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This paper sets out to explore the different uses made of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Program for International Student Assessment (OECD-PISA) tests and data in mathematics education research. Through a comprehensive literature review of journals and conference papers, we show that although a large variety of topics is addressed, they do not cover all the topics considered in mathematics education research. Analysing the temporal and geographical distribution of papers, we find that there is increasing interest in the use of PISA in our field of research and that different countries are involved in different ways in mathematics education research about PISA. As a conclusion, we suggest that critical research into the effect of PISA can be developed further, especially in those countries that have joined the OECD survey in recent years. Other future research paths using data from PISA are detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient history assists clinicians in determining the most appropriate tests to identify the symptoms' source and select appropriate interventions. Therefore, a subjective history is an essential component of patient management. When physical therapist practitioners transition into academia, they must understand how the history of the education system may affect learners. Health disparities are related to the lack of workforce diversity and skills in cultural responsiveness, and the education system is critical in addressing the impact of future providers on health disparities. Developing a doctor of physical therapy program to address health disparities requires an analysis of the historical context of the US educational and health care systems, along with traditional components of physical therapist education. This country's education system was built upon a 2-tiered system, where minoritized individuals struggled to overcome barriers imposed by legislation and societal beliefs. Jim Crow laws continued this unequal access to education, and the recent Supreme Court ruling to deny race-based affirmative action continues these inequities. This historical context informed the construction of the College of Saint Mary Doctor of Physical Therapy Program. The program's mission led to using less traditional educational approaches; thus, the pillars of practice took form. The 5 pillars evolved to include social determinants, inclusive faculty and student recruitment and retention practices, equitable grading, culturally responsive pedagogy, and community development. The purpose of this paper is to present a historical overview of the US education system and its influence on physical therapist education. Furthermore, it will illustrate how this historical context inspired the 5 Pillars of Community Practice from College of Saint Mary and discuss the challenges and interventions related to these pillars. There are tremendous disparities in educational outcomes and patient services in the United States. Disparities are most significant in those with historically marginalized identities. If those disparities are to improve, a change is required in the people providing care to patients. The best way to accomplish this is by transforming how future providers are educated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between academic performance, gender, and science and technology grants. The empirical analysis is based on the Argentinean Fund for Scientific and Technological Research 'Scientific and Technological Research Projects' (FONCYT-PICT). The methodology is based on a multivariate decomposition for non-linear response models, an extension of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition. Results confirm the presence of a gender gap. Women have lower probabilities of being awarded with funds than men, even when academic trajectories are alike. Results show that even if the productivity gap is closed, men's and women's trajectories are differently valued against women, and this negatively impacts their probability of being awarded. Therefore, even if women manage to publish more and—somehow—be more cited, the gap will persist. Explicit public policy measures are required to close the current gap and stop reproducing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the impacts of attending better middle schools on the test scores, on-time graduation, self-reported socio-emotional skills, aspirations and high school track choices of marginally admitted students. A regression discontinuity design comparing students just above and below the admission threshold to higher-achieving middle schools in Mexico shows some modest gains on externally graded tests, but adverse effects on grade point average and on-time graduation. By the end of middle school, marginally admitted students feel academically inferior to their peers, obtain worse scores on measures of conscientiousness, and are more likely to shift their aspirations and subsequent schooling choices from academic to vocational programmes. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that unfavourable peer comparisons, stemming from direct observation or subjective teacher assessments, can be sufficiently important to affect students' educational trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the reliability and validity of student scores from paper–pencil and e-based assessments using the "maze" and "silent reading fluency" (SRF) tasks. Forty students who were deaf and hard of hearing and reading between the second and fifth grade reading levels and their teachers (n  = 21) participated. For maze, alternate form reliability coefficients obtained from correct scores and correct scores adjusted for guessing ranged from r  = .61 to.84 (p s  <  .01); criterion-related validity coefficients ranged from r  = .33 to.67 (most p s < .01). For SRF, reliability coefficients obtained from correct scores ranged from r  = .50 to.75 (p s  <  .01); validity ranged from r  = .25 to.72. Differences between student performance on paper–pencil and e-based conditions were generally non-significant for maze; significant differences between conditions for SRF favored the paper–pencil condition. Findings suggest that maze holds promise, with inconclusive results for SRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and communication technology (ICT) is often heralded to boost student learning. In this paper, we investigate the supposed benefits of ICT on student educational performance by considering the varied forms of ICT resources – access, skills, efficacy and different usage practices. We also examine the relationship between parental background, ICT and educational performance, employing notions from social reproduction and mobility theory, thereby investigating its role in processes of intergenerational transmission of educational inequality. Using PISA 2018 data, we examine 123,006 students' performance in Math and Reading. Results from fixed effects models indicate that ICT resources have a generic benefit to student learning, and mostly function as means to social reproduction. Our results indicate that having more ICT access and ICT skills seem to be most beneficial for students from advantageous family backgrounds, whereas using ICT for gaming seems most detrimental for high-SES students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Random forest is a powerful ensemble learning technique celebrated for its heightened predictive performance and robustness in handling complex datasets; nevertheless, it is criticized for its computational expense, particularly with a large number of trees in the ensemble. Moreover, the model's interpretability diminishes as the ensemble's complexity increases, presenting challenges in understanding the decision-making process. Although various pruning techniques have been proposed by researchers to tackle these issues, achieving a consensus on the optimal strategy across diverse datasets remains elusive. In response to these challenges, this paper introduces an innovative machine learning algorithm that integrates random forest with Naïve Bayes to predict student performance. The proposed method employs the Naïve Bayes formula to evaluate random forest branches, classifying data by prioritizing branches based on importance and assigning each example to a single branch for classification. The algorithm is utilized on two sets of student data and is evaluated against seven alternative machine-learning algorithms. The results confirm its strong performance, characterized by a minimal number of branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies the well-known cognitive bias of loss aversion from behavioural economics to student decisions over engagement with mathematically demanding coursework. This bias is shown to predict behaviour that is consistent with mathematics anxiety in a dynamic model of student engagement. It is shown that these forces can imply polarization in student outcomes with some students chronically disengaged in a low-attainment equilibrium, in the absence of any countervailing pedagogic interventions. However, the model illustrates that chronic disengagement is not necessarily equivalent to chronic apathy. Rather, students for whom the short-term cost of failure looms large are shown to be at heightened risk of disengagement. The model is used to understand and evaluate various elements of the mathematics anxiety literature including the role of formative assessment, the fixed and growth mindset models, the efficacy of task-oriented achievement goals, the cognitive interference and motivation enhancement models of test anxiety, the provision of remedial classes and technology-enhanced solutions to learning and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale student assessments are a cornerstone of proposed educational reforms to improve student achievement from very low levels in low- and middle-income countries. Yet, this promise relies on their presumed reliability. I use direct audit evidence from a large Indian state (Andhra Pradesh) to show that, as currently administered, official learning assessments substantially overstate proficiency and understate the 'learning crisis' of low student achievement. In an experiment covering over 2,400 schools, I evaluate whether digital tablet-based testing could reduce distortion. Although paper-based assessments proctored by teachers severely exaggerate achievement, tablet-based assessments closely match independent test data and are much less likely to be flagged for cheating. Furthermore, I use the direct audit-based retest to directly validate existing (indirect) statistical procedures for detecting cheating at scale and establish that it would be feasible to monitor data integrity cheaply and at scale with such methods. Overall, these results suggest that well-designed technology-aided interventions may improve data integrity at scale, without which these learning assessments are unlikely to serve as a catalyst for policy action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this paper is to examine the link between severity in exposure to parental problem drinking in a Swedish national population sample of children aged 15–16 years. Specifically, we assessed whether the risk of poor health, poor relationships and a problematic school situation increase with severity in exposure to parental problem drinking. Methods National population survey from 2017 with a representative sample of 5 576 adolescents born in 2001. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). A short version of The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, CAST-6, was used to identify children with problem-drinking parents. Health status, social relations and school situation were assessed by well-established measures. Results The risk of having poor health, poor school performance and poor social relations increased with severity of parental problem drinking. The risk was lowest among children least severely affected (Crude models ranged from OR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.4 to OR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.8–2.6) and highest among children most severely affected (Crude models ranges from OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.3–2.1 to OR: 6.6, 95% CI 5.1–8.6). The risk became lower when adjusting for gender and socioeconomic position but were still higher compared to children without problem-drinking parents. Conclusions Appropriate screening and intervention programs are necessary for children with problem-drinking parents especially when exposure is severe but also at mild forms of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that austerity spending cuts harmed student performance in standardised national tests. To identify this relationship, we use cross-municipality variation in the timing of eligibility for the Italian Domestic Stability Pact as an exogenous shifter of local public spending. We then compare test scores for students that were from the same municipality, but who were exposed to different levels of austerity cuts based on their birth year. Combining administrative data on public spending and test scores with an instrumental variable model, we show that the test score impact from austerity spending cuts is around 5.1% of a standard deviation in math and 4.6% in reading. These effects are more pronounced for children with limited resources at home. We provide suggestive evidence that school budget cuts account for most of the observed test score impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital accumulation is a key driver of economic development across countries. Although previous studies have shown that country-specific circumstances (e.g., cultural, health-related, and educational factors) are strongly related with the accumulation of human capital in society, few studies have explored the importance of innate ability factors in general and ADHD-related behavioral symptoms in particular for cognitive skill outcomes. This paper hypothesizes and empirically establishes the educational burden of the ADHD-related behavioral symptoms on aggregate cognitive achievement outcomes. We use a novel compilation of the 2- and 7-repeat allele variants of the human DRD4 exon III gene that candidate gene association studies have identified as an important biomarker in the etiology of childhood ADHD. We find that our indicator for the prevalence of ADHD genetic risk in society has a negative and statistically significant impact on educational achievement. Additional sensitivity tests and estimation methods further corroborate our main hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a dynamic latent factor model to investigate the determinants of not in education, employment or training (NEET) status among adolescents in the United Kingdom. We bring together within one framework various determinants of NEET status, such as educational achievements, non‐cognitive skills, family socio‐economic factors, aspirations, mental health and local labour market conditions. We model the educational progress over multiple periods through the life of the young person, up to the completion of compulsory schooling. By taking into account this progression, we can determine the direct and indirect impacts of different determinants of NEET status, and the stage in the life of the young person at which each determinant is important. Our findings suggest that cognitive ability (as measured by educational achievements) remains the key predictor of NEET status. Further, while a range of individual and family factors determines NEET status, the impact of most of these factors is largely indirect, through ability formation and not necessarily direct. To gauge the relative contributions of various determinants, we conduct simulations to predict the probability of the young person being NEET under different scenarios and assumptions. The exercise indicates that the effects of aspirations of the young person, their school engagement, and the local youth unemployment rate on the likelihood of the young person being NEET are as large as boosting their cognitive skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Available data and recently developed estimation methods make it possible to assess school performance in terms of a production process, where ‘inputs’ of students, teachers, and resources are combined to create a very important ‘output’: the cognitive skills of students. This paper estimates the education production function using representative samples of middle-school students in 15 West European countries. The size of teaching classes is a particularly important feature of the educational production process because it can be relatively easily manipulated by policy makers. However, no statistically and economically significant class-size effect is detected by any of the evidence considered in this paper. The results suggest that, at least in the context of the resources and organizational structure of West European lower secondary education systems, expensive across-the-board reduction of class sizes is extremely unlikely to foster student learning. — Ludger Wößmann [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In common with other OECD countries, there is a gender gap in educational achievement in England favouring girls. This carries through to tertiary education. On the other hand, boys are far more likely to engage in STEM in post-16 vocational education and at university. The underachievement of boys overall, but over-representation in STEM, presents significant challenges for policy. This paper documents changes in the gender gap over the last 20 years in England and discusses findings in the light of international evidence. It concludes that education policies, in academic and in vocational spheres, can be designed to reduce gender inequalities that exist in both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel method to identify peer effects through exploiting fluctuations in the variances and covariances of outcomes over a social network. Endogenous and contextual peer effects can be disentangled by contrasting the covariances of the outcomes of peers with the covariances of the outcomes of peers of peers. Correlated effects are incorporated by allowing for unrestricted network level heterogeneity. The method is applied to the Project STAR data to study peer effects in academic attainment of first-year kindergarten students. Evidence is found of positive peer effects, which are statistically significant and consistent with the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To address social inequalities in adolescent substance use and consequent disparities in health, it is important to identify the mechanisms of the association between substance use and academic performance. We study the role of health literacy (HL) in the association between academic performance and weekly smoking, monthly alcohol use and cannabis ever-use among adolescents in Europe. Methods SILNE-R school survey data, which was collected in 2016–17 with paper-and-pencil-method from Hanover (GE), Amersfoort (NL) and Tampere (FI), were used (N  = 5088, age 13–19). Health Literacy for School-aged Children instrument was used to assess students' HL. Logistic regression analyzed the association of substance use with academic performance and HL, separately and in the same model. Linear and multinomial logistic regression analyzed the association between academic performance and HL. Results Poor academic performance compared with high was associated with smoking [odds ratio (OR) 3.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.83–5.49], alcohol use (OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 2.34–3.68) and cannabis use (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.89–3.48). Poor HL was also associated with each substance use (with ORs of 2.32, 1.85 and 1.29). HL was positively associated with academic performance (β = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.89–1.20). The associations between academic performance and substance use were only slightly attenuated after controlling for HL. Conclusions Academic performance and HL were both determinants of substance use, confirming their role in tackling the disparities in substance use. However, HL did not demonstrably mediate the association between academic performance and substance use. A wider set of factors needs to be tackled to address emerging social inequalities in adolescent substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates a dynamic model of price level, school performance, and school racial and ethnic composition in the State of Connecticut. The paper finds that increasing minority representation in a Labor Market Area reinforces the existing pattern of school segregation. Changes in segregation appear to be influenced by demographic trends in urban areas and by the labour market factors that determine those trends. There is no evidence, however, to suggest that this process affects housing prices; rather, the housing market appears to adjust relatively quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sustainable Development Goals set a triple educational objective: improve access to, quality of, and gender equity in education. This paper documents the effectiveness of a multifaceted educational program, pursuing these three objectives simultaneously. Using an experiment in 229 schools in rural Rajasthan (India), the study measures the effects of the program on students' school participation and academic performance over two years, while also examining heterogeneous impacts across gender and initial learning ability. It finds that the program increased student enrollment, with the largest effects among girls (7.2 percent in the first year, 12.8 percent in the second). There were large learning gains of 0.329 standard deviations (SDs) in the first year and 0.206 SDs at the end of the second year. The learning component of the intervention targeted both boys and girls – boys and girls benefited equally from the program in terms of test score gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helminth (worm) infections cause morbidity among poor communities worldwide. An influential study conducted in Kenya in 1998-99 reported that a school-based drug-and-educational intervention had benefits regarding worm infections and school attendance. Effects were seen among children treated with deworming drugs, untreated children in intervention schools and children in nearby non-intervention schools. Combining these effects, the intervention was reported to increase school attendance by 7.5% in treated children. Effects on other outcomes (worm infections, anaemia, nutritional status and examination performance) were also investigated.Methods: In this pure replication, we used data provided by the original authors to re-analyse the study according to their methods. We compared these results against those presented in the original paper.Results: Although most results were reproduced as originally reported, we identified discrepancies of several types between the original findings and re-analysis. For worm infections, re-analysis showed reductions similar to those originally reported. For anaemia prevalence, in contrast to the original findings, re-analysis found no evidence of benefit. For nutritional status, both original findings and re-analysis described modest evidence for a small improvement. For school attendance, re-analysis showed benefits similar to those originally found in intervention schools for both children who did and those who did not receive deworming drugs. However, after correction of coding errors, there was little evidence of an indirect effect on school attendance among children in schools close to intervention schools. Combining these effects gave a total increase in attendance of 3.9% among treated children, which was no longer statistically significant. As in the original results, re-analysis found no effect of the intervention on examination performance.Conclusions: Re-applying analytical approaches originally used, but correcting various errors, we found little evidence for some previously-reported indirect effects of a deworming intervention. Effects on worm infections, nutritional status, examination performance and school attendance on children in intervention schools were largely unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the first national qualitative study to examine diversity and progression within social work programmes in England, focusing on the experiences of disabled, black and ethnic minority and lesbian, gay and bisexual students. Data collected from ninety-five students and twenty-three social work education providers across eight higher education institutions (HEIs) suggested an institutional effect on rates of progression, linked to the degree of orientation towards systemic change. The study found that social work educators tended to place more emphasis on 'equality of access' than 'equality of outcomes', resulting in a lack of focus on other aspects of the student life cycle such as inter-group dynamics and rates of progression through the programme and into employment. This paper highlights the importance of a 'transformational' organisational change approach to creating an institutional culture where students from minority groups feel welcome and can thrive. Leadership, monitoring and an institution-wide sense of collective responsibility for diversity and equality policy implementation emerged as key to creating a more inclusive environment, alongside equipping staff to take a pro-active role in facilitating high-quality, respectful interaction between different members of the HEI community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that explicit notetaking instruction in EAP courses has positive effects on student notetaking. However, many studies limit measurement of notetaking ability to immediately after an intense period of instruction. Thus, the retentional effects of notetaking instruction have yet to be investigated in the longer term. To address this research gap, this paper reports on a study that assessed students' notetaking performance prior to, immediately after, and then again four months after the notetaking instruction to examine the retentional value of notetaking instruction. Samples of student notes (n = 40) from these three time points were analysed through 'information units' to determine any changes. Results indicate that the instruction had a positive and significant effect on performance in the short term and that student performance lessened over time. Pedagogic implications stemming from these findings, including regular notetaking practice and consistently reviewing notetaking strategies, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do national high-stakes exams affect educational expansion across the world? High-stakes exams are conventionally viewed as systems of exclusion that constrain enrollments. In this paper, we situate exams within a broader historical and institutional context and argue that the constraining effect of exams on educational enrollments is a recent phenomenon. Exam systems diffused globally at a time when schooling was a limited enterprise, linked to just a few occupational roles. The later emergence of more inclusive visions of education, culminating in the Education for All (EFA) movement, propelled rapid global educational expansion. In this context, national high-stakes exam systems institutionalize earlier logics of selective education and consequently blunt the impact of more recent expansionary norms. Using panel regression models and a newly constructed dataset of 142 countries from 1960 to 2010, we show that high-stakes exams are associated with lower enrollments. However, this association is strongest in recent years, and exams interact negatively with measures of international pro-educational norms and pressures on nation-states. These findings are consistent with our historical/institutional argument: Exams constrain enrollments in recent years, in part by rendering nations less responsive to global expansionary pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality assurance (QA) has received increasing attention in the Chinese higher education (HE) sector. This paper examines the QA system in HE in China and its influence on university governance and academic performance. It starts with an introduction into the development of the QA system, and is followed by a discussion of how QA affects accountability and autonomy from the perspective of the faculty. Given that different stakeholders have different understandings of education quality, the next section contributes to the debate on whether the current system is designed for improvement of learning experience, or as a means of effective government control. This paper concludes by highlighting the importance of involving faculty and students in the current QA system to enhance the quality of HE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates how our understanding of natural talent affects questions of educational justice. We argue that education debates currently suffer from a naïve understanding of 'nature versus nurture' and present a more rigorous approach that allows us to see what is required for fair treatment of students. As it stands, there is controversy over the extent to which a student's achievements are a result of their natural talent, as opposed to the quality of their education. For those on the nature side of the debate, students who are performing poorly just are not cut out for academic life, and redoubling efforts at furthering their education is both a waste of resources for society and pointless torture for the student. For those on the nurture side, failing students are a sign of a failing education system. To make progress on educational justice, we must move away from attempts to simply assign proportional influence to natural talent and education, respectively, and instead look at the broader landscape of individual reactions to a range of educational environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using annual data from 1850 to 2010 for Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA, this paper examines the impact of immigration and the immigrants' educational and cultural background on unemployment. Instruments for 27 emigrating countries are used to deal with the feedback effects from unemployment to immigration. The results show that educated immigrants, in particular, and immigrants from Protestant countries significantly reduce unemployment, while poorly educated and non-Protestant immigrants enhance unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The desire to measure faculty's teaching productivity has led many medical school departments to create academic productivity metrics and evaluation systems to track clinical and/or nonclinical teaching efforts. The authors investigated these metrics and their impact on teaching productivity and quality in the literature. Methods The authors performed a scoping review using keywords to query three publication databases. A total of 649 articles were identified. The search strategy resulted in the screening of a total of 496 articles after the removal of duplicate articles, of which 479 were excluded. A total of 17 papers met the criteria. Results Four of the 17 institutions exclusively measured clinical teaching productivity, and all four reported 11-20% gains in teaching or clinical productivity. Four of the six institutions that tracked only nonclinical teaching productivity shared quantitative data and experienced a variety of gains from measuring teaching productivity that centered on greater participation in teaching. The six institutions that monitored both clinical and nonclinical teaching productivity provided quantitative data. The reported effects ranged from greater learner attendance at teaching events to increases in clinical throughput and teaching hours per faculty member. Five of the 17 institutions tracked quality using qualitative measures, and none of these institutions observed a decrease in teaching quality. Conclusions Setting metrics and measurement of teaching seems to have had a generally positive effect on amounts of teaching; however, their impacts on the quality of teaching are less clear. The diversity of metrics reported makes it difficult to generalize the impact of these teaching metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In contrast to other medical specialties, trainees in Geriatrics have historically provided an increased contribution to clinical workload in General Internal Medicine and a reduced output of academic achievements. More recently, development of non-clinical skills has been recognised to have similar importance to clinical skills and the South East (SE) London Geriatrics Training Programme has thus supported trainees in applications for Out of Programme (OOP) opportunities to optimise career progression. Methods: Doctors who had undertaken specialist registrar training in the SE London Geriatrics Training Programme at any time between 2011 and 2019 were sent a questionnaire to assess whether they had completed time OOP and whether they had been awarded research grants, published papers in peer-reviewed journals, had abstracts accepted for presentation at conferences, and/or published book chapters during their training programme. Chisquared and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare data between registrars who had completed time OOP and those who had not taken time OOP. Results: 77 (24 male; 53 female) registrars completed training in the SE London Geriatrics Training Programme between 2011 and 2019. 71 registrars (92%) completed the questionnaire, of whom 31 (44%) completed time OOP. In total, registrars were awarded 15 research grants, published 86 papers in peer-reviewed journals, had abstracts accepted for 184 conference presentations and published 20 book chapters. A notably increased proportion of registrars who took time OOP had an output of research grants, papers published in peer reviewed journals, abstracts accepted for presentation at conferences and/or book chapters respectively compared with registrars who had not taken time OOP (23% vs 5% ; 61% vs 23%; 84% vs 33%; 45% vs 5%). This equated to a combined academic output in 94% of registrars who completed time OOP compared with 48% who did not (p <0.001). Conclusions: A very strong association existed between registrars in Geriatrics taking time OOP and academic achievement substantiating the training programme’s aspiration to support development of non-clinical skills that may be helpful to trainees in their future careers. It would be worthwhile further work being undertaken in this area in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of quality in scientific research is a complex problem. The use of more objective scientometric indices in research evaluation emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. These scientometric indicators, among which the most common one is probably the journal impact factor (IF), are increasingly employed to evaluate the quality of scientific research performed by individual scientists, research groups, or institutes. In China, the IF is used not only to measure a journal's scientific influence, but has become increasingly important as a basis for recruitment or promotion, awards of research funding, grants, and authors' academic advancement. But in fact, the assessment of research mainly based on the IF will cause much academic 'froth', so it is necessary for universities and research institutions to reset the academic assessment system in China. In the assessment of scientific research, more research activities, like the organization of conferences and seminars, the coordination of research groups, and the participation to conferences, should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, there has been an upsurge in studies on the evaluation of universities using different indicator systems, which has resulted in a multiplicity of indicators. This paper tries to identify which are the most important indicators for the evaluation of higher education institutions, since currently there is no consensus on this. We use the Delphi technique to try to achieve some sort of consensus among a group of experts occupying senior academic and management positions in the Spanish higher education (HE) system, with in-depth knowledge of HE institutions evaluation. The paper contributes directly to both theory and practice by providing a list of prioritized critical indicators for the evaluation of HE institutions. Although the analysis focuses on experts from Spanish HE institutions evaluation, our findings can be generalized to other European HE institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a natural experiment in Israel to assess the impact of school teaching resources and how it is used, "time-on-task", on academic achievements and noncognitive outcomes. It exploits variation induced by a change in the funding formula that reduced instructional resources funding for some schools and increased them for others. The results suggest that increased school resources and students' spending more time at school and on key tasks all lead to increased academic achievements with no behavioral costs. Separate estimations of the effect of increasing subject-specific instructional time per week also show positive and significant effects on math, science, and English test scores and small and nonsignificant effects on Hebrew test scores. However, there are no cross effects of additional instructional time across subjects. This evidence is robust to using different identification strategies. The evidence also shows that a longer school week increases the time that students spend on homework without reducing social and school satisfaction and without increasing school violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of school education in India. First, it places India's educational achievements in international perspective, particularly against countries with which it is now increasingly compared, especially China. Second, the paper examines schooling access in terms of enrollment and school attendance rates, and schooling quality in terms of literacy rates, learning achievement levels, school resources, and teacher inputs. Third, the paper investigates the role of private schooling in India, examining the extent of growth of private schooling and surveying evidence on the relative effectiveness and unit costs of private and public schools. Last, the paper discusses some major public education initiatives. The concluding section suggests a future research agenda and appeals for rigorous evaluation of the impacts and costs of the numerous existing educational interventions, in order to learn about their relative cost-effectiveness for evidence-based policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines evidence on the effect of class size on student achievement. First, it is shown that results of quantitative summaries of the literature, such as Hanushek (1997), depend critically on whether studies are accorded equal weight. When studies are given equal weight, resources are systematically related to student achievement. When weights are in proportion to their number of estimates, resources and achievements are not systematically related. Second, a cost-benefit analysis of class size reduction is performed. Results of the Tennessee STAR class-size experiment suggest that the internal rate of return from reducing class size from 22 to 15 students is around 6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the achievements of the Labour government's education policy between 1997 and 2001. Tony Blair claimed that his government would make education a priority. The first part of the paper reviews the scale of education spending in relation to the economy at large and within the education budget. The second part of the paper looks at the productivity of schools. How far have the changes that have affected schools in the past 10 years, and in the past 5 years in particular, had an impact on the quality of school achievements? The paper suggests there have been significant improvements, not just on average but especially in the gains made in poor areas and in the least good schools. Finally the paper discusses the funding of higher education, the introduction of income‐related loans to cover maintenance, and up‐front fees. The paper concludes that some serious errors were made in policy design. Even so, the use of the Inland Revenue as the collection agency was a successful innovation and should be built upon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The push for holistic admissions practices in physical therapy education has evoked concerns that learners who are culturally and linguistically diverse might be less qualified than the predominant demographic traditionally admitted into programs. The implications are that culturally and linguistically diverse learners struggle academically and experience challenges passing the National Physical Therapy Examination. However, as the academic preparedness of learners is discussed, rarely does the conversation include the capabilities of faculty to teach these learners. As cohorts continue to include learners from a greater variety of backgrounds and identities, the largely homogenous professorate, with more than 80% identifying as White, might need training in culturally responsive pedagogy to best serve learners from all backgrounds and identities. Educators often use a "one-size-fits-all" approach in which learners are expected to use the same resources and pace for assignments, readings, and assessments, regardless of their learning strengths or academic preparation. That approach fails to empower educators to design curricula and instruction to position all learners to excel in the classroom. This Perspective explores strategies to support all learners through three dimensions of culturally responsive pedagogy: institutional, personal, and instructional. To truly transform society, we must first transform physical therapy education. Culturally responsive pedagogy advances and supports all student achievement by recognizing, fostering, and using their strengths in the learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attracting overseas scientists back to their home countries is an important scientific policy in the era of globalization. The returnee scientists not only have the potential to make high academic achievements by themselves but are also expected to influence other scientists. Using a data-set of 1,006 scientists from Chinese State Key Laboratories, this study finds that recruiting young returnee scientists has a positive effect on the number of their peer's highly-cited articles. It is also found that the peer effect is not achieved through the promotion of international collaborations of local scientists. It may be realized through other mechanisms, such as knowledge spillovers. As shown in the heterogeneity analysis, the adaptation of returnee scientists and the absorptive capacity of local scientists have an impact on the peer effects of the returnees, which reflects that knowledge dissemination and absorption play significant roles in the returnee's peer effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girls have a substantial advantage over boys in terms of reading performance throughout all OECD countries. This paper investigates whether the structure of a country's educational system is related to this gender inequality in reading performance. We assess whether standardization of educational curricula and the age at which students are selected into educational tracks affect boys' and girls' reading performance differently. To test our hypotheses, we employ data from all six Programme for International Student Achievement waves enriched with contextual information on countries' educational systems (N  = 1,425,356). Results show that in country-years with more standardized curricula overall reading performance is lower and the association between standardization and reading performance is more negative for boys than for girls. In counties with educational systems in which students are selected into educational tracks at later ages, gender differences in reading are larger because girls benefit more from late selection. These results indicate that educational policies at the country level are related not only to the reading performance of all students, but also to the underperformance of boys in reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of adaptation in expectation formation processes by analyzing how educational tracking in high schools affects adolescents' educational expectations. I argue that adolescents view track placement as a signal about their academic abilities and respond to it in terms of modifying their educational expectations. Applying a difference-in-differences approach to the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988, I find that being placed in an advanced or honors class in high school positively affects adolescents' expectations, particularly if placement is consistent across subjects and if placement contradicts tracking experiences in middle school. My findings support the hypothesis that adolescents adapt their educational expectations to ability signals sent by schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a conceptual contribution to the understanding of the 'alternative logics' (Pollitt) occurring in performance measurement systems in crucial public policy domains. The major focus is on what has been referred to as 'logic of escalation' (Pollitt) that manifests itself where performance measurement is strongly geared toward quantified performance indicators. What characterizes this logic is the unfolding of a peculiar dynamics through which performance measurement becomes increasingly expansive and technical (and hence costly), and, in political terms, control-focused. Drawing mainly on the conceptual resources of Edmund Husserl's phenomenological philosophy, as well as on Michael Power's work on (performance) measurement, it is shown that this sort of dynamics is linked to the constitution of quantitative performance measures as 'abstractions from abstractions'. In addition, I highlight some of the organizational dimensions of the 'logic of escalation'. I use the current Australian research evaluation system as a paradigmatic case to exemplify and ground my major conceptual points and observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to shed light on how research and development (R&D) funding plays a role in producing academic articles in Shenzhen from 2008 to 2020. The metadata from the Web of Science database, various governmental documents, and relevant literature can help understand the structure of R&D spending, the publication of scholarly articles, the funding programs, recipient institutions, research categories, and how geographical factors play a role. The prosperous economy has enabled the increased input of municipal and national governmental funding. The majority of scholarly articles are now funded publicly rather than privately and are published by public universities and research institutes rather than private firms. Geography plays an important role in the cooperation of Shenzhen's scientists and other domestic and worldwide scholars. To better understand the academic performance of Shenzhen, this article used a bibliometric method to compare its academic performance with that of Silicon Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates community impoverishment and industrialization as explanations for educational gender gaps in rural China with analysis of a multi-­province household survey and a longitudinal study of youth in one impoverished province. We consider attributes of poor communities that might shape gaps and the related roles of household and community poverty. Three major results emerge from this paper: community impoverishment, not industrialization, correlates with gaps; poverty and isolation shape gaps differently at different educational levels; and girls in relatively wealthy households fare better than boys at the transition to high school. Results suggest the importance of theorizing differences by educational stage and the need for research that conceptualizes the non-local dimensions of industrialization as potential considerations in educational decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper addresses the transformation of competition in higher education. Not only have competition and competitive schemes dramatically developed in the last decades, from competition for students to competition for budgets and competition for professors, but the nature of competition has also evolved, leading to new forms of competition, especially on the segment where this evolution has been the strongest, i.e. research universities. It is argued that competition in higher education is no longer only occurring between individuals and countries, but has become institutional, leading to a multi-level form of competition and transforming universities into competitors. This competition is framed as a competition for quality which has become more organized and equipped, and that increasingly relies on impersonal judgment devices. It is shown that this growing form of competition has spawned new classifications and categories, and that alliances of competitors belonging to the same category (like leagues, guilds or associations) are simultaneously emerging. Consideration will be thus given to how competition and cooperation intersect and combine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the link between public education expenditure and human capital inequality. I build a model of human capital formation where government intervention in education is justified by the existence of credit constraints. The framework provides conditions on the level of economic development and income inequality under which the educational policies are elitist, that is, they increase the spread between the educational achievement of bright and less bright individuals. With the use of the measures of educational inequality constructed for both developed and developing countries by Castelló and Doménech, I also present descriptive evidence that provides some support to the model's predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choice and competition in education have recently found growing support from both policymakers and academics. Yet evidence on the actual benefits of market-orientated reforms is at best mixed. Moreover, although the economic rationale for choice and competition is clear, in existing work there is rarely an attempt to distinguish between the two concepts. In this paper, we study whether pupils in Primary schools in England with a wider range of school choices achieve better academic outcomes than those whose choice is more limited; and whether Primary schools facing more competition perform better than those in a more monopolistic situation. In simple least squares regression models we find little evidence of a link between choice and achievement, but uncover a small positive association between competition and school performance. Yet this could be related to endogenous school location or pupil sorting. In fact, an instrumental variable strategy based on discontinuities generated by admissions district boundaries suggests that the performance gains from greater school competition are limited. Only when we restrict our attention to Voluntary Aided schools, which have more freedom in managing their governance and admission practices, do we find some evidence of a positive causal link between competition and pupil achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an estimate of the impact of educational attainment on juvenile conviction rates using information at the Local Education Authority in England. The empirical analysis uses aggregate conviction rates over time for three cohorts of young people, born between 1981 and 1983, and their corresponding educational attainments, poverty indicators, time away from school and school resources. Results using mixed-effects models show that the increase in educational attainment between cohorts is associated with reductions in conviction rates for most offences (burglary, theft, criminal damage and drug-related offences) but not for violent crime. Reductions in poverty are associated with decreasing conviction rates for violent crime, criminal damage and drug-related offences, whereas increasing unauthorized time away from school is associated with higher convictions rates for theft. The results are important, as they complement current empirical studies by looking at the impact of education on cohort-specific conviction rates over time and at the impact of education on different types of offences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way parents take influence on the education of their children is a crucial aspect of intergenerational mobility. Unlike in the UK or in the US, in Germany an important decision about which educational track to follow is made at a relatively early stage: after primary school, at the age of ten. In this paper, we use micro data to analyse the association between parents' education and profession, and secondary track school choice and subsequent career prospects of the child. Our analysis covers the last six decades. We demonstrate that parental background is strongly related to the secondary track choice of the child, and subsequent educational achievements. We find a slight convergence for individuals from different parental background over the last decades. We also find a positive trend for females to follow higher secondary school tracks, keeping parental background constant. The association between parental class and educational choice translates into substantial earnings differentials later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of politics upon secondary school tracking in formerly socialist Czechoslovakia. Using multinomial logistic regression, the author focuses on the effects of family background on the likelihood of making the transition to vocational, professional, or academic secondary schools. He hypothesizes that socialist policies had a threefold influence on educational attainment at the secondary level. First, they may have reduced the extent of educational reproduction. Second, they may have trimmed down the educational gap between lower and higher status children. Third, they may have established a new inequality based on parental political status. Educational expansion, unlike `communist affirmative action', noticeably reduced educational reproduction at the secondary level. Positive and negative discrimination on the basis of parental occupation considerably diminished the advantage of higher status children in the transition to vocational and professional secondary schools in the early 1950s and early 1970s, but never affected access to academic secondary schools. The political status of parents played a historically variable role in determining their children's educational chances, representing an advantage in the periods of orthodox communism and a disadvantage in the years of relative political liberalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explains where the school choice idea came from and summarizes the state of the debate. It reviews developments in school choice reform in the United States before examining what is new in "The Economics of School Choice," edited by Caroline Hoxby. Hoxby's own paper addresses the relationship between school choice and productivity, where by productivity she means producing higher achievement in pupils for each dollar spent. The idea that educational outputs are not unidimensional and that this can generate incentive problems is explored. The key concept of accountability has been discussed.

This paper studies the education policy chosen by a utilitarian government. In the model, households differ in their income and in their children's ability; income is observed by the government, but ability is private information. Households can use private education, but cannot borrow to finance it. The government can finance education with income tax, but at the cost of blunting the individuals' incentive to exert labour market effort. The optimal education policy we derive is elitist: it increases the spread between the educational achievement of the bright and the less bright individuals, compared to private provision. It is also such that the education received by less bright individuals depends positively on their parental income. Finally, the optimal education policy is input regressive, in the sense of Arrow (1971, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 38, 175-208): households with higher income and brighter children contribute less in tuition fees towards the cost of the education system than households with lower income and less bright children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK government is introducing new sets of indicators designed to measure the performance of universities. A first wave of indicators was published in December 1999. A performance indicator based on graduate employment outcomes will follow. This paper proposes a method for developing employment-related performance indicators based on the analysis of data on the first destinations of a full cohort of league from pre 1992 universities in the United Kingdom. We analyst- the determinants of graduate first destinations and suggest a method for the construction of university performance indicators. We also discuss limitations of league tables based on university performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]