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Lipid lowering, with the use of statins after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), is a cornerstone, well-established strategy for the secondary prevention of ischemic events in this high-risk cohort. In addition to the positive effect on lipid levels, statins have also been linked to improved atherosclerotic plaque characteristics, such as plaque regression and inflammation reduction, associated with the extent of reduction in LDL-C. The recent emergence of PCSK9 inhibitors for the management of dyslipidemia and the more extensive lipid lowering provided by these agents may provide better prevention for ACS patients when initiated after the ACS event. Several trials have evaluated the immediate post-ACS initiation of PCSK9 inhibitors, which has shown, to date, beneficial results. Furthermore, PCSK9 inhibitors have been linked with positive plaque remodeling and associated mortality benefits, which makes their use in the initial management strategy of such patients appealing. Therefore, in this review, we will analyze the rationale behind immediate lipid lowering after an ACS, report the evidence of PCSK9 inhibition immediately after the ACS event and the available data on plaque stabilization, and discuss treatment algorithms and clinical perspectives for the use of these agents in this clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the world, and that is why finding an effective and multi-functional treatment alternative to combat these diseases has become more important. Fibrates and thiazolidinediones, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma are the pharmacological therapies used to treat dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. New mechanisms of action of these drugs have been found, demonstrating their pleiotropic effects, which contribute to preserving the heart by reducing or even preventing myocardial damage. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of PPAR agonists and regulating morphological and physiological heart alterations (metabolic flexibility, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, structural remodeling, and inflammation). Moreover, clinical evidence regarding the cardioprotective effect of PPAR agonists is also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient drug delivery methods are crucial in modern pharmacotherapy to enhance treatment efficacy, minimize adverse effects, and improve patient compliance. Particularly in the context of glioblastoma treatment, there has been a recent surge in interest in using natural dietary components as innovative carriers for drug delivery. These food-derived carriers, known for their safety, biocompatibility, and multifunctional properties, offer significant potential in overcoming the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. This article thoroughly overviews numerous natural dietary components, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, used as drug carriers. Their mechanisms of action, applications in different drug delivery systems, and specific benefits in targeting glioblastoma are examined. Additionally, the safety, biocompatibility, and regulatory considerations of employing food components in drug formulations are discussed, highlighting their viability and future prospects in the pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify the most effective method for enhancing the quality of beef gel during refrigeration. To achieve this objective, the effects of various types of starch on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of beef gel during refrigeration were investigated. In this study, ground beef gel was chosen as the research subject, and six different types of starch were added: 6% tapioca starch, cassava-modified starch (acetylated distarch phosphate, ADSP), potato starch (PSP), modified potato starch (acetate starch, SA), corn starch (CSP), and modified corn starch (hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate, HPDSP). The quality indicators of ground beef were measured and analyzed throughout the cold storage at 4 °C on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. The results demonstrated that the water capacity of beef mince supplemented with PSP and HPDSP was significantly greater (p < 0.05). Additionally, the gel strength was found to be the highest, while the mesh structure formed in the ADSP group was the greatest. Furthermore, HPDSP, PSP, and SA effectively inhibited the oxidation of meat fat, with SA showing a relatively good effect on delaying the oxidation of meat mince protein. The addition of starch can, to a certain extent, inhibit lipid and protein oxidation in meat mince. In conclusion, starch significantly enhances the quality of beef mince by improving water retention, gel strength, and microstructure during refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Reportedly, statins can decrease MMP activity in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but this effect has not been studied in healthy individuals. Methods: MMPs 2, 7, and 9 and several other parameters were measured before and after a four-week course of moderate-dose atorvastatin (20 mg/day) in 21 healthy individuals. Results: Atorvastatin treatment resulted in lower total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides (p < 0.001 for all), but higher levels of plasma enzymes AST, ALT, CK, and LDH (p < 0.05 for all). No effect of atorvastatin on plasma MMP median concentrations was recorded. Before treatment, moderate positive significant correlations were found between MMP-7 and age, blood lipids, and blood count-derived inflammatory markers. Pre-treatment MMP-7 was best predicted by the total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in a remnant cholesterol-weighted least squares regression model. After atorvastatin treatment, MMP-7 no longer correlated with these markers. Conclusions: While the effect of statins on plasma MMPs in atherosclerosis is controversial, short-term moderate-dose atorvastatin treatment does not seem to affect levels of MMPs 2, 7, and 9 in healthy individuals. However, an intriguing correlation between MMP-7 and atherosclerosis-related blood lipids and neutrophil-associated inflammatory biomarkers seems to be disrupted by atorvastatin independently of hsCRP, possibly via pleiotropic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the oral mucosa that affects between 0.5% and 2% of the general population. In the last decade, several studies have associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with some inflammatory skin diseases such as oral lichen planus, demonstrating the presence of dyslipidemia in these pathologies. The objective of this work is to review whether patients with OLP show higher dyslipidemia and CRP levels compared to a healthy control population without OLP. Methods: Searches were carried out in Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane. The studies had to perform a histopathological diagnosis for OLP and the patients could not take any medication to treat this disorder. Non-lichenoid reactions were included. Results: After an initial search that provided us with 254 papers, this number was reduced to 10 articles after a detailed evaluation. All of them were case–control studies that compared the presence of analytical cardiovascular risk factors in patients affected by OLP and in healthy subjects. Conclusions: There is no scientific evidence of the possible association between OLP and CVDs. The only association we can prove is the one between OPL and CVD risk factors, especially those related to the lipid profile. More studies are needed in order to evaluate this relationship in patients diagnosed with CVDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses for reference intervals (RIs) establish ranges of physiological normality, which are useful to diagnose diseases and physiological alterations. The initial days after calves arrive at the feedlot are the most critical because several stressors affect immunological and metabolic responses of high-risk newly received calves. Surprisingly, no reports determine RIs for different enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses in high-risk newly received calves during this stage. This study is the first to establish RIs for different enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses in high-risk newly received calves in this period. This information will be useful for veterinary clinical practice and research related to the health and welfare of high-risk newly received calves during their initial period at a feedlot. Enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses for reference intervals (RIs) establish ranges of physiological normality, which are useful for diagnosing diseases and physiological alterations. Within the same species, RIs vary according to age, gender, productive and physiological states, and environmental factors including health management and nutrition. RIs have been extensively studied in dairy calves during a critical stage of life (from birth up to first 90 days of age). A critical stage for feedlot calves is their arrival at the feedlot, but no reports determine RIs for different enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses during their initial period at the feedlot. Consequently, a total of 461 high-risk crossbreed beef calves, received on three different dates, were examined upon arrival at the feedlot. Of these, 320 calves (148.3 ± 1.3 kg body weight) whose "clinical health" was evaluated were included in the study. Blood samples were taken upon arrival and on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 to determine the following parameters: enzymic activity, metabolites, electrolytes, white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells. Enzymic activity, metabolites, and complete blood count were determined by automated analyzers. The freeware Reference Value Advisor Software was used to calculate the non-parametric values of RIs. This study is the first to establish RIs for different enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses in high-risk newly received calves during their initial period at the feedlot. This information will be useful for veterinary clinical practice and research related to the health and welfare of high-risk newly received calves during their initial period at the feedlot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are organic nonpolar molecules with essential biological and economic importance. While the genetic pathways and regulatory networks of lipid biosynthesis and metabolism have been extensively studied and thoroughly reviewed in oil crops such as soybeans, less attention has been paid to the biological roles of lipids in rice, a staple food for the global population and a model species for plant molecular biology research, leaving a considerable knowledge gap in the biological roles of lipids. In this review, we endeavor to furnish a current overview of the advancements in understanding the genetic foundations and physiological functions of lipids, including triacylglycerol, fatty acids, and very-long-chain fatty acids. We aim to summarize the key genes in lipid biosynthesis, metabolism, and transcriptional regulation underpinning rice's developmental and growth processes, biotic stress responses, abiotic stress responses, fertility, seed longevity, and recent efforts in rice oil genetic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms including cognitive impairment and dementia. The etiopathogenesis of PD, as well as its protective and susceptibility factors, are still elusive. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is an enzyme regulating cholesterol synthesis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene coding HMGCR have recently been correlated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Alternative splicing of exon 13 of the HMGCR transcript and its strongly associated HMGCR haplotype 7 (H7: rs17244841, rs3846662, rs17238540) may downregulate protein activity and cholesterol synthesis, with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels associated with PD that may affect cognitive abilities. We genotyped three SNPs in the H7 HMGCR gene in 306 PD patients divided into three groups—without cognitive decline, with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and with PD dementia—and in 242 healthy participants. A correlation between the rs17238540 genotype and PD susceptibility as well as a minor association between rs3846662 and cognitive status in PD patients was observed; however, the two-sided analysis of these groups did not reveal any significance. We observed a statistically significant elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) plasma level in the minor allele carriers of rs17238540 and rs17244841 among PD patients. This study should be replicated in a larger population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregation of α-synuclein (αSyn) and its accumulation as Lewy bodies play a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism by which αSyn aggregates in the brain remains unclear. Biochemical studies have demonstrated that αSyn interacts with lipids, and these interactions affect the aggregation process of αSyn. Furthermore, genetic studies have identified mutations in lipid metabolism-associated genes such as glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1) in sporadic and familial forms of PD, respectively. In this review, we focus on the role of lipids in triggering αSyn aggregation in the pathogenesis of PD and propose the possibility of modulating the interaction of lipids with αSyn as a potential therapy for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence to support a link between abnormal lipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Similarly, observational studies suggest a comorbid relationship between AD and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the intricate biological mechanisms of AD are poorly understood, and its relationship with lipids and CAD traits remains unresolved. Conflicting evidence further underscores the ongoing investigation into this research area. Here, we systematically assess the cross-trait genetic overlap of AD with 13 representative lipids (from eight classes) and seven CAD traits, leveraging robust analytical methods, well-powered large-scale genetic data, and rigorous replication testing. Our main analysis demonstrates a significant positive global genetic correlation of AD with triglycerides and all seven CAD traits assessed—angina pectoris, cardiac dysrhythmias, coronary arteriosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, non-specific chest pain, and coronary artery disease. Gene-level analyses largely reinforce these findings and highlight the genetic overlap between AD and three additional lipids: high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and total cholesterol. Moreover, we identify genome-wide significant genes (Fisher's combined p value [FCPgene] < 2.60 × 10−6) shared across AD, several lipids, and CAD traits, including WDR12, BAG6, HLA-DRA, PHB, ZNF652, APOE, APOC4, PVRL2, and TOMM40. Mendelian randomisation analysis found no evidence of a significant causal relationship between AD, lipids, and CAD traits. However, local genetic correlation analysis identifies several local pleiotropic hotspots contributing to the relationship of AD with lipids and CAD traits across chromosomes 6, 8, 17, and 19. Completing a three-way analysis, we confirm a strong genetic correlation between lipids and CAD traits—HDL and sphingomyelin demonstrate negative correlations, while LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol show positive correlations. These findings support genetic overlap between AD, specific lipids, and CAD traits, implicating shared but non-causal genetic susceptibility. The identified shared genes and pleiotropic hotspots are valuable targets for further investigation into AD and, potentially, its comorbidity with CAD traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An over-active renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is characterized by elevated angiotensin II (Ang II). While Ang II can promote metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction in tissues, little is known about its role in the gastrointestinal system (GI). Here, we treated rat primary colonic epithelial cells with Ang II (1–5000 nM) to better define their role in the GI. We hypothesized that Ang II would negatively affect mitochondrial bioenergetics as these organelles express Ang II receptors. Ang II increased cellular ATP production but reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of colonocytes. However, cells maintained mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis with treatment, reflecting metabolic compensation with impaired MMP. To determine whether lipid dysregulation was evident, untargeted lipidomics were conducted. A total of 1949 lipids were detected in colonocytes spanning 55 distinct (sub)classes. Ang II (1 nM) altered the abundance of some sphingosines [So(d16:1)], ceramides [Cer-AP(t18:0/24:0)], and phosphatidylcholines [OxPC(16:0_20:5(2O)], while 100 nM Ang II altered some triglycerides and phosphatidylserines [PS(19:0_22:1). Ang II did not alter the relative expression of several enzymes in lipid metabolism; however, the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDK2) was increased, and PDK2 can be protective against dyslipidemia. This study is the first to investigate the role of Ang II in colonic epithelial cell metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food can change various physiological parameters along the gastrointestinal tract, potentially impacting postprandial drug absorption. It is thus important to consider different in vivo conditions during in vitro studies. Therefore, a novel dissolution medium simulating variable postprandial pH values and lipid concentrations was developed and used in this study. Additionally, by establishing and validating a suitable analytical method, the effects of these parameters on the dissolution of a model drug, cinnarizine, and on its distribution between the lipid and aqueous phases of the medium were studied. Both parameters, pH value and lipid concentration, were shown to influence cinnarizine behavior in the in vitro dissolution studies. The amount of dissolved drug decreased with increasing pH due to cinnarizine's decreasing solubility. At pH values 5 and 7, the higher concentration of lipids in the medium increased drug dissolution, and most of the dissolved drug was distributed in the lipid phase. In all media with a lower pH of 3, dissolution was fast and complete, with a significant amount of drug distributed in the lipid phase. These results are in accordance with the in vivo observed positive food effect on cinnarizine bioavailability described in the literature. The developed medium, with its ability to easily adjust the pH level and lipid concentration, thus offers a promising tool for assessing the effect of co-ingested food on the dissolution kinetics of poorly soluble drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramides are essential lipids for skin barrier function, and various classes and species exist in the human stratum corneum (SC). To date, the relationship between skin conditions and ceramide composition in healthy individuals has remained largely unclear. In the present study, we measured six skin condition parameters (capacitance, transepidermal water loss, scaliness, roughness, multilayer exfoliation, and corneocyte cell size) for the SC of the cheeks and upper arms of 26 healthy individuals and performed correlation analyses with their SC ceramide profiles, which we measured via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In the cheeks, high levels and/or ratios of two free ceramide classes containing an extra hydroxyl group in the long-chain moiety and a protein-bound ceramide class containing 6-hydroxysphingosine correlated with healthy skin conditions. In contrast, the ratios of two other free ceramide classes, both containing sphingosine, and a protein-bound ceramide class containing 4,14-sphingadiene correlated with unhealthy skin conditions, as did shortening of the carbon chain of the fatty acid portion of two ceramide classes containing non-hydroxy fatty acids. Thus, our findings help to elucidate the relationship between skin conditions and ceramide composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to direct damage to hepatocytes, long-term ethanol consumption leads to lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis, as well as to the dysregulation of lipid metabolism. The final step in various liver diseases is cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to compare the FA (fatty acids) profile and expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism in cirrhotic liver tissue and normal liver tissue. Exploring the changes in the FA profile and expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism in cirrhotic liver tissue reveals a molecular landscape that goes beyond the surface of traditional liver function assessments. Understanding the shifts in gene expression and fatty acid composition in liver tissue opens avenues for interventions that may aid in the treatment of cirrhosis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancement properties of lipids derived from Aptocyclus ventricosus eggs on RAW264.7 cells. Firstly, we determined the fatty acid compositions of A. ventricosus lipids by performing gas chromatography analysis. The results showed that A. ventricosus lipids contained saturated fatty acids (24.37%), monounsaturated fatty acids (20.90%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (54.73%). They also contained notably high levels of DHA (25.91%) and EPA (22.05%) among the total fatty acids. Our results for the immune-associated biomarkers showed that A. ventricosus lipids had immune-enhancing effects on RAW264.7 cells. At the maximum dose of 300 µg/mL, A. ventricosus lipids generated NO (119.53%) and showed greater phagocytosis (63.69%) ability as compared with untreated cells. A. ventricosus lipids also upregulated the expression of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α genes and effectively upregulated the phosphorylation of MAPK (JNK, p38, and ERK) and NF-κB p65, indicating that these lipids could activate the MAPK and NF-κB pathways to stimulate macrophages in the immune system. Besides their immune-enhancing abilities, A. ventricosus lipids significantly inhibited LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory responses via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. The results indicated that these lipids significantly reduced LPS-induced NO production, showing a decrease from 86.95% to 38.89%. Additionally, these lipids downregulated the expression of genes associated with the immune response and strongly suppressed the CD86 molecule on the cell surface, which reduced from 39.25% to 33.80%. Collectively, these findings imply that lipids extracted from A. ventricosus eggs might have biological immunoregulatory effects. Thus, they might be considered promising immunomodulatory drugs and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the effects of consuming a U.S.-style healthy dietary pattern (HDP) with lean, unprocessed beef (BEEF) compared to a U.S.-style HDP without meat (vegetarian, VEG) on short-term changes in cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors in adults classified as overweight or obese. Forty-one adults (22 females, 19 males; age 39.9 ± 8.0 y; BMI 29.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2; mean ± SD) completed two 5-week controlled feeding periods (randomized, crossover, controlled trial). For the BEEF HDP, two 3-oz (168-g) servings/d of lean, unprocessed beef were predominately substituted for some starchy vegetables and refined grains in the VEG HDP. Baseline and post-intervention measurements were fasting CMD risk factors, with serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and total apolipoprotein B as primary outcomes. VEG reduced LDL, insulin, and glucose compared to BEEF. Reductions did not differ between VEG vs. BEEF for TC, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1, small, dense LDL IV, buoyant HDL2b, TC-to-HDL ratio, and systolic blood pressure. Total apolipoprotein B and all other CMD risk factors measured were not influenced by HDP type nor changed over time. Adopting a U.S.-style HDP that is either vegetarian or omnivorous with beef improved multiple cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adults classified as overweight or obese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to study the long-term effects of soccer training on platelet membrane fatty acid levels and antioxidant vitamins. Forty-four subjects divided into soccer players (SP; n = 22; 20.86 ± 0.36 years) and a control group (CG; n = 22; 21.23 ± 0.49 years) participated in the study. The fatty acids of the platelet membrane, the rates of desaturation, lipid peroxidation indexes and intra-platelet levels of vitamins C and E were assessed. SP obtained lower values in polyunsaturated fatty acids 18:3:3 (alpha-linolenic acid), 20:5:3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6:3 (docosahexaenoic acid) (p < 0.05). The desaturation index ∆5 was higher in SP (p < 0.05), and they had a higher lipid peroxidation index 20:4:6 (arachidonic acid)/16:0 (palmitic acid) (p < 0.05). Vitamin E and C platelet values were also higher in SP (p < 0.01). There were positive correlations in the ω6/ω3 index (p < 0.05), desaturation index ∆5 (p < 0.05), lipid peroxidation index 20:4:6/16:0 and intra-platelet vitamins E and C (p < 0.01) with the level of physical activity. In addition, there were inverse correlations in fatty acids 24:0 (lignoceric acid), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 20:3:6 (eicosadienoic acid) and 18:3:3 (alpha-linolenic acid) (p < 0.05) depending on the degree of physical activity. Regular long-term soccer training could modify the concentration of fatty acids such as 24:0, 16:1, 18:6, 20:3:6, 18:3:3:3, 20:5:3, 26:6:3 and ω3 PUFAs in the platelet membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different lipid phase ratios (12, 14, and 16% w/w) were assessed for their ability to affect the technological and sensory properties of O/W emulsions in which bemotrizinol (BMTZ), a broad-spectrum sunscreen agent, was incorporated free or loaded into nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLC) to reduce its release from the vehicle and, hence, its skin permeation. The following technological properties were evaluated in vitro: spreadability, viscosity, pH, occlusion factor, BMTZ release, and sun protection factor (SPF). Sensory attributes were assessed by panelists in three different phases: before/during pick-up, rub-in, and after application. Raising the lipid phase ratio led to an increase in viscosity (from 8017 ± 143 cPs to 16,444 ± 770 cPs) and to a corresponding decrease in spreadability (from 9.35 ± 0.21 cm to 7.50 ± 0.10 cm), while the incorporation of BMTZ-loaded NLC determined a decrease in the occlusion factor (from 47.75 ± 1.16 to 25.91 ± 1.57) and an increase in SPF (from 6% for formulations containing 12% lipid phase to 15% for formulations containing 16% lipid phase). No BMTZ release was observed from all emulsions. Sensory attributes were mainly affected by the lipid phase ratio. These results suggest that the lipid phase ratio and BMTZ incorporation into NLC could contribute to determining the technological and sensory properties of O/W emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research focuses on evaluating the preliminary stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in order to identify an optimal formulation for studying the skin penetration of SLNs loaded with sesamol, with a view to developing potential cosmetic applications. For this study, SLNs were prepared with varying lipid and surfactant compositions and produced through homogenization and ultrasonication. The particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were analyzed for the different formulations. We identified OP2Se as the optimal formulation for skin penetration assessment due to its stable PS, PDI, ZP, and EE over time, with a Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) below 1 after a month, indicating favorable stability conditions. The in vitro skin permeation study compared sesamol-loaded SLNs with a control sesamol hydrogel, revealing controlled release characteristics ideal for localized skin effects without significant bloodstream penetration, attributed to the SLNs' 200 nm particle size. Further exploration could enhance skin retention and targeting, potentially extending penetration studies and reducing particle size to improve accumulation in hair follicles. Exploring SLN applications beyond sesamol, such as incorporating mineral filters for suncare, offers promising avenues, underscoring SLNs' versatility in cosmetic formulations and skincare applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common liver disease in adolescents with obesity. Nonetheless, the guidelines for screening and managing this disease are contradictory. The purpose of this study is to non-invasively assess the prevalence, patient characteristics, and potential associated factors of MASLD in this demographic. Methods: This study used baseline data from an RCT in adolescents eligible for bariatric surgery. MASLD was determined by measuring the hepatorenal index (HRI) with ultrasonography, blood liver tests, and the fatty liver index (FLI). Results: A total of 56 adolescents enrolled in the analyses; the majority were female n = 44 (79%); the mean age was 15.75 (±1.01) years; the average body mass index (BMI) was 44.08 (±5.16) kg/m2. In 35 (62.5%) of the patients, the HRI was abnormal. This group had a higher waist/hip ratio, elevated liver biochemistry, and significantly lower leptin levels (mean difference = −46.35, 95% CI −76.72, −15.99) compared to the group with a normal HRI. In 32 (55.2%) of the patients, ALT levels were elevated and the FLI was abnormal in all (100%) participants. Linear regression analysis indicated associations between the HRI and typical anthropometric and metabolic measurements; and an inverse association between HRI and leptin B = −0.003 (95% CI −0.005, −0.00), independently of sex- and age-adjusted BMI. Conclusions: MASLD is highly prevalent in adolescents with severe obesity. However, the prevalence strongly depends on which tool is used, namely the HRI (62.5%), alanine transaminase levels (55.2%), and FLI (100%). Our findings suggest that leptin may be a valuable biomarker in supporting the diagnosis of MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity causes metabolic changes, such as the development of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, physical exercise promotes protection against these diseases. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether combined physical training can improve the metabolic system of women with obesity, reducing plasma concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and sphingolipids, regardless of weight loss. Fourteen obese women (BMI 30–40 kg/m2), aged 20–40 years, sedentary, were submitted to 8 weeks of combined physical training (strength and aerobic exercises). The training was performed three times/week, 55 min/session, at 75–90% maximum heart rate. All participants were evaluated pre- and post-exercise intervention, and their body composition, plasma TMAO, creatinine, lipid profile, and sphingolipid concentrations were recorded. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), Speed lactate threshold 1 (SpeedLT1), and Speed lactate threshold 2 (SpeedLT2) evaluated physical performance. Results: After combined exercise, it did not change body composition, but TMAO, total cholesterol, and sphingolipid concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.05). There was an increase in physical performance by improving VO2max, SpeedLT1, and SpeedLT2 (p < 0.05). The combined physical exercise could induce cardiovascular risk protection by decreasing TMAO in obese women, parallel to physical performance improvement, independent of weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is intricately linked with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. In particular, cholesterol plays a crucial role in HCV replication. Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) therapy has revolutionized the hepatitis C treatment landscape, achieving high rates of sustained virological response (SVR). However, viral clearance comes with some alterations in lipid-related markers. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of HCV clearance on lipid homeostasis and non-invasive liver fibrosis markers in hepatitis C patients treated with DAAs. Material and Methods: Fifty-two patients with varying degrees of fibrosis treated with DAAs therapy were evaluated at baseline and 24 weeks post-SVR. Lipid profiles and non-invasive liver fibrosis markers were assessed. Results: Our findings revealed an increase in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDLc (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels at 24 weeks post-SVR, alongside an improvement in serum liver enzymes. Although improvements in liver stiffness were observed in non-invasive tests, there was an increase in lipid-related markers post-SVR. Conclusions: This suggests a potential increased cardiovascular risk despite improvements in liver function and fibrosis, highlighting the necessity for statin therapy in some cases and extended follow-ups for these patients. These findings underscore the importance of closely monitoring lipid profiles in chronic hepatitis C patients post-SVR, as well as the potential need for statin therapy to mitigate cardiovascular risk. Additionally, extended follow-up is essential to assess long-term outcomes and ensure the optimal management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorella sorokiniana, isolated from a pond adjacent to a cement plant, was cultured using flue gas collected directly from kiln emissions using 20 L and 25000 L photobioreactors. Lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides were analyzed to understand their overall composition for potential applications. The lipid content ranged from 17.97% to 21.54% of the dry biomass, with carotenoid concentrations between 8.4 and 9.2 mg/g. Lutein accounted for 55% of the total carotenoids. LC/MS analysis led to the identification of 71 intact triacylglycerols, 8 lysophosphatidylcholines, 10 phosphatidylcholines, 9 monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, 12 digalactosyldiacylglycerols, and 1 sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid were the main fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid covers ≥ 56% of total fatty acids. Protein isolates and polysaccharides were also extracted. Protein purity was determined to be ≥75% by amino acid analysis, with all essential amino acids present. Monomer analysis of polysaccharides suggested that they are composed of mainly D-(+)-mannose, D-(+)-galactose, and D-(+)-glucose. The results demonstrate that there is no adverse effect on the metabolite profile of C. sorokiniana biomass cultured using flue gas as the primary carbon source, revealing the possibility of utilizing such algal biomass in industrial applications such as animal feed, sources of cosmeceuticals, and as biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Enhancing the energy density of lamb diets is a proven method to improve their productivity. While using carbohydrates for this purpose may seem intuitive, it can lead to undesirable shifts in ruminal metabolism, potentially triggering metabolic diseases. Hence, substituting carbohydrates with lipids is favored. Nevertheless, lipids, though effective, can also disrupt ruminal fermentation parameters. Among these lipids, soybean oil stands out for its positive impact on both beef and dairy cattle, leading to improved performance. In our study, we sought to assess the effects of soybean oil supplementation on performance, digestibility, feeding behaviour, and blood metabolites of feedlot lambs. Our findings indicate that the inclusion of soybean oil resulted in a linear reduction in nutrient intake, consequently lowering the average daily gain of the lambs. Additionally, soybean oil supplementation induced selective feeding behaviour among the lambs. Based on our observations, we recommend incorporating soybean oil into lamb diets at a maximum inclusion rate of 41 g/kg DM to optimize production parameters. The strategy implemented to adapt lambs to increasing levels of high-fat diet mitigated the detrimental effects of lipids on the rumen, with high-density energy intake being the constraining factor on performance. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of soybean oil inclusion in diets on feeding behaviour, digestibility, performance, and blood metabolites of feedlot lambs. Forty non-castrated Santa Inês lambs with a mean age of 5 months and initial body weight of 34.88 ± 3.19 kg were used in a 40-day feeding trial. The lambs were distributed in five experimental diets with the inclusion of increasing soybean oil (SO) levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/kg DM. The SO inclusion promoted a linear reduction in DM intake (p < 0.001), crude protein (CP, p < 0.001), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, p < 0.001), and total digestible nutrients (TDN, p = 0.004). There was an increasing quadratic effect on the intake of ether extract (EE; p = 0.002) and decreasing for neutral detergent fiber (p = 0.005). The soybean oil inclusion promoted the greater apparent digestibility of CP (p = 0.016), EE (p = 0.005), NDFom (p < 0.001), and TDN (p < 0.001); on the other hand, the apparent digestibility of NFC (p = 0.005) was decreased. The average daily gain decreased (p < 0.001) with SO inclusion. The SO inclusion increased feeding time (p = 0.004), reduced the efficiency of DM rumination (p = 0.001), and reduced the concentration of blood N-ureic (p < 0.001). Considering the productive parameters, SO can be included in diets and it is recommended that we include SO of up to 41 g/kg DM in diets for fattening lambs as the ideal maximum level. The strategy implemented to adapt lambs to increasing levels of high-fat diet mitigated the detrimental effects of lipids on the rumen, with high-density energy intake being the constraining factor on performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme inflammation that continues even after infections can lead to a cytokine storm. In recent times, one of the most common causes of cytokine storm activation has been SARS-CoV-2 infection. A cytokine storm leads to dysregulation and excessive stimulation of the immune system, producing symptoms typical of post-COVID syndrome, including chronic fatigue, shortness of breath, joint pain, trouble concentrating (known as "brain fog"), and even direct organ damage in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and brain. This work summarizes the current knowledge regarding inflammation and the cytokine storm related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, changes in lipid metabolism and microbiota composition under the influence of inflammation in COVID-19, along with the possible underlying mechanisms, are described. Finally, this text explores potential health implications related to changes in eating behaviors and nutritional status in COVID-19 patients. Although research on the cytokine storm is still ongoing, there is convincing evidence suggesting that severe immune and inflammatory responses during the acute phase of COVID-19 may lead to long-term health consequences. Understanding these links is key to developing treatment strategies and supporting patients after infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial. HDL-C is one content type of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL consists of diverse proteins and lipids and can be classified into different subclasses based on size, shape, charge, and density, and can change dynamically in disease states. Therefore, HDL-C levels alone cannot represent HDLs' cardioprotective role. In this review, we summarized the methods for separating HDL subclasses, the studies on the association between HDL subclasses and cardiovascular risk (CVR), and the impact of lipid-modifying medications and nonpharmacological approaches (exercise training, dietary omega fatty acids, and low-density lipoprotein apheresis) on HDL subclasses. As HDL is a natural nanoplatform, recombinant HDLs (rHDLs) have been used as a delivery system in vivo by loading small interfering RNA, drugs, contrast agents, etc. Therefore, we further reviewed the HDL subclasses used in rHDLs and their advantages and disadvantages. This review would provide recommendations and guidance for future studies on HDL subclasses' cardioprotective roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal metabolism during pregnancy shapes offspring health via in utero programming. In the Healthy Start study, we identified five subgroups of pregnant women based on conventional metabolic biomarkers: Reference (n = 360); High HDL-C (n = 289); Dyslipidemic–High TG (n = 149); Dyslipidemic–High FFA (n = 180); Insulin Resistant (IR)–Hyperglycemic (n = 87). These subgroups not only captured metabolic heterogeneity among pregnant participants but were also associated with offspring obesity in early childhood, even among women without obesity or diabetes. Here, we utilize metabolomics data to enrich characterization of the metabolic subgroups and identify key compounds driving between-group differences. We analyzed fasting blood samples from 1065 pregnant women at 18 gestational weeks using untargeted metabolomics. We used weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to derive a global network based on the Reference subgroup and characterized distinct metabolite modules representative of the different metabolomic profiles. We used the mummichog algorithm for pathway enrichment and identified key compounds that differed across the subgroups. Eight metabolite modules representing pathways such as the carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase system, fatty acid biosynthesis and activation, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were identified. A module that included 189 compounds related to DHA peroxidation, oxidative stress, and sex hormone biosynthesis was elevated in the Insulin Resistant–Hyperglycemic vs. the Reference subgroup. This module was positively correlated with total cholesterol (R:0.10; p-value < 0.0001) and free fatty acids (R:0.07; p-value < 0.05). Oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways may underlie insulin resistance during pregnancy, even below clinical diabetes thresholds. These findings highlight potential therapeutic targets and strategies for pregnancy risk stratification and reveal mechanisms underlying the developmental origins of metabolic disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding is a critical factor that limits the establishment of a symbiosis between rice and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wetland ecosystems. The distribution of carbon resources in roots and the acclimation strategies of rice to flooding stress in the presence of AMF are poorly understood. We conducted a root box experiment, employing nylon sheets or nylon meshes to create separate fungal chambers that either prevented or allowed the roots and any molecules to pass through. We found that the mycorrhizal colonization rate and the expression of genes OsD14L and OsCERK1, which are involved in fungal perception during symbiosis, both increased in mycorrhizal rice roots following intermittent flooding compared to continuous flooding. Furthermore, AMF inoculation affected root morphological traits, facilitating both shallower and deeper soil exploration. Increased submergence intensity led to carbohydrate deprivation in roots, while high mycorrhizal colonization increased soil oxygen consumption and decreased the neutral lipid concentration in roots. However, mycorrhizal inoculation increased the rice photosynthesis rate and facilitated acclimation to submergence by mediating the expression of the genes OsCIPK15 and OsSUB1A to enhance rice shoot elongation and the sugar concentration in roots as a result of reduced competition for carbon between rice and AMF under different flooding conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin surface is an important sample source that the metabolomics community has only just begun to explore. Alterations in sebum, the lipid-rich mixture coating the skin surface, correlate with age, sex, ethnicity, diet, exercise, and disease state, making the skin surface an ideal sample source for future noninvasive biomarker exploration, disease diagnosis, and forensic investigation. The potential of sebum sampling has been realized primarily via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), an ideal approach to assess the skin surface lipidome. However, a better understanding of sebum collection and subsequent ESI-MS analysis is required before skin surface sampling can be implemented in routine analyses. Challenges include ambiguity in definitive lipid identification, inherent biological variability in sebum production, and methodological, technical variability in analyses. To overcome these obstacles, avoid common pitfalls, and achieve reproducible, robust outcomes, every portion of the workflow—from sample collection to data analysis—should be carefully considered with the specific application in mind. This review details current practices in sebum sampling, sample preparation, ESI-MS data acquisition, and data analysis, and it provides important considerations in acquiring meaningful lipidomic datasets from the skin surface. Forensic researchers investigating sebum as a means for suspect elimination in lieu of adequate fingerprint ridge detail or database matches, as well as clinical researchers interested in noninvasive biomarker exploration, disease diagnosis, and treatment monitoring, can use this review as a guide for developing methods of best-practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The ongoing research of extracellular vehicles (EVs including exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies) is gaining momentum to understand these vesicles' biology and clinical applications in cancer disease. The current limitations of using standard tumor biomarkers warrant the development of novel and reliable biomarkers to meet clinical needs. Exosomes are used as tumor biomarkers, for targeted therapy, for vaccine development, and as a vehicle for drug delivery. Here, we summarized the current approaches for different methods of EV isolation and EV cargo compositions, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The unique cargo composition of exosomes makes it a potential candidate for liquid biopsies in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. Furthermore, the review highlights the use of machine learning algorithms to analyze complex EV datasets and create more robust models for biomarker discovery. Early cancer detection and accurate monitoring are crucial to ensure increased patient survival. Recent research has focused on developing non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose cancer early and monitor disease progression at low cost and risk. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized particles secreted into extracellular spaces by most cell types, are gaining immense popularity as novel biomarker candidates for liquid cancer biopsy, as they can transport bioactive cargo to distant sites and facilitate intercellular communications. A literature search was conducted to discuss the current approaches for EV isolation and the advances in using EV-associated proteins, miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and lipids as liquid biopsies. We discussed the advantages and challenges of using these vesicles in clinical applications. Moreover, recent advancements in machine learning as a novel tool for tumor marker discovery are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine sponges represent a good source of natural metabolites for biotechnological applications in the pharmacological, cosmeceutical, and nutraceutical fields. In the present work, we analyzed the biotechnological potential of the alien species Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver & Gomez, 1999, previously collected in the Mediterranean Sea (Faro Lake, Sicily). The bioactivity and chemical content of this species has never been investigated, and information in the literature on its Caribbean counterpart is scarce. We show that an enriched extract of H. vansoesti induced cell death in human melanoma cells with an IC50 value of 36.36 µg mL−1, by (i) triggering a pro-inflammatory response, (ii) activating extrinsic apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor receptors triggering the mitochondrial apoptosis via the involvement of Bcl-2 proteins and caspase 9, and (iii) inducing a significant reduction in several proteins promoting human angiogenesis. Through orthogonal SPE fractionations, we identified two active sphingoid-based lipid classes, also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, as the main components of two active fractions. Overall, our findings provide the first evaluation of the anti-cancer potential of polar lipids isolated from the marine sponge H. (Halichoclona) vansoesti, which may lead to new lead compounds with biotechnological applications in the pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant lipids are essential cell constituents with many structural, storage, signaling, and defensive functions. During plant–pathogen interactions, lipids play parts in both the preexisting passive defense mechanisms and the pathogen-induced immune responses at the local and systemic levels. They interact with various components of the plant immune network and can modulate plant defense both positively and negatively. Under biotic stress, lipid signaling is mostly associated with oxygenated natural products derived from unsaturated fatty acids, known as oxylipins; among these, jasmonic acid has been of great interest as a specific mediator of plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens. Although numerous studies have documented the contribution of oxylipins and other lipid-derived species in plant immunity, their specific roles in plant–pathogen interactions and their involvement in the signaling network require further elucidation. This review presents the most relevant and recent studies on lipids and lipid-derived signaling molecules involved in plant–pathogen interactions, with the aim of providing a deeper insight into the mechanisms underpinning lipid-mediated regulation of the plant immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oils are rich in health-beneficial compounds, including fatty acids, phenolic compounds, natural antioxidants, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, oil extraction methods can influence their composition. This study aims to understand the chemical basis for developing a green process to extract oils from two Andean seeds, cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis). Ethanol, considered a green solvent, is compared to petroleum ether used at the laboratory level and hexane used at the industrial scale for extracting oils. The extraction efficiency is assessed in terms of yield, fatty acids profile, polar and neutral lipids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. The chemical composition of edible commercial oils, such as sunflower, rapeseed, and olive oils, was used as a reference. Hexane had the highest extraction yield, followed by petroleum ether and ethanol. However, the oils extracted with ethanol having yields of tarwi 15.5% and cañihua 5.8%, w/w showed the significatively superior content of tocopherols (α, γ, and δ); phenolic compounds; and antioxidant capacity. In addition, ethanol-extracted (EE) oils have higher levels of polar lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, than those extracted with the other solvents. Remarkably, EE oils presented comparable or slightly higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids than those extracted with hexane. Finally, compared to the commercial oils, tarwi and cañihua EE oils showed lower but acceptable levels of oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids and a wider variety of fatty acids (10 and 13, respectively). The composition of tarwi and cañahua oils extracted with ethanol includes compounds associated with nutritional and health benefits, providing a sustainable alternative for oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing age, dyslipidemia becomes a common health problem in the middle-aged and elderly population, posing a significant risk of cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, is considered to be effective in improving blood lipid levels, but the extent to which different types of aerobic exercise affect blood lipids is not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of 12 different aerobic exercises on total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 years and over through systematic review and Bayesian network Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. We systematically searched relevant databases and included eligible randomized controlled trials. Bayesian network meta-analysis was used to compare the effects of 12 types of aerobic exercise on lipid levels. A total of 487 randomized controlled trials involving middle-aged and elderly people over 45 years old were included. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that all types of aerobic exercise could reduce blood lipid levels compared with no intervention in middle-aged and elderly people. In terms of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, swimming had the most significant effect. For HDL cholesterol, dance showed a better effect. Studies have shown that swimming and dancing have a positive effect on improving blood lipid levels in middle-aged and elderly people. It is recommended to choose the appropriate type of exercise according to personal preference and physical condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is an unhealthy condition associated with various diseases characterized by excess fat accumulation. However, in China, the prevalence of obesity is 14.1%, and it remains challenging to achieve weight loss or resolve this issue through clinical interventions. Sanghuangpours vaninii (SPV) is a nutritional fungus with multiple pharmacological activities and serves as an ideal dietary intervention for combating obesity. In this study, a long-term high-fat diet (HFD) was administered to induce obesity in mice. Different doses of SPV and the positive drug simvastatin (SV) were administered to mice to explore their potential anti-obesity effects. SPV regulated weight, serum lipids, and adipocyte size while inhibiting inflammation and hepatic steatosis. Compared with the vehicle-treated HFD-fed mice, the lowest decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were 9.72%, 9.29%, and 12.29%, respectively, and the lowest increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was 5.88% after treatment with different doses of SPV. With SPV treatment, the analysis of gut microbiota and serum lipids revealed a significant association between lipids and inflammation-related factors, specifically sphingomyelin. Moreover, Western blotting results showed that SPV regulated the toll-like receptor (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in HFD-diet mice, which is related to inflammation and lipid metabolism. This research presents empirical proof of the impact of SPV therapy on obesity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess body weight in pediatric patients and the resulting dyslipidemia, if left untreated, are a serious risk factor for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Despite this, there is still no effective and validated nutritional strategy for the treatment of overweight/obesity and comorbid dyslipidemia in children and adolescents. A low-glycemic index (LGI) diet may be recommended, but evidence for its effectiveness in the pediatric population is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional intervention in children and adolescents with excess body weight and dyslipidemia. The study was conducted in patients aged 8–16 with overweight or obesity and lipid disorders (n = 64), of which 40 participants who completed the entire 8-week study were included in the analysis. Patients were randomly selected and allocated to one of the two dietary groups: the LGI diet or the standard therapy (ST) diet. Both diets were based on the principal recommendation of Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet-2 (CHILD-2). This study showed that both LGI and ST diets were equally beneficial in reducing body weight, body fat, blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels. The LGI diet, compared to the ST diet, was less effective in reducing blood TG levels but more effective in reducing diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Therefore, the choice of the type of diet in the treatment of children and adolescents with excess body weight and dyslipidemia may be individual. However, it should be based on the recommendation of CHILD-2. Further long-term, larger-scale studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a familial heart disease characterized by cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and myocardial inflammation. Exercise and stress can influence the disease’s progression. Thus, an investigation of whether a high-fat diet (HFD) contributes to ACM pathogenesis is warranted. In a robust ACM mouse model, 8-week-old Desmoglein-2 mutant (Dsg2mut/mut) mice were fed either an HFD or rodent chow for 8 weeks. Chow-fed wildtype (WT) mice served as controls. Echo- and electrocardiography images pre- and post-dietary intervention were obtained, and the lipid burden, inflammatory markers, and myocardial fibrosis were assessed at the study endpoint. HFD-fed Dsg2mut/mut mice showed numerous P-wave perturbations, reduced R-amplitude, left ventricle (LV) remodeling, and reduced ejection fraction (%LVEF). Notable elevations in plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed, which correlated with the %LVEF. The myocardial inflammatory adipokines, adiponectin (AdipoQ) and fibroblast growth factor-1, were substantially elevated in HFD-fed Dsg2mut/mut mice, albeit no compounding effect was observed in cardiac fibrosis. The HFD not only potentiated cardiac dysfunction but additionally promoted adverse cardiac remodeling. Further investigation is warranted, particularly given elevated AdipoQ levels and the positive correlation of HDL with the %LVEF, which may suggest a protective effect. Altogether, the HFD worsened some, but not all, disease phenotypes in Dsg2mut/mut mice. Notwithstanding, diet may be a modifiable environmental factor in ACM disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Horses often suffer from two common respiratory diseases: mild–moderate equine asthma and severe equine asthma. Symptoms of these conditions include coughing, nasal discharge, reduced performance (especially in physically demanding activities), and difficulties breathing. These symptoms mainly result from inflammation deep within the lungs, the severity of which veterinarians and researchers struggle to accurately assess. Even the best method available, obtaining a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, has limitations. Lipidomics, a relatively unexplored field in veterinary medicine, represents an intriguing avenue for exploration. Lipidomics focuses on studying cellular mechanisms and interactions, which are crucial in inflammation. Researchers aim to uncover fresh insights into equine lower airway diseases using lipidomics, potentially leading to improved treatments. This review article aims to compile the latest knowledge in this area. Mild–moderate and severe equine asthma (MEA and SEA) are prevalent inflammatory airway conditions affecting horses of numerous breeds and disciplines. Despite extensive research, detailed disease pathophysiology and the differences between MEA and SEA are still not completely understood. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, broadly used in clinical practice and in equine asthma research, has limited means to represent the inflammatory status in the lower airways. Lipidomics is a field of science that can be utilized in investigating cellular mechanisms and cell-to-cell interactions. Studies in lipidomics have a broad variety of foci, of which fatty acid and lipid mediator profile analyses and global lipidomics have been implemented in veterinary medicine. As many crucial proinflammatory and proresolving mediators are lipids, lipidomic studies offer an interesting yet largely unexplored means to investigate inflammatory reactions in equine airways. The aim of this review article is to collect and summarize the findings of recent lipidomic studies on equine airway inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hell's Gate globin-I (HGb-I) is a thermally stable globin from the aerobic methanotroph Methylacidiphilium infernorum. Here we report that HGb-I interacts with lipids stoichiometrically to induce structural changes in the heme pocket, changing the heme iron distal ligation coordination from hexacoordinate to pentacoordinate. Such changes in heme geometry have only been previously reported for cytochrome c and cytoglobin, linked to apoptosis regulation and enhanced lipid peroxidation activity, respectively. However, unlike cytoglobin and cytochrome c, the heme iron of HGb-I is altered by lipids in ferrous as well as ferric oxidation states. The apparent affinity for lipids in this thermally stable globin is highly pH-dependent but essentially temperature-independent within the range of 20–60 °C. We propose a mechanism to explain these observations, in which lipid binding and stability of the distal endogenous ligand are juxtaposed as a function of temperature. Additionally, we propose that these coupled equilibria may constitute a mechanism through which this acidophilic thermophile senses the pH of its environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aβ peptides are known to bind neural plasma membranes in a process leading to the deposit of Aβ-enriched plaques. These extracellular structures are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, the major cause of late-age dementia. The mechanisms of Aβ plaque formation and deposition are far from being understood. A vast number of studies in the literature describe the efforts to analyze those mechanisms using a variety of tools. The present review focuses on biophysical studies mostly carried out with model membranes or with computational tools. This review starts by describing basic physical aspects of lipid phases and commonly used model membranes (monolayers and bilayers). This is followed by a discussion of the biophysical techniques applied to these systems, mainly but not exclusively Langmuir monolayers, isothermal calorimetry, density-gradient ultracentrifugation, and molecular dynamics. The Methodological Section is followed by the core of the review, which includes a summary of important results obtained with each technique. The last section is devoted to an overall reflection and an effort to understand Aβ-bilayer binding. Concepts such as Aβ peptide membrane binding, adsorption, and insertion are defined and differentiated. The roles of membrane lipid order, nanodomain formation, and electrostatic forces in Aβ–membrane interaction are separately identified and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal teas are blends of leaves, seeds, fruits, and flowers from various plants that provide relaxation, anti-inflammatory benefits, and immune system support for conditions such as diabetes and asthma. Despite their health benefits, comprehensive lipidomic data on herbal teas are limited in the literature. We used non-targeted liquid chromatography–linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry to identify and correlate the lipid species in the following six herbal tea samples: fennel, ginger, juniper, lemon peel, orange peel, and rosehip. A total of 204 lipid molecular species were identified, and multivariate analysis revealed a significant difference between lipid species in herbal teas. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are significantly abundant in juniper, including ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, followed by fennel. Cluster correlations showed that ginger contained mainly sphingolipids and lysophospholipids, whereas fennel was rich in phospholipids. No significant variations in the content of triacylglycerols were observed in any of the herbal teas analyzed. The ratio of PUFAs to SFAs in herbal teas showed that orange peel had the highest ratio, followed by lemon peel and fennel, indicating their potential health benefits. In addition, using high-resolution mass spectrometry, various lipids such as fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamines were identified and characterized in these herbal teas. This study provides a comprehensive lipid analysis and detailed characterization of lipids in six herbal teas, highlighting their plausible applications in the field of nutrition and various food industries for the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid peroxidation plays an important role in various pathologies and aging, at least partially mediated by ferroptosis. The role of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis remains poorly understood. We show that supplementation of exogenous iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate at submillimolar doses induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in mitochondria that precede ferroptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 and the redox mediator methylene blue, which inhibits the production of ROS in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, prevent both mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. SkQ1 and methylene blue also prevented accumulation of lipofuscin observed after 24 h incubation of cardiomyocytes with ferric ammonium citrate. Using isolated cardiac mitochondria as an in vitro ferroptosis model, it was shown that rotenone (complex I inhibitor) in the presence of ferrous iron stimulates lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin accumulation. Our data indicate that ROS generated in complex I stimulate mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, lipofuscin accumulation, and ferroptosis induced by exogenous iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor expressed in many tissues, including skin, where it is essential for maintaining skin barrier permeability, regulating cell proliferation/differentiation, and modulating antioxidant and inflammatory responses upon ligand binding. Therefore, PPARγ activation has important implications for skin homeostasis. Over the past 20 years, with increasing interest in the role of PPARs in skin physiopathology, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of PPARγ ligands as a therapeutic option for skin inflammatory disorders. In addition, PPARγ also regulates sebocyte differentiation and lipid production, making it a potential target for inflammatory sebaceous disorders such as acne. A large number of studies suggest that PPARγ also acts as a skin tumor suppressor in both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, but its role in tumorigenesis remains controversial. In this review, we have summarized the current state of research into the role of PPARγ in skin health and disease and how this may provide a starting point for the development of more potent and selective PPARγ ligands with a low toxicity profile, thereby reducing unwanted side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term exposure to microgravity is considered to cause liver lipid accumulation, thereby increasing the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among astronauts. However, the reasons for this persistence of symptoms remain insufficiently investigated. In this study, we used tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics techniques, as well as non-targeted metabolomics techniques based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), to comprehensively analyse the relative expression levels of proteins and the abundance of metabolites associated with lipid accumulation in rat liver tissues under simulated microgravity conditions. The differential analysis revealed 63 proteins and 150 metabolites between the simulated microgravity group and the control group. By integrating differentially expressed proteins and metabolites and performing pathway enrichment analysis, we revealed the dysregulation of major metabolic pathways under simulated microgravity conditions, including the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and butanoate metabolism, indicating disrupted liver metabolism in rats due to weightlessness. Finally, we examined differentially expressed proteins associated with lipid metabolism in the liver of rats exposed to stimulated microgravity. These findings contribute to identifying the key molecules affected by microgravity and could guide the design of rational nutritional or pharmacological countermeasures for astronauts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in lipid composition profiling is significantly increasing as research reveals the immense importance of lipids in medicine, plant science, food and agriculture. However, lipidomic analysis requires high-end specialty equipment. We used two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) as a readily available, low-cost tool for basic lipidomic profiling of lipid classes in algal samples in the models Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Auxenochlorella protothecoides, and Euglena gracilis, validating lipid class identification using an LC-MS/MS analysis. Algal lipid extracts were separated on a 2D-TLC plate, and TLC analysis was followed by scraping individual TLC spots off the plate, and a subsequent liquid chromatography separation and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. For comparison, crude lipid extracts were also injected directly to the LC-MS/MS system. Lipid class annotation was achieved by a combination of accurate mass, retention time information, neutral loss and fragment ion analysis by MS2Analyzer, and by matching spectra to LipidBlast MS/MS library. Overall, we were able to identify 15 lipid classes, and to adequately profile the lipid classes in all three organisms. This TLC method is thus suggested as an accessible tool for lipid class profiling of algal, plant, and food lipids, alike, when a rapid and simple analysis is required, e.g., for screening purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance the uptake of soil nutrients and water by citrus, promoting its growth. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the action of AM fungi in promoting the growth of citrus were not fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the role of AM fungi Funneliformis mosseae in the regulatory mechanisms of P. trifoliata growth. Pot experiments combined with non-targeted metabolomics methods were used to observe the growth process and changes in metabolic products of P. trifoliata under the conditions of F. mosseae inoculation. The results showed that F. mosseae could form an excellent symbiotic relationship with P. trifoliata, thereby enhancing the utilization of soil nutrients and significantly promoting its growth. Compared with the control, the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and aboveground and underground dry weight in the F. mosseae inoculation significantly increased by 2.57, 1.29, 1.57, 4.25, and 2.78 times, respectively. Moreover, the root system results confirmed that F. mosseae could substantially promote the growth of P. trifoliata. Meanwhile, the metabolomics data indicated that 361 differential metabolites and 56 metabolic pathways were identified in the roots of P. trifoliata and were inoculated with F. mosseae. This study revealed that the inoculated F. mosseae could participate in ABC transporters by upregulating their participation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism and metabolites from five metabolic pathways of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis [mainly enriched in lipid (39.50%) and amino acid-related metabolic pathways] to promote the growth of P. trifoliata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The barrier function of the skin is primarily determined by its outermost layer, the Stratum Corneum (SC). The SC consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix composed mainly of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids in equimolar proportions and is organised in a complex lamellar structure with different periodicities and lateral packings. This matrix provides a diffusion pathway across the SC for bioactive compounds that are administered to the skin. In this regard, and as the skin administration route has grown in popularity, there has been an increase in the use of lipid mixtures that closely resemble the SC lipid matrix, either for a deeper biophysical understanding or for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. This review focuses on a systematic analysis of the main outcomes of using lipid mixtures as SC lipid matrix models for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. Thus, a methodical evaluation of the main outcomes based on the SC structure is performed, as well as the main recent developments in finding suitable new in vitro tools for permeation testing based on lipid models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) tailored for mRNA delivery were optimized to serve as a platform for treating metabolic diseases. Four distinct lipid mixes (LMs) were formulated by modifying various components: LM1 (ALC-0315/DSPC/Cholesterol/ALC-0159), LM2 (ALC-0315/DOPE/Cholesterol/ALC-0159), LM3 (ALC-0315/DSPC/Cholesterol/DMG-PEG2k), and LM4 (DLin-MC3-DMA/DSPC/Cholesterol/ALC-0159). LNPs exhibited stability and homogeneity with a mean size of 75 to 90 nm, confirmed by cryo-TEM and SAXS studies. High mRNA encapsulation (95–100%) was achieved. LNPs effectively delivered EGFP-encoding mRNA to HepG2 and DC2.4 cell lines. LNPs induced cytokine secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), revealing that LM1, LM2, and LM4 induced 1.5- to 4-fold increases in IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels, while LM3 showed minimal changes. Reporter mRNA expression was observed in LNP-treated PBMCs. Hemotoxicity studies confirmed formulation biocompatibility with values below 2%. In vivo biodistribution in mice post intramuscular injection showed significant mRNA expression, mainly in the liver. The modification of LNP components influenced reactogenicity, inflammatory response, and mRNA expression, offering a promising platform for selecting less reactogenic carriers suitable for repetitive dosing in metabolic disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) involves surgery followed by adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy, but often within months, patients relapse, and this has been linked to glioma stem cells (GSCs), self-renewing cells with increased therapy resistance. The identification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) as key players in gliomagenesis inspired the development of inhibitors targeting these tyrosine kinases (TKIs). However, results from clinical trials testing TKIs have been disappointing, and while the role of GSCs in conventional therapy resistance has been extensively studied, less is known about resistance of GSCs to TKIs. In this study, we have used compartmentalised proteomics to analyse the adaptive response of GSCs to ponatinib, a TKI with activity against PDGFR. The analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed that GSCs respond to ponatinib by broadly rewiring lipid metabolism, involving fatty acid beta-oxidation, cholesterol synthesis, and sphingolipid degradation. Inhibiting each of these metabolic pathways overcame ponatinib adaptation of GSCs, but interrogation of patient data revealed sphingolipid degradation as the most relevant pathway in GBM. Our data highlight that targeting lipid metabolism, and particularly sphingolipid degradation in combinatorial therapies, could improve the outcome of TKI therapies using ponatinib in GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]