decrease under 30 h a week for either women or men. Interestingly, between ages 60 and 64, there is a peak increase of day and night shift-work among women, which co-occurs with a peak in domestic work, possibly corresponding to women working as caretakers of elderly people. Several workplace risks continue to be high into old age: intensive work and demanding physical work, especially in men, and the combination of paid and unpaid care work in women, which continues to be high up to the age of 70 years. The health of older workers is better than that of non-working people of the same age, a gap which is markedly larger for women than men and tends to increase among women as they age. Conclusion: Results indicate that Chileans working into old age face precarious jobs with limited protection and several adverse working conditions. Noteworthy, women carry the double burden of paid and unpaid work into their late years. In addition, results suggest they are affected more profoundly by the healthy worker effect whereby the health condition determines the probability of finding and keeping a job--also known as a health selection mechanism--which increases as they age. These employment and working conditions indicate that working into old age is not yet sustainable in Chile and counts as evidence that needs to be taken into account in discussions about delaying the retirement age in the country, as well as incorporating support systems to alleviate the double work burden of ageing working women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing body of research on gender and social policy, little attention has been given to work on the health sector. Drawing on the Chilean case, this paper examines the opportunities and constraints for producing positive gender outcomes in health policy. The paper argues that only limited progress has been made in integrating gender issues into the health sector despite several entry points introduced over the past decade. Part of the explanation lies in the continuing dominance of economic technocrats in the design of health sector reform. Even where attention is given to gender within the health sector, it has been narrowly defined, with a predominant focus on “equity” rather than “equality” issues and an on-going failure to acknowledge the contribution of the care economy in the majority of health reform debates. At the same time, relatively few women's organizations work on these issues and much of the work to broaden out notions of gender and health and push for change has fallen to a few key individuals. The Chilean political context has also limited the possibility for pushing for change within the health sector despite progress in other areas of social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an analysis of recent reforms in three policy areas in Chile—pensions, childcare services, and maternity/parental leave—the paper seeks to explore how equity-oriented reforms deal with the triple legacy of maternalism, male-breadwinner bias, and market reform. Recent studies of “new” social policies in Latin America have underlined the persistent strength of maternalist assumptions. Feminist research on new cash transfer programs, in particular, has tended to see more continuity than change in the gendered underpinnings of social policy. This paper suggests that once we broaden our field of vision to include other social programs and reforms, the ways in which contemporary social policy (re)defines women's productive and reproductive roles, social rights, and obligations are more complex and contradictory. Indeed, while some policies take unpaid care by women for granted, others point to an increasing awareness of inequalities that shape women's and men's differential access to market income and public social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging economies are now becoming more central in global competition. To achieve this, many countries have invested to develop into ‘knowledge economies’. Universities have a role to play in this transformation, both as generators of new knowledge as well as actors that can interact with the local industry and contribute to its innovativeness. This paper explores, using two case studies in the Chilean and South African wine industry, how universities connect international science to domestic industry. It finds that this connection occurs through a few ‘bridging researchers’, who display particular characteristics compared with their colleagues. Bridging researchers are more ‘talented’ than average researchers, both because they publish more in international journals and/or because they have received awards for their academic work. This finding may have significant policy implications, as policies aimed at strengthening the skills of these researchers should be welcomed in catching-up industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the potential of dual-language cross-cultural peer review and how it improves on traditional monolingual and monocultural peer review. Drawing on scholarship related to international exchange programmes, peer review, and two-way immersion programmes in the United States as well as data collected while facilitating the proposed model of peer review in Chile, the author explains how the type of peer review discussed here may help students develop writing abilities in their second language while promoting greater cross-cultural understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the question of whether inflation targeting is an effective policy tool in emerging economies using a novel non-experimental evaluation approach. In particular, we adopt synthetic control methods to assess the effect that inflation targeting has had on each emerging economy that adopted such policies in the 1990s and 2000s. The evidence suggests that inflation targeting helped Colombia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland reduce their inflation rates. Although Chile is often regarded as a poster child for inflation targeting policies in emerging economies, no significant reductions in inflation levels were found when a later policy start date some analysts believe to be more reflective of the true policy adoption date was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses changing production organisation and new governance that contribute to productive upgrading in developing economies. It discusses research conducted in Chile and Nicaragua, focused on agroindustrial clusters. Recent analyses of small firms in developing countries highlight the important presence of clusters, and local factors in building global competitiveness. This paper argues for an approach that focuses on the institutional arrangements to coordinate decentralised production networks. It emphasises the role of learning-by-monitoring as the key to successful adjustment in the face of liberalisation and globalisation. It identifies the institutional reshaping of relations between firms, and between the state and the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically investigates the effects of liberalized trade on plant productivity in the case of Chile. Chile presents an interesting setting to study this relationship since it underwent a massive trade liberalization that significantly exposed its plants to competition from abroad during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Methodologically, I approach this question in two steps. In the first step, I estimate a production function to obtain a measure of plant productivity. I estimate the production function semiparametrically to correct for the presence of selection and simultaneity biases in the estimates of the input coefficients required to construct a productivity measure. I explicitly incorporate plant exit in the estimation to correct for the selection problem induced by liquidated plants. These methodological aspects are important in obtaining a reliable plant-level productivity measure based on consistent estimates of the input coefficients. In the second step, I identify the impact of trade on plants' productivity in a regression framework allowing variation in productivity over time and across traded- and nontraded-goods sectors. Using plant-level panel data on Chilean manufacturers, I find evidence of within plant productivity improvements that can be attributed to a liberalized trade for the plants in the import-competing sector. In many cases, aggregate productivity improvements stem from the reshuffling of resources and output from less to more efficient producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present the distance education's contribution to developing health promotion in Chile, through evaluation of a postgraduate certificate program for professionals, and a training course for nurse technicians working in primary healthcare, with an 8-month follow-up after program completion. The program methodology was participatory, interactive and reflective, with mentoring support, exercises, group work and discussions as well as content pertinent to the needs of practice. The evaluation was quali-quantitative with an analysis of the student profile, the implementation process, outcomes at the end of the training and impacts on workplace changes. The results showed a high rate of student approval (87 and 76%), good academic performance and a high level of satisfaction with the methodology and knowledge delivered. The participants' final projects were adapted to local work places realities and were implemented by 62.6% of technicians and 43% of professionals, in addition to changes in work practices that favor health promotion. The level of fulfillment of participants' expectations was very high and the most frequent barriers to implementing the final project were lack of time and personnel, along with minimal support from management and low prioritization of health promotion. This study shows the effectiveness of a distance training model for professionals and technicians that can reach the most remote parts of the country, where there is no access to presencial training, with an educational program centered on work activities and current health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose double/debiased machine learning approaches to infer a parametric component of a logistic partially linear model. Our framework is based on a Neyman orthogonal score equation consisting of two nuisance models for the nonparametric component of the logistic model and conditional mean of the exposure with the control group. To estimate the nuisance models, we separately consider the use of high dimensional (HD) sparse regression and (nonparametric) machine learning (ML) methods. In the HD case, we derive certain moment equations to calibrate the first order bias of the nuisance models, which preserves the model double robustness property. In the ML case, we handle the nonlinearity of the logit link through a novel and easy-to-implement 'full model refitting' procedure. We evaluate our methods through simulation and apply them in assessing the effect of the emergency contraceptive pill on early gestation and new births based on a 2008 policy reform in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the news coverage of poverty has largely overlooked the agency of the actors involved. This study addressed this gap by combining ethnographic fieldwork in a poor neighborhood with an analysis of television news about the neighborhood and interviews with the journalists who produced this news. The analysis shows a relationship between journalists and poor people significantly more complex than the relationship described in previous research: Journalists and poor people marketed the neighborhood's misery collaboratively. They shaped news in ways that could be stigmatizing, but that served their converging interests. By acknowledging that structure and agency presuppose each other, this paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of journalism, as well as to efforts to address poverty's symbolic injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1978, when economic reform began in China, it was the party-state-controlled people's organizations that were most deeply involved in people's work and social life. For example, the official trade union, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), was the one and only legal organization representing workers. Although people who worked for state-owned enterprises were mostly unionized under the umbrella of the ACFTU, the new migrant workers in private enterprises were basically unorganized. Since the mid-1990s, labour activists, some of whom are supported by the international civil society, have tried to establish an alternative form of organization, specifically labour non-governmental organizations (NGOs), for migrant workers. The labour NGOs are concentrated in the Pearl River Delta of South China and provide services in migrant workers' settlement communities. This paper evaluates the degree to which the labour NGOs have maintained a relatively autonomous civil society space for the vulnerable migrant workers and nurtured a democratic form of labour organization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS) is imaging ∼9300 deg2 of the celestial sphere in 12 optical bands using a dedicated 0.8 m robotic telescope, the T80-South, at the Cerro Tololo Inter-american Observatory, Chile. The telescope is equipped with a 9.2k × 9.2k e2v detector with 10 |$\rm {\mu m}$| pixels, resulting in a field of view of 2 deg2 with a plate scale of 0.55 arcsec pixel−1. The survey consists of four main subfields, which include two non-contiguous fields at high Galactic latitudes (| b | > 30°, 8000 deg2) and two areas of the Galactic Disc and Bulge (for an additional 1300 deg2). S-PLUS uses the Javalambre 12-band magnitude system, which includes the 5 ugriz broad-band filters and 7 narrow-band filters centred on prominent stellar spectral features: the Balmer jump/[OII], Ca H + K, H δ, G band, Mg b triplet, H α, and the Ca triplet. S-PLUS delivers accurate photometric redshifts (δ z /(1 + z) = 0.02 or better) for galaxies with r < 19.7 AB mag and z < 0.4, thus producing a 3D map of the local Universe over a volume of more than |$1\, (\mathrm{Gpc}/h)^3$|⁠. The final S-PLUS catalogue will also enable the study of star formation and stellar populations in and around the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, as well as searches for quasars, variable sources, and low-metallicity stars. In this paper we introduce the main characteristics of the survey, illustrated with science verification data highlighting the unique capabilities of S-PLUS. We also present the first public data release of ∼336 deg2 of the Stripe 82 area, in 12 bands, to a limiting magnitude of r = 21, available at datalab.noao.edu/splus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic in drinking water causes increased mortality from several cancers, ischemic heart disease, bronchiectasis, and other diseases. This paper presents the first evidence relating arsenic exposure to pulmonary tuberculosis, by estimating mortality rate ratios for Region II of Chile compared with Region V for the years 1958–2000. The authors compared mortality rate ratios with time patterns of arsenic exposure, which increased abruptly in 1958 in Region II and then declined starting in 1971. Tuberculosis mortality rate ratios in men started increasing in 1968, 10 years after high arsenic exposure commenced. The peak male 5-year mortality rate ratio occurred during 1982–1986 (rate ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.7, 2.6; P < 0.001) and subsequently declined. Mortality rates in women were also elevated but with fewer excess pulmonary tuberculosis deaths (359 among men and 95 among women). The clear rise and fall of tuberculosis mortality rate ratios in men following high arsenic exposure are consistent with a causal relation. The findings are biologically plausible in view of evidence that arsenic is an immunosuppressant and also a cause of chronic lung disease. Finding weaker associations in women is unsurprising, because this is true of most arsenic-caused health effects. Confirmatory evidence is needed from other arsenic-exposed populations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, return migration from Sweden to three sources of refugee immigration is analysed, with a focus on the effect of political change in 1990. Chilean immigrants reacted more strongly to political liberalization in the home country than Polish immigrants did, primarily due to more favourable economic circumstances in Chile compared to Poland in the 1990s. In fact, the increase in Polish return migration propensity after 1990 is not statistically different from the Iranian increase, in spite of the absence of political liberalization in Iran. There are significant cohort differences within the Chilean group, indicating an element of economically motivated migration within the last waves of Chilean refugee immigration in the late 1980s. Hence, successful implementation of schemes of voluntary return migration for refugees will not only be dependent on an improved political situation in the source country, but will also be highly dependent on economic circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author argues that when teaching English as an international language, educators should recognize the value of including topics that deal with the local culture, support the selection of a methodology that is appropriate to the local educational context, and recognize the strengths of bilingual teachers of English. Based on the results of a questionnaire given to Chilean teachers of English, the author maintains that in Chile there is growing support for such practices and attitudes. Nowadays many countries where English is a required subject are confronting similar questions regarding the use of the local culture in ELT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the recent saving performance of the Chilean economy in the light of its long-run (1940–96) trends. The first conclusion that can be derived from the data is that most of the increase in private saving since the mid-1980s is due to business saving. Household saving turns out to be a stationary variable with zero mean. Since business saving has a unit root, households do not seem to take the saving of firms into account when making their own saving decisions. Within the theoretical framework of a model of business investment with liquidity constraints, we estimate a VAR for business saving, private investment, public saving and foreign saving (the current account deficit). We are able to determine that business saving is unaffected by public saving, but that, in the long run, foreign saving and business saving are perfect substitutes. Private investment, business saving and foreign saving are jointly determined. The policy conclusions are that policies that stimulate investment are likely to lead to an increase in private saving, that policies aimed at raising household saving will be ineffective, and that increases in public saving are very powerful for increasing domestic saving in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2011–2012 eruption at Cordón Caulle in Chile produced crystal-poor rhyolitic magma with crystal-rich mafic enclaves whose interstitial glass is of identical composition to the host rhyolite. Eruptible rhyolites are thought to be genetically associated with crystal-rich magma mushes, and the enclaves within the Cordón Caulle rhyolite support the existence of a magma mush from which the erupted magma was derived. Moreover, towards the end of the 2011–2012 eruption, subsidence gave way to inflation that has on average been continuous through at least 2020. We hypothesize that magma segregation from a crystal mush could be the source of the observed inflation. Conceptually, magma withdrawal from a crystal-poor rhyolite reservoir caused its depressurization, which could have led to upward flow of interstitial melt within an underlying crystal mush, causing a new batch of magma to segregate and partially recharge the crystal-poor rhyolite body. Because the compressibility of the crystalline matrix of the mush is expected to be lower than that of the interstitial melt, which likely contains some fraction of volatile bubbles, this redistribution of melt would result in a net increase in volume of the system and in the observed inflation. We use numerical modelling of subsurface magma flow and storage to show under which conditions such a scenario is supported by geodetic and petrologic observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the production approach to markup estimation, any flexible input should recover the markup. I test this implication using manufacturing datasets from Chile, Colombia, India, Indonesia, the U.S., and Southern Europe, as well as store-level data from a major U.S. retailer, and overwhelmingly reject that markups estimated using labour and materials have the same distribution. For every dataset, markups estimated using labour are negatively correlated with markups estimated using materials, exhibit greater dispersion, and have opposite time trends. I continue to find stark differences in markups estimated using energy and non-energy raw materials. Non-neutral productivity differences across firms can explain these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centres of excellence (CoEs), as boundary-spanning structures between universities and firms, have been promoted and studied mainly in developed countries, while some Latin American countries have recently launched CoE programmes. This study explores how CoEs in Chile and Peru have been working in terms of their internal structures and interactions. It draws upon a conceptual framework that encompasses the distinction between contexts for and channels of university–industry linkages (UILs), the defining features of CoEs, their differences with other schemes and innovation intermediaries, and the patterns shown by CoEs in developed countries. Applying this framework to analyse two CoEs, we found that these fit into the concept of contexts for UILs and differ substantially from research and technology organisations. We also found that Chilean and Peruvian CoEs share certain commonalities with their counterparts in developed countries, albeit they also show sharp differences, which have both academic and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expresses a view on debt-equity swaps in Chile. Foreign debts of Chile; Purpose on the debt conversion program; Effects of debt-equity swaps.

Ground shaking induced by earthquakes often introduces transient changes in seismic velocity monitored with ambient noise. These changes are usually attributed to relaxation behaviour following the coseismic damage in the subsurface and are of relevance for post-seismic hazard mitigation. However, the velocity evolution associated with this phenomenon can occur at very small timescales and amplitudes that are not resolved with seismic interferometry and are therefore challenging to link to laboratory experiments. A way to improve the temporal resolution of the velocity time-series is to test whether the estimation of the relative seismic velocity changes d v / v obeys the ergodic hypothesis in which the joint use of colocated stations would lead to better resolved measurements. In this study, we present results from a dense seismic array that was deployed for 2 weeks at the remarkable Patache site in Chile. Thanks to high temporal averaging capabilities, we are able to resolve seismic velocity changes in the 3–6 Hz frequency band at a 10-min resolution around the occurrence of a moderate earthquake (PGV ∼1 cm s–1). We report a velocity drop of ∼0.4 per cent in the first 10 min after ground shaking. Half of this initial drop was recovered within the 2 following days. The shape of the recovery follows a log-linear shape over the whole observed recovery phase, analogous to slow dynamics experiments. When normalized by the total amount of processed data, we show that the ergodic hypothesis almost perfectly holds in our network: the d v / v signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained when averaging a few observation with large stacking durations for the correlation functions is almost equal to the SNR when using a large number of observations with small stacking durations. To understand if the ergodicity is linked to a particular site property, we use the array capabilities to identify the surf at the shoreline as the source of the noise and to derive a 1-D shear velocity profile with the focal spot imaging technique and a transdimensional Bayesian inversion framework. The inversion shows that hard rocks lie close to the surface indicating that this material hosts the observed shallow velocity changes. We discuss our high-resolution measurements and attribute them to a stable noise source excited by the shore, the ergodicity property and an ideal subsurface structure. Finally, we discuss the effect of moderate earthquakes on subsurface damage and the potential relaxation processes in hard rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , exists as distinct morphological variants—or "ecomorphs"—in different populations, yet the mechanism for this variation is uncertain, and environmental drivers for either adaptive or plastic phenotypes have not been identified. The ecomorphs Macrocystis "pyrifera" and M. "integrifolia " are distributed throughout temperate waters of North and South America with almost no geographic overlap and exhibit an incongruous, non-mirrored, distribution across the equator. This study evaluates the degree of genetic divergence between M. "pyrifera" and M. "integrifolia" across 18 populations in Chile and California using whole-genome sequencing and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers. Our results based on a principal component analysis, admixture clustering by genetic similarity, and phylogenetic inference demonstrate that M. "pyrifera" and M. "integrifolia" are genetically distinguishable. Analyses reveal separation by Northern and Southern Hemispheres and between morphs within hemispheres, suggesting that the convergent "integrifolia" morphology arose separately in each hemisphere. This is the first study to use whole-genome sequencing to understand genetic divergence in giant kelp ecomorphs, identifying 83 potential genes under selection and providing novel insights about Macrocystis evolution that were not evident with previous genetic techniques. Future studies are needed to uncover the environmental forces driving local adaptation and presumed convergent evolution of these morphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ninetinae are a group of poorly known spiders that do not fit the image of 'daddy long-legs spiders' (Pholcidae), the family to which they belong. They are mostly short-legged, tiny and live in arid environments. The previously monotypic Andean genus Nerudia exemplifies our poor knowledge of Ninetinae: only seven adult specimens from two localities in Chile and Argentina have been reported in the literature. We found representatives of Nerudia at 24 of 52 localities visited in 2019, mostly under rocks in arid habitats, up to 4450 m a.s.l. the highest known record for Pholcidae. With now more than 400 adult specimens, we revise the genus, describing ten new species based on morphology (including SEM) and COI barcodes. We present the first karyotype data for Nerudia and for its putative sister-genus Gertschiola. These two southern South American genera share a X1X2X3Y sex chromosome system. We model the distribution of Nerudia , showing that the genus is expected to occur in the Atacama biogeographic province (no record so far) and that its environmental niche is phylogenetically conserved. This is the first comprehensive revision of any Ninetinae genus. It suggests that focused collecting may uncover a considerable diversity of these enigmatic spiders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest landscapes dominated by commercial plantations are managed using intensive silvicultural schemes that involve a harvesting-replanting cycle, with clearcutting being one of the most used harvesting methods. Clearcutting has several negative effects, both biotic and abiotic, and to control them, many countries have established exclusion periods and restrictions regarding the amount and distribution of clearcutting areas at landscape level. However, Chile still does not have such restrictions. The main purpose of the study was to analyse forest area trends and to identify the spatiotemporal scales at which clustering of clearcutting areas occurred, between 1999 and 2017. The study area was the coastal zone of the Region of Maule, Chile, dominated by Monterey pine (Pinus radiate D. Don) plantations. We used Landsat 5, 7 and 8 to produce yearly land cover maps to differentiate clearcutting areas from other classes. By using Emerging Hot Spot Analysis, we calculated the spatiotemporal trends of these clearcut areas. We found that harvest clusters have an oscillatory behaviour, ranging from Hot to Cold Spots over the time with an average size of 46.8 km2 and being active for 2 years (±1.7). Our results support the claim to introduce new regulations to the current Chilean legislation regarding explicit exclusion periods and multiscale forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In Chile, the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol and drug use among adolescents is very high. Decades of research indicate that parenting interventions reduce these risky behaviors. However, there are no parenting interventions validated in Chile to prevent adolescent substance use. This article reports the development of the ¡Vamos por Mas! (¡VxM!) program following the recommendations of the Medical Research Council's framework for designing and evaluating complex interventions. After identifying key intervention components, a preliminary version of a substance-use prevention program was designed. The preliminary intervention targeted families with adolescents in fifth and sixth grade and had four components: personalized feedback, in-person workshops, virtual engagement, and family support, to deliver positive-youth development and family-strengthening content. Then, students, guardians, school staff and community experts from different school systems (N = 111) evaluated the preliminary version of the program through a convergent parallel mixed methods study, including focus groups (N = 14) and surveys (N = 101). In general, all participants had positive perceptions of the program and valued its purpose, strategies, objectives and contents. Suggestions included expanding the purpose to promote healthy relationships, focusing on schools with low and intermediate socioeconomic vulnerability, including self-control content, removing the personalized feedback component and adding two additional components: school partnership and external supervision, among other improvements. With this information, the final version of the ¡VxM! program was developed. After a rigorous intervention development process, the ¡VxM! program is ready to be piloted and evaluated in a randomized trial. Lay Summary: Chile has high rates of tobacco, alcohol and drug use among adolescents. Parenting interventions have shown to reduce these risky behaviors. However, there are no parenting interventions validated in Chile to prevent adolescent substance use. This article reports the development of the ¡Vamos por Mas! (¡VxM!) program to strengthen family relations and prevent adolescent substance use following the recommendations of the Medical Research Council's framework for designing and evaluating complex interventions. In the first phase, key intervention components were identified. Then, a preliminary version of the intervention was designed. In the second phase, perceptions of key stakeholders were collected through focus groups (N = 14) and surveys (N = 101) including adolescents, guardians, school staff and community experts. These participants evaluated the preliminary version of the program and provided feedback. In the final phase of the intervention development process, stakeholder opinions were integrated into the proposal. The final version of the ¡VxM! program included five components: (i) school partnership, (ii) in-person workshops, (iii) virtual engagement, (iv) family support and (v) external supervision. This version is ready to be piloted to evaluate feasibility and preliminary efficacy, before being assessed in a randomized trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The law of access to public information establishes that aggregated anonymized routine health data and the non-health information used in the assembly of this dataset can be publicly accessed under the principle of transparency of the Chilean Government public function. Key Features This article describes the process of establishing the 'National Child Oral Health Improvement Programmes for Chile database' via request, collation and linkage of national, regional and municipality level aggregated data (2008-19) of: child oral health programmes, interventions and activities; corresponding child dental caries outcomes; water fluoridation coverage; and area-based socioeconomic deprivation levels, to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of oral health complex interventions. Public health centres in Chile include state-funded primary care community clinics and hospital outpatient clinics, and they must submit data to the Department of Health Statistics and Information monthly. Data resource use With the dental examinations data included in the database, it is possible to calculate outcomes so as to assess dental caries trends in Chilean children. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the growing industry of elite assisted living in Chile, which represents a break with a longstanding culture of care provided at home by family members and domestic workers. How does this market, locally associated with deprivation, abandonment and standardization, become a legitimate option for the rich clientele it caters to? Drawing on 40 interviews with consumers and providers of institutional care, I show that the market for assisted living is moralized through material and symbolic continuities with forms of class privilege that residents feel slipping away. Respondents interpret assisted living as an extension of the domestic work previously consumed in clients' homes, they reframe care as an exclusive commodity and they highlight residents' entitlement to bend organizational structures and retain authority over space and labor. These findings shed light on the relationship of class to processes of cultural legitimation by revealing the extent to which not only the affective meanings of 'home', but its social hierarchies, play a role in moralizing markets of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological factors such as temperature, precipitation, and vegetation type have been reported to influence biogeographic patterns (e.g. species distribution, richness, and endemism) in mammals. In Chile, these patterns only had been explored in selected mammal groups from certain localities. In this study, we describe and analyze biogeographic patterns for all small mammals (marsupials, armadillos, bats, rodents), reported until 2020, in different climatic and ecological regions from continental Chile. Using a compiled database of 89 species, we estimated their distributional similarity, described and characterized richness and areas of endemism using Bayesian and Parsimony Analysis of Endemism, and linked species distribution with conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. We found three similarity units of species distribution based on climate: Arid, Temperate, and Polar; higher richness and endemism in north and south-central Chile; two areas of endemism, one in north and one in south; and a hotspot in south-central Chile. Finally, species of greater conservation concern showed a similar and small distribution range. The concordance in the distribution of the species with Chilean climatic regions (as determined by precipitation and temperature) suggest that the spatial distribution of Chilean small mammals is influenced strongly by those abiotic factors. This also could explain the patterns of richness and endemism and, therefore species hotspots. Variations of climatic factors therefore should be considered in explaining biogeographic patterns and conservation plans of Chilean small mammal species, because species of greater concern tend to be associated and having similar distributional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]