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Electrochemical water splitting, a sustainable method for hydrogen production, faces the challenge of slow oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. Iridium oxide (IrO2) is widely regarded as the most effective catalyst for OER due to its excellent properties. Compared to nanoparticles, IrO2 thin films exhibit significant advantages in OER, including a uniform and stable catalytic interface and excellent mechanical strength. This paper reviews recent advancements in one-step deposition techniques for the preparation of IrO2 thin films and their application in OER. Additionally, it analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and the latest research achievements, and briefly outlines the future trends and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a HfO2 coating was developed on an Ir matrix using a customized open-tube airflow, cold-wall chemical vapor deposition instrument. The preparation process and structure of the as-prepared coating were investigated to gain insights into its characteristics. The HfO2 coating effectively prevents direct contact between Ir and O, leading to a reduction in the oxidation rate of Ir. Furthermore, defects such as micropores and cracks generated during sealed oxidation erosion contribute to Ir's decelerated oxidation failure. The as-prepared HfO2 coating exhibits low thermal conductivity and a high heat radiation rate, reducing the coating's surface temperature. These characteristics significantly enhance adversity tolerance and increase the working temperature of the coating. Moreover, the as-prepared HfO2 coating can serve as a diffusion barrier, blocking both the direct contact of O with the Ir coating and the diffusion of other elements to the Ir coating. As a result, the rates of diffusion of other elements to the Ir coating are reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate voltage measurement of distribution networks is of great significance in power dispatching and fault diagnosis. Voltage sensors based on the spatial electric field effect do not require grounding, which provides the possibility for the distributed measurement of transmission line voltages. However, the divider ratio of suspension grounding voltage sensors is affected by the height between the sensor and the ground, as well as the distance between the sensor and the telegraph pole. In this paper, a self-calibration method based on internal capacitance transformation is proposed to realize the on-line calibration of suspension grounding voltage sensors. The calibration is accomplished by switching different parameters in the conditioning circuit, and the calibration process does not require power failure or known input excitation. In addition, the impact of electric fields in the other two phases of three-phase transmission lines on measurement through simulation research is quantified in this paper. In order to reduce the impact of interference electric fields, an equipotential shielding structure is designed. The circuit topology and probe prototype have been developed and testing has been conducted in laboratory conditions; the experimental results show that the maximum relative error of voltage amplitude is 1.65%, and the phase relative error is 0.94%. The measurement accuracy is not limited by the height to ground or the distance to the telegraph pole. In addition, in the application of an equipotential shielding probe, the maximum deviation of measured voltage is 0.7% with and without interference electric fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the important parameters characterizing the cable's operation status, an accurate measurement of the current is particularly important for the cable's reliable operation and status monitoring. Aiming at the problem that the sum of the current phasors of multiphase cables is 0 when running in a steady state, and that the traditional mutual inductance current measurement method cannot be used for the phase current measurement of such cables, or that the insulation layer needs to be damaged, this paper proposes a non-contact measurement method of three-phase cable current, based on the magnetic field decoupling calculation. When combined with the actual parameters of the three-phase cable, the analytical calculation model of the magnetic field distribution of the three-phase cable is established. The relationship between the output ratio of the sensor and the deflection angle is obtained through theoretical derivation, the magnetic field coupling coefficient matrix is determined, and the transfer relationship between the output of the magnetic sensor and the current of each phase is clarified; an array magnetic field sensor is designed, which can sense the information of the adjacent magnetic field independently and is used for the reconstruction of three-phase currents. The effectiveness of the proposed method was tested on the built three-phase four-core cable current measurement test platform. The experimental results show that under the three-phase current balance, the measurement error of phase A, phase B and phase C is less than 2.8%, and the waveform and phase angle of the three-phase current can be well restored, which verifies the three-phase current measurement method proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-phase four-wire power cables are a primary kind of power transmission method in low-voltage distribution networks. This paper addresses the problem that calibration currents are not easily electrified during the transporting of three-phase four-wire power cable measurements, and proposes a method for obtaining the magnetic field strength distribution in the tangential direction around the cable, finally enabling online self-calibration. The simulation and experimental results show that this method can self-calibrate the sensor arrays and reconstruct the phase current waveforms in three-phase four-wire power cables without calibration currents, and this method is not affected by disturbances such as wire diameter, current amplitudes, and high-frequency harmonics. This study reduces the time and equipment costs required to calibrate the sensing module compared to related studies using calibration currents. This research offers the possibility of fusing sensing modules directly with running primary equipment, and the development of hand-held measurement devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is a challenging issue due to the dynamic nature of the network. To improve the performance of data dissemination, we study distributed data replication algorithms in VANETs for exchanging information and computing in an arbitrarily-connected network of vehicle nodes. To achieve low dissemination delay and improve the network performance, we control the number of message copies that can be disseminated in the network and then propose an efficient distributed data replication algorithm (EDDA). The key idea is to let the data carrier distribute the data dissemination tasks to multiple nodes to speed up the dissemination process. We calculate the number of communication stages for the network to enter into a balanced status and show that the proposed distributed algorithm can converge to a consensus in a small number of communication stages. Most of the theoretical results described in this paper are to study the complexity of network convergence. The lower bound and upper bound are also provided in the analysis of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed EDDA can efficiently disseminate messages to vehicles in a specific area with low dissemination delay and system overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tracking and positioning of transmission lines is a key element for UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to achieve autonomous inspection of transmission lines. Current methods are vulnerable to weather and environmental factors, have high costs, and have difficulties in data processing. Therefore, this paper proposes a transmission line tracking and localization method based on the electric field sensor array, which calculates the current UAV's heading angle deflection angle, the distance between the transmission line and the UAV, and the elevation angle, providing a new idea to solve the problem of UAV inspection of transmission lines. At the same time, the electric field distribution of different arrangements of three-phase transmission lines was analyzed using COMSOL to determine the flight area of the UAV. By comparing the electric field distribution of the UAV flight area and single-phase transmission lines, it was verified that the current method is also applicable in the three-phase transmission line scenario, and it was further verified that the sensor array used can sense the change of the UAV position in the flight area, indicating that the electric field sensor array can realize the transmission line tracking and localization of transmission lines. The experimental results showed that, in the three-phase transmission line scenario, when the sensor array moves along the transmission straight wire, the maximum absolute error of the heading angle deflection angle calculated according to this method was 8.2°, the maximum absolute error of the distance between the array and the transmission line was 19.3 cm, and the maximum absolute error of the elevation angle was 11.37°; the error was within a reasonable range and can be used for the UAV to realize autonomous inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]