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Over the past several decades, citizenship status has become more important in immigrant lives and communities in the United States. Undocumented adults who arrived as children, the 1.5 generation, comprise a growing percentage of the immigrant population. Although they are similar to children of immigrants born in the United States (the second generation) they face a variety of barriers to integration due to their lack of legal status. Based on over five years of ethnographic fieldwork with mainly 1.5 and second generation Mexican-American men during a period of major healthcare reform, this paper addresses how citizenship status and embeddedness within multi-status communities impacts immigrant experiences in the healthcare domain. In particular, I argue that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has contributed to an institutionalization of the status differences and a further differentiation in the social integration of these groups of children of immigrants. The novel methodological approach and the data which emerges through fieldwork reveals important insights into the process whereby healthcare reforms have consequences for immigrant communities which I show through highlighting the status-signaling event that is generated through various forms of direct and indirect interaction with the ACA. The implications of this extend beyond healthcare, and I discuss its impact on issues including ethnic identity and psychological well-being. This paper makes contributions to both our understanding of intergroup dynamics in immigrant integration and the health implications of immigration policies more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM)'s biennial conference in Liverpool in July 2018, members gathered to discuss a short working paper developed by the Society's executive committee to articulate the values underpinning the SSHM's mission. The occasion marked the first public discussion of this document, in development since 2015, which was intended to encourage disciplinary self-awareness and engagement, to give a sense of the breadth and importance of work carried out in our field and to spark broader discussion. To further these aims as the Society celebrates its fiftieth anniversary, the working paper appears here, accompanied by a foreword from the Society's Policy Development Officer and the lightly revised invited responses shared that day by five members at different career stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A call for papers and panels is presented in regards to the International Society for Public Law's Inaugural Conference which is scheduled to be held on June 26-28, 2014 in Florence, Italy, and it also provides an introduction to the journal and acknowledgments for contributors such as Asli Bali

The article comments on the papers presented by Virginia Yans-McLaughlin and Leonore Davidoff regarding the history of working-class women and the immigrant families in the U.S. The author states that the two essays have so much bearing on very important questions on the relationships between industrialization, the working-class family, women's and children's work and cultural values. The interpretation of Yans-McLaughlin of the experience of in-migration and work in Buffalo of southern Italians postulates a separation of cultural traditions from economic and social factors.

The article comments on a study by David Montgomery that appeared on the June 1974 issue of the "Journal of Social History," regarding the growth of a new unionism in the U.S. during early twentieth century. The author commends Montgomery for documenting the growth of a new unionism with syndicalist tendencies, but without formal connections to the Industrial Workers of the World of the Socialist party. However, there are some issues regarding the study that he would like to raise. The first is whether the control struggles in the years between 1909 and 1922 were directed toward industry-wide worker control.

The article comments on the essays presented by Leonore Davidoff and Virginia Yans-McLaughlin, which appeared in a previous issue of the "Journal of Social History," regarding the social conditions of servants and wives and of Italian immigrant families. According to the author, the essay of Davidoff reveals much about the relationships of servants to each other, about the position of servants in the household and about the hierarchy of rank in the great house. However, she fails to explore economic changes that altered the objective conditions of social life and surely altered the experiences of females even where they remained merely wives and servants.

The article presents a call for papers related to material culture in the Netherlands and themes of globalization, migration, and multiculturalism.

This paper examines the work of a group of Railwaymen Poets, whose verse has been collected as part of the Piston, Pen and Press project. It explores their writings both as part of an emerging theme of accident and loss poetry surrounding the railways in Victorian culture but also more specifically as interrelated texts produced by workers sharing common experiences. Whilst many wrote about all manner of subjects, not just the railway accident, public fascination with accident reporting allowed them to both pursue their literary endeavours and also to use poetry as a form of catharsis. Their poetry, this paper argues, should be read as a collective expression of emotion around the dangerous and loss-ridden nature of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article establishes the social history that connected British imperialism, the medical profession, and the meaning of its work through the career of a prominent Irish surgeon, Peter Johnstone Freyer, between 1875 and 1921. Although the social history of professions has been of frequent interest among contributors to this journal, their readings have maintained particularly "structural" accounts of what provides professions with their power and authority. From this perspective, professions are made and maintained by formal education, the strength of the associations between their members, and how they practice their knowledge. In recent years, however, such accounts have been called into question by scholars who seek to emphasize the "imaginative" qualities of professions, that is, the active processes by which they situate their ethics, values, and institutions in relation to particular cultures external to the formal structures of the profession itself. This is the premise from which I work in order to demonstrate the ways in which the social and cultural contexts provided by British imperialism shaped the meaning of Freyer's practice in genitourinary medicine, both in India and metropolitan London. As a result, I augment pre-existing accounts of this medical specialty, which have been written in line with structural accounts of the social history of professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food entitlement decline (FED) and food availability decline (FAD) are two approaches to explaining famines that have different policy implications. One focuses on the systemic level, whereas the other is concerned with the individual level. They therefore analyse relatively distinct causal mechanisms. Thus, an important question is whether these approaches can be reconciled. Another related question is how FAD- and FED-based explanations relate to classical Malthusian views about rapid food requirement increase (FRI). This paper analyses these questions and argues that these three approaches can indeed be reconciled within a single framework by outlining the causal sources of FAD, FED and FRI. This task requires, among other things, the separation of ontological categories and empirical measures. As a consequence of this argument, the paper suggests that there are only seven possible ontological combinations of how a famine situation can arise as a direct cause. Simultaneously, it maintains that there are virtually an infinite number of ways in which these combinations may act as indirect causes (rooted in economic, political and social conditions). The analysis is exemplified by the Bengal famine of 1943 because that famine is a well-known case. The wider research and policy applicability of this general account are discussed but have yet to be tested in relation to other scarcity cases (water, land, fish). This synthesis is made possible by the incorporation of critical realist interventions into economic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After more than thirty years of post-war relative regional convergence, since the 1980s geographical inequalities in economic prosperity and social conditions have widened again in most capitalist countries. In this paper we argue that this resumption of spatial inequality is in part explained by the significant changes observed in the role of the state and in public intervention in the shift from the post-war 'Keynesian' regime of state regulation to the 'Neoliberal' regime that has held sway over the past four decades. We argue that most public policies enacted in this latter period have actually exacerbated socioeconomic – and spatial – polarization, favouring a few metropolitan areas and regions at the expense of a substantial number of what are now commonly referred to as 'left behind places'. We contend that we are now at a new juncture in the evolution of capitalism: in the space of little more than decade the global system has been destabilized by a major financial crisis (2008) and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), both with enduring socio-economic aftershocks, while the climate emergency is reaching existential proportions. In this Editorial Introduction we call for a bold 'rethinking' of public action - and especially spatial policy - to face these recurring crises, and we outline some pointers for more effective and inclusive policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thrust of this paper is that to understand the roles institutions play in society, a deep analysis of opportunism and its implications is necessary. For that purpose, a transactions costs-cum-positive political theory approach is developed, with a focus on the role of institutions and their implications for regulatory commitment. A major issue is restraining political opportunism. Countries that have succeeded in developing a healthy private sector are those that have developed institutions that restrain governmental decision-making. But such restraining is itself a political choice. Countries with electoral and legislative systems that bring about decentralized government have stronger chances of developing equilibria where government discretion is restrained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Executive Committee of the Society for the Study of Social Problems approved a plan to pre-publish papers to be presented. The special problems committees of the Society are encouraged to share in this, although it will be by decision of each committee. It is planned that all of the presentations on the two symposia will be pre-published. Papers to be pre-published must be submitted not later than April 15, 1958. An expanded version of some of the papers will be printed in the journal "Social Problems." Probably the majority will be mimeographed and distributed before the annual meeting to the membership at cost. Not later than a month after distribution of the papers those who wish to be considered as discussants will submit a criticism of the paper. From these the committee chairmen will select persons to serve as discussants, although they may ask others to serve in addition. Each discussant will be given about seven minutes. The aim is to provide a maximum amount of time for discussion of the presentations.

This paper uses articles from the East African Medical Journal to trace medical authorities’ changing conceptions of East Africa’s tuberculosis problem from the 1920s through the 1970s. In the early decades of this colonial publication, contributors identified racial susceptibility as the source of East Africa’s rising tuberculosis rates. After the British Medical Research Council began collaborating on anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy experiments in the region around mid-century, contributors identified economic scarcity—specifically a lack of medical resources—as the root of East Africa’s tuberculosis problem. In reducing economic scarcity to an experimental variable, researchers construed East Africa and the developing world as naturally ‘resource poor’. At the same time, they used this identity as a backdrop for finding new chemotherapy regimens (six-month short-course chemotherapy) that worked even in low-income settings. Biomedical experiments and technologies, this paper argues, shaped and were shaped by conceptions of East African difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first elaborates 'Art' and the aesthetic as these concepts emerged in the eighteenth century, and uncovers the conflict between the resulting ideal of 'art for art's sake' and the increasing use 'art therapy' for personal and social purposes. Taking this conflict to be a reason for the rejection of 'Art', it considers two accounts of 'the end of Art', one by Arthur Danto and the other by Nicholas Wolterstorff. The paper argues that both accounts fall short of adequately recognizing the presence of the aesthetic in everyday life, and that once we do acknowledge the properly aesthetic character of 'Design', a way of thinking is opened up that can make better sense of art therapy. The paper concludes with a brief indication of where the next philosophical question about art therapy lies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonial and settler colonial dispossession is performed through various forms of violence, justified by cultural, historical, religious and national imperatives. In this paper, I define one of these forms of violence as the occupation of the senses, referring to the sensory technologies that manage bodies, language, sight, time and space in the colony. This paper analyses the parades, marches and festivals performed in the Palestinian city space of occupied East Jerusalem; shares the slogans, chants and graffiti used by Israeli civil, religious and nationalist entities; and explores what is lived, seen, heard, felt and smelled by the colonized to uncover the political violence implicated in the occupation of the senses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an intervention into current debates about the demise of feminist politics in neoliberal times. It draws on an empirical study of women working the spaces of power over the last 50 years to trace different mappings of the ‘landscapes of antagonism’ in which feminism and neoliberalism are entangled. The paper challenges singular conceptions of both feminism and neoliberalism, and seeks to offer a political–cultural analysis that does not erase the possibility of politics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Stemming from the literature that examines the importance of structure as a means that produces agency, this article aims to analyze Palestinian women's agency in Israel as negotiation with particular conflicting structures. While Middle Eastern women‘s agency is structured within Arab religious and cultural resources, Palestinian women’s agency in Israel, We claim, is not only structured by Arab cultural and religious resources, but is also structured by Jewish–Israeli spatial-cultural resources. This paper analyses two sources from which Palestinian women in Israel derive agency and examines the interplay between them: (a) Palestinian cultural resources and (b) Israeli–Jewish cultural-spatial resources. By analyzing this agency and coping resources, we seek to conceptualize a more extensive theoretical model that draws on existing Middle Eastern feminist literature concerning Arab women, with attention to the unique realities of Palestinian women's life in Israel and the varied structuring resources available to them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper engages with Jacques Derrida’s writings on ‘hospitality’ to discuss how, in a situation of protracted displacement in Sri Lanka, policy categories interact with local categories to make particular understandings of ‘internally displaced persons’ (IDPs) and their ‘hosts’. Using the notions of conditional and unconditional hospitality, the paper first shows the political and ethical principles underpinning local and international humanitarian discourses and practices for dealing with internal displacement. Second, the paper analyses how the two categories of IDPs and hosts emerge, are negotiated and redefined by looking at the hospitable engagements between the two groups. The paper analyses how hospitality operates and governs the relationship between IDPs and hosts and consequently shapes particular identities and rights. The paper concludes by indicating the need to encompass both different international humanitarian approaches and local approaches in dealing with internal displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents case studies on how Cuban universities have increasingly become directly involved with the economic and social development of the country. The paper shows how Cuban universities, from the late 1980s and early 1990s, started reorientation and organization of their scientific research, becoming more directly and intensely involved in the economic and social development of the country. In this connection, special reference is made to the case of a research group at the University of Havana: the Laboratory of Synthetic Antigens. This group developed the first synthetic vaccine for human use approved in the world. In the article, public policies involved in this success as well as different obstacles are discussed. These obstacles demonstrate the difficulties and challenges that universities face when carrying out research and innovation activities related to economic and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the everyday history of one of the groups of auxiliary workers in industrial towns of Britain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing primarily from journal and newspaper records, this paper examines the work of knocker ups and the ways in which they became intimately tied to the lives of industries and primary industry workers. The paper then focuses on how knocker ups became highly influential in industrial towns through the multifarious jobs they performed – sometimes knowingly and sometimes less consciously. In so doing, this paper challenges the prevailing notion that auxiliaries merely served their primary clients by waking them up, and re-visualizes the position of knocker ups in industrial towns not as mere auxiliaries but as crucial contributors to social, political and economic life as well as partners in law enforcement in a broad variety of circumstances. The findings suggest a need to revise long-standing views of labour in industrial Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article, Christopher MacEvitt posited that historians should eschew the term 'crusader states' to describe the four polities formed in the Levant and Syria as a result of the First Crusade (the kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch, and the counties of Edessa and Tripoli), arguing that crusading and its remembrance had little influence in the east, and so these states should not be viewed as extensions of the west. This paper seeks to offer a critical response to this by making use of the methodological approaches which have recently traced the emergence, influence and definitions of crusading in the Latin West and have re-situated the movement within broader patterns of elite behaviours and cultural identities. The aim, therefore, is to examine the processes of identity formation among Latin settlers in the east, the active remembrance and memorialisation of the First Crusade, and, most especially, what influence the latter had over the nature of inter-cultural contact. It does so by adopting an interdisciplinary approach, which incorporates textual, literary, vernacular, documentary, material and artistic evidence. It will be argued that, although the term 'crusader state' cannot be used in a monolithic sense, it nevertheless remains a crucial medium through which to understand the complex social and cultural history of the Latin polities of Outremer, as well as their impact on the Near East. Examination of this concept not only contributes to modern understanding of these states, it also lends greater depth to historiographical discussions on the nature of the crusading movement as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social history of individuals with leprosy living in Singapore under the law of compulsory segregation. Using official sources and oral history interviews, the paper explores both the colonial and postcolonial states' motivations behind the policy and its effects on leprosy sufferers and the public at large in a cosmopolitan, progressive country. First, by tracing the continuity of the colonial policy into the postcolonial period, segregation, it is argued, stemmed not only from British anxieties towards the Asian 'races', which appeared to be the case in the earlier era, but from a deeper 'high modernist' resolve, shared by both the British and the postcolonial People's Action Party governments, to mould individuals into model subjects and citizens using the principles and techniques of modern science and administration. This paper also presents patient experiences of and responses to segregation and the social stigma against leprosy. It contends that official social control over the leprosarium was never completely hegemonic but was continually contested, individually and collectively, and overtly and covertly, by the residents, giving form in the long run to semi-autonomous ways of everyday life in the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies 'key moments' over a forty-year period of the history of Scottish social work, from the publication of Social Work and the Community in 1966 to the outcome of the 21st Century Review contained in Changing Lives of 2006. A recurring theme is the Scottish dimension, for social work in Scotland needs to be understood as distinct in many important respects from social work elsewhere in the UK. The paper traces the evolution of a vision - of a unified profession promoting social equality - underlying Social Work and the Community, arguing that its redefinition in Changing Lives represents both a departure from the earlier, radical aspirations and an opportunity for Scottish social workers to re-examine the question of professionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study asks one crucial question: How do Lebanese women apply available social capital and informal social networks to engage in political activism for women's rights? Building on social- and women's-movement theories, I argue that Lebanese feminists do not exclusively operate in the public sphere in their fight for political goals, nor do they privilege only the extra-family space. On the contrary, they engage in political activities by using extended family networks as a form of weak social ties. I construct this argument on the basis of interviews, observations, and analysis of Lebanese feminists' writings. This paper introduces the concept of mahsoubieh as a form of weak social ties generated within connective family networks. Specifically, I examine how elite, intellectual, and middle-class Lebanese women activists use the positive social capital generated by mahsoubieh to gain credibility, diffuse their political stances, and develop countervailing power. Aspects such as the size, reputation, and respectability of their kinship networks aided the Lebanese women in their fight to change the legal structure concerning women's rights and political representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a literature review undertaken for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister in 2004 (Buchanan et al., 2004) on the impact of government policy in England and Wales for children aged from birth to thirteen at high risk of social exclusion as recorded up until May 2004. It describes the concept of 'social exclusion'; its meaning for children; the aims of government policy; the specific impact of government policy on vulnerable families and children in need (including children needing child protection and all 'looked after' children) as defined by the 1989 Children Act. The paper demonstrates that although progress has been made, there are still major areas of concern. The more discursive parts at the end of the paper reflect the views of the author and later thinking, and were not part of the original submission to the Social Exclusion Unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic researchers in developing countries are increasingly called upon to gear their research efforts towards solving contemporary social problems. The dominant research paradigm in their academic institutions is however not conducive to such endeavours. This paper proposes a participatory paradigm, based on the principles of activity theory, as a basis for community development work. The paper elaborates on the process needed to develop a participatory research project and presents two examples to illustrate the characteristics of such an approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how mobile messaging apps have changed the way that people microcoordinate. It is based on five focus groups of young adults in Singapore and Taiwan. Originally, microcoordination usually assumed dyadic interaction using either SMS or mobile voice calls. Increasingly, mediated communication uses mobile messaging apps that allow multisided interactions that facilitate task-based chat groups. Groups are easily formed but can be difficult to manage. This paper advances our understanding of microcoordination via the use of messaging apps. Specifically, it provides insights into the dual roles of instrumental and expressive interaction integral to the functioning of these messaging groups, ambient-mediated sociation in the form of readily available communication partners in groups, and the emergence of meme-based coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article connects changes in administrative and bureaucratic processes that historians associate with state formation in early modern Britain with overlooked developments in thinking about political accountability. It blends the social history of state administration with intellectual history, and involves synoptic analysis as well as striking case studies. It argues that innovative political thinking emerged from new forms of political practice, and from the experiences of humble officials in the localities. Such individuals were increasingly professionalized and specialized, and their work was increasingly described using the language of trust, public interest, and state's service. The mid-seventeenth century accentuated the process by which they came to be accountable to a centralized state, not least through the routinization and intensification of quotidian practices associated with enhanced communication between center and locality. Ultimately, the article argues that such processes, as well as more regular and direct interactions between political elites and humble officials, encouraged new kinds of political thinking. These were not quite unintended, but they may not have been fully anticipated either, and they involved innovative attempts to subject higher officials to oversight from "below," and to legitimize their accountability to an adjudicating public, in ways that may even have had a lasting effect on English political culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international Convention on the Rights of the Child has been commended by many states and welcomed with much enthusiasm. What remains now is to consider the extent to which the principles contained in the Convention can be applied to all state signatories. The task of evolving universal definitions of the many principles and concepts contained in the Convention is crucial to the wider acceptability of the Convention. One of the key concepts in the Convention is the concept of the best interests of the child. It is argued in this paper that the way this concept is to be interpreted and applied by states will be influenced to a large extent by the social, political and economic conditions of those states. The main objective of this paper is to show how economic and social factors give meaning to this concept in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. My aim is not to give a comprehensive definition of the concept. Rather, the paper tries to provide a general exposition of the factors which do play a role in the process of defining and applying this key concept of the Convention. This paper is concluded by noting that the worsening economic conditions of Africa have led to the narrowing of the best interests concept to mean simply the satisfaction of the child's material needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the predictors of job satisfaction among public sector social workers in occupied Palestinian territories. Using a quantitative design, data were collected in summer of 2016 through a paper-based, self-administered questionnaire (N = 237). Using hierarchical multiple regression, the three models explained 15 percent to 32 percent of the variance in job satisfaction. In the final model, coefficient indicated that monthly income, contract work status, service orientation, and supervisory support are related to job satisfaction. Respondents with more children and lower salaries showed lower levels of job satisfaction. Respondents who are working as temporary contract workers, who have positive attitudes toward the social work profession, and who have positive attitudes toward supervisory support are more likely to be satisfied with their job. Implications for administrative practice and policy are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop an institutional movement logics approach to analyze the structure and dynamics of the US social movement field from 1960 to 1995. Using protest event data taken from the Dynamics of Collective Action dataset, we elicit the most salient combinations of issues, tactics, and targets reported to co-occur at protest events in four periods: 1960–1965, 1966–1972, 1973–1987, and 1988–1995. The analysis reveals the existence of six movement logics of varying breadth, flexibility, and stability. We also detect two important shifts in the overall structure of the field, one toward a broad and flexible form of state-centric politics and one toward several differentiated and narrowly defined forms of nonpolitical contention. We find support for two key premises of the institutional movement logics framework, limited diversity, and relative stability within and between logics while showing that a longer time frame offers a window on field dynamics not visible with shorter study time frames. We close by providing suggestions for further research seeking to build on the institutional movement logics approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As organizations become increasingly mediatized, the roles of professionals are reshaped and negotiated, and the boundaries between professional and private relationships are blurred. In this context, the extent to which one identifies with his or her organization might play an important role. This paper investigates how professionals construct their digital identities on social media sites, focusing in particular on their willingness to overlap private and work profiles to create a univocal online persona. Based on a sample of 679 communication and marketing managers, the paper analyzes the self-representational choices of professionals and demonstrates how organizational identification influences professionals' tendency to combine their domains under one online persona, and their confidence to use social media in a professional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the implications of the changing roles of women for consumer research. Three groups of women--feminists, moderates, and traditionalists-- were included in the study. Differences and similarities among the groups were observed in selected life-style and demographic characteristics. The study focuses on some sociological aspects of changing roles of women, and formally incorporates them into consumer behavior measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing inclusion and self-reliance at community level is gaining ground in policy terms, due – in part – to the need to increase the efficiency of public spend, associated with the global financial crisis. Within Scotland, this shift is manifested through multiple policy and community interventions seeking to enhance resilience of communities. Measuring community resilience remains challenging as there is a lack of practical tools and assessment methods to capture aspects of ‘change’. The research presented here is based on the ‘Capacity for Change’ programme, which, through community engagement and empowerment, seeks to enhance the capacity of rural places and develop inclusive communities. The paper presents (i) an evaluation model for measuring community resilience and (ii) empirical findings that derive from deploying the model in a real-life scenario. Based on 155 face-to-face interviews with inhabitants from rural communities, resilience is revealed as being multi-scalar and interdependent, indicating the importance of ‘unpacking’ resilience by exploring different levels of its social and economic components. The findings indicate the significance of inter-connectivity of local and regional, and those less and more resilient areas. In addition, it shows that locations with more diversified services and resources are reported by their residents as being more resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent decades, the study of the history of medicine and psychiatry has grown and interest has been developed in the particular social and institutional configuration of fields such as child psychiatry. That historical literature has, however, accounted mainly for the Anglo-American world and a research gap persists with regard to other national contexts. Drawing on a historiography of medical archives in Portugal, this paper aims to analyse the social, institutional and political conditions behind the rise of child psychiatry. Such an analysis will inquire into the international, national and local factors that played a part in that historical process and suggests a periodisation beginning in 1915, when the Medical-Pedagogic Institute was first created, and concluding in 1959, when ‘child neuropsychiatry’ was finally recognised by the Portuguese Medical Board. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the concept of inclusive community development and its relevance to the ethnogenesis and empowerment of Gypsy and Traveller communities. Critics have asserted that such an approach can hold the danger of encompassing an assimilationist agenda, that seeks to ‘civilize’. The paper argues that community development can be community-driven but ideally should be a gradual process, delivered in stages where external and outsider assistance can in fact be of use. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores health care in one Lancashire working-class community during the golden age of biomedicine. Both the biomedical and alternative medical services available in the town are examined. The services provided by one community ‘wisewoman’; ranging from the respectable, such as midwifery, to the illegal, including abortion are a key focus. This case study is used as a way to engage with a larger theme in the history of medicine, namely, the tension between orthodox biomedical science and more traditional and alternative approaches to health care. The ways in which during the early twentieth century, traditional healing networks found ways to survive despite the increasing power and reach of biomedicine are demonstrated. This evidence points to the complexity of working-class attitudes to medical authority and practice during the period in question. In Rochdale, the working-class community remained slow to accept the orthodox challenge to traditional beliefs concerning health and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summary: The paper analyses health consequences of forced civilian displacement that occurred during the war in Croatia 1991–1995 which accompanied the demise of Yugoslavia. During the Serbo‐Croatian conflict a quarter of Croatian territory was ceded, 22000 people were killed and more than 500000 individuals were displaced. Using the Croatian Adult Health Survey 2003 we identify the causal effect of forced migration on various dimensions of measured and self‐assessed health. To circumvent the self‐selection into displacement, we adopt an instrumental variable approach where civilian casualties per county are used as an instrument for displacement. We find robust adverse effects on probability of suffering hypertension and tachycardia as well as on self‐assessed health and ‘Short form health survey’ health dimensions. Comparing ordinary least squares with instrumental variable estimates yields a conclusion of a positive selection into displacement with respect to latent health. Given the likely violation of the exclusion restriction, we use a method which allows the instrument to affect health outcomes directly and conclude that, even with substantial departures from the exclusion restriction, displacement still adversely affects health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional migrants' numbers are rising throughout the world, but the phenomenon itself is changing. Research on professional migration often examines the situation in 'Western' countries. In contrast, this paper investigates the rising numbers of (mainly) young, educated, middle-class EU citizens who relocate to Singapore and Japan. Singapore, as a hub for the Asia-Pacific region and forward-looking industries, attracts career-oriented professionals seeking challenges and adventure. Japan lures with its cultural abundance but is hardly accessible for people without Japanese language proficiency. Despite these differences, migration to both places results in similar outcomes as it introduces migrants to a mobile life involving destinations that are significant for their labor market characteristics. It further demonstrates how a generation that grew up with the concept of borderless Europe construct their individual 'worklife pathways' beyond the European continent. Depending on the socio-cultural context, the intersections of race and gender shape their migration experiences. Such dynamics have to be understood in relation to recent global developments including the challenges that the European Union is currently facing and Japan's struggle to cope with a declining workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the way in which service providers in East Anglia, a region of the United Kingdom, in 2002–2003 represent asylum seekers as problematic, isolated, and largely vulnerable dependents. In doing so, support organizations assume an exclusive position of expertise and knowledge of asylum seekers' predicaments. This exclusivity can be understood as the ‘official explanation’ [Spivak, G. C. (1987) In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics, Methuen, New York/London, p. 114] put forth by organizations in order to ensure that they maintain a degree of influence in government policy, as well as to ensure a competitive edge in the arena of service provision, and to lobby and advocate the needs of asylum seekers. This paper explores the paradox of an organized system of support that works to assist asylum seekers to be independent and yet in doing so represents asylum seekers as dependent and excludes them from decision-making processes. However, by considering asylum seekers' speech-acts, we can recognize that what they talk about is in itself a strategy employed to push the boundaries of their predicament and to negotiate a possible future. In doing so, the development of an active dialogue between asylum seekers and the services that assist them can be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The United States criminal justice and welfare systems are two important government institutions in the lives of the poor. Despite many theoretical discussions about their relationship, their operation at the level of offenders and families remains poorly understood. This paper utilizes Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing data to examine how recent paternal incarceration is associated with families' receipt of TANF, food stamps, and Medicaid/SCHIP. Results robust to multiple tests find that incarceration is not related to subsequent TANF receipt but is significantly associated with increased receipt of food stamps and Medicaid/SCHIP. The findings suggest that greater government involvement among poor families is an unexpected consequence of mass imprisonment; however, increased participation does not include TANF – the cash assistance program of most concern to theorists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper aims to argue how education might be considered and practised if not under the logic of the formation of childhood. As such, it puts into question the traditional way of considering children as representing adults' opportunity to impose their own ideals, and considering education to be an appropriate instrument for such an end. More specifically, it considers how the purposes of practising philosophy with children might be affirmed as other than in the service of the social and political education of childhood. This complex issue calls for a redefinition, not only of philosophy and education, but also of childhood itself. Several ancient (Heraclitus) and contemporary (Deleuze, Lyotard) philosophical contributions are offered in order to reflect on new concepts and vocabularies for childhood. What they have in common is a non-chronological concept of childhood-one that considers the child under the sign of aión rather than chrónos, and therefore as something inherently constitutive of human life, which therefore could never be abandoned, forgotten or overcome. As an example of this deterritorialisation of the relation between childhood and education, a practical project undertaken in a couple of public schools in the environs of Rio de Janeiro and its environs is presented, in which a strong emphasis is placed on the concept of the 'experience of philosophical thinking'. The paper unpacks each of these three terms-experience, philosophy, and thinking-appealing to Foucault, Deleuze and Hadot for conceptual reconstruction. In addition, some basic pedagogical assumptions that informed this project are presented in the context of two philosophers who inspired it-Socrates and Jacques Rancière. The last section of the paper reflects on how the practice of mainstream schooling seems actually hostile to the experience of philosophical thinking, thus challenging the practitioners to encounter the pedagogical space of the mainstream as if it were possible to establish a new educational relationship to childhood there, and to work fully expecting what cannot be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of research in the context of the Dutch spatial planning procedure 'Room for the River'. We start from the idea that research is strategically used to create space in negotiation processes, where stakeholders often have competing claims on natural resources. Multiple data collection techniques allow us to reconstruct and understand the critical events that led to the decision to depolder De Noordwaard. Within each critical event we describe and analyse how research and other resources were mobilized by policy-makers and other stakeholders to open up or close down negotiation space. By doing so, this paper contributes insights into the factors that influence the effective mobilization and contribution of research towards exploring sustainable solutions to complex environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many developing countries confront serious problems in benefitting from the advancement of knowledge; a main difficulty being to expand the learning processes. Related policies have been jeopardized by weak market demand for knowledge. Both supply-side and demand-side science and technology and innovation policies have thus been below expectations. This paper argues that to reverse this long trend, current policies can profitably be complemented by a set of innovation policies conceived as social policies, which can simultaneously answer a strong social demand for knowledge and expand endogenous innovative capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of an information society has created new social exclusions and aggravated old ones by creating digital exclusion. Many countries have explicit policies about turning themselves into the leaders of such transformations or about catching up with the changes made in other countries. Nevertheless, little is known about their efforts to bridge the gap between the digital 'haves' and the digital 'have-nots'. Governments in East Asia are good examples of those who work on improving their society's digital capabilities. They top most of the related international comparison tables. It is, however, not clear what they have done to bridge the new digital exclusion gap or what the effects of such efforts have been. This paper reviews the digital inclusion strategies put in place by several East Asian countries and discusses, a framework for tackling the digital divide, and examines pertinent policies, using Hong Kong as an example. This paper argues that while improvement in information communication technology (ICT) accessibility and knowledge is important, the promotion of community-based ICT user networks for certain disadvantaged groups is crucial to enhance their participation in the information society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a premise that social work practitioners in rural locations, especially those in remote areas, will often find themselves the subject of policy and resource decision-making processes that are not sympathetic to their situation. This is based on a lack of awareness of rural practice issues both from the inside as well as the outside of such contexts. Social workers in rural areas are in fact well placed to engage in imaginative and proactive rather than purely reactive types of practice. They can promote effective community capacity building as well as help individuals in need. If they are to achieve these potentials they have to take responsibility for exploring such themes themselves, within frameworks and understandings created through professional training alongside proper recognition by employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores eighteenth-century Scottish military service in a way that moves beyond debates about its role in the formation of Britishness. It makes some comparisons with Irish experience, and argues that many Scottish soldiers of the time were part of a wider European fraternity of military men. A study of their lives provides us with a window onto a comparatively neglected bigger subject – European consciousness among the eighteenth-century British and Irish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses a moral panic mobilized by the Israeli government, targeting single mothers who protested against a new economic plan that led to dramatic cuts in their welfare benefits. The moral panic occurred during a period of political and economic transition when Israel was moving toward a market-oriented mode of government. By incorporating issues concerning new modes of penal rationalities and practices into the analysis of the dynamics of moral panics, the paper shows that the Israeli campaign was shaped and supported by ideologies and beliefs central to the working of the political economy of neo-liberalism. The analysis shows that the moral panic was similar to other moral scenarios in its external form, but not in its internal content, which was conditioned by the wider context of neo-liberal regime and its techniques of rules and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the rise of a group of affluent urban Christians in the post-Mao market transition to shed light on China's church-state relations in the reform era. Based on ethnographic data collected in Wenzhou, the most Christianized Chinese city and a pioneer in developing China's current market economy, this study portrays how local believers, many of whom are private entrepreneurs, engage postsocialist state power. It shows that these Christian entrepreneurs actively seek the state's recognition and renegotiate the boundaries of religion and politics in the context of development. They have adopted their modern capitalist cultural logic in the production, management and consumption of religious activities. Adding to the post-Weberian literature on religion and capitalism, this paper argues that regional capitalist development enabled by post-Mao reforms has largely depoliticized and promoted local practices of faith. Challenging the unidirectional view of China's church-state relations that focuses on state dominance and church resistance, this paper also contributes to a reconceptualization of Chinese Christian studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]