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This paper adopts a legal mobilization approach in analyzing the varying strategies developed by indigenous communities resisting development projects in Peru and Guatemala. Both countries, like most countries in Latin America and some in other regions of the world, have ratified Convention 169 of the International Labor Organization, the main international law protecting indigenous rights. ILO 169 commits states, among other things, to ensure that indigenous communities have the right to a "consultation" in the event of a proposed development project affecting tribal lands. The Convention, and in particular the right to consultation, are much celebrated by indigenous rights advocates. The precise meaning of the right, however, is left vague and undefined in the text of the law, and indigenous peoples and others have interpreted it in markedly different ways. This paper describes and analyzes, within a legal mobilization framework, the ways in which three indigenous communities, two in Peru and one in Guatemala, have developed different strategies for pursuing the right to consultation. The communities surrounding the Marlin mine in Guatemala have appealed to the right of consultation in national and regional courts, as well as World Bank fora, and have held a community-led consultation not recognized by the state. The communities surrounding the Rio Blanco mining project in Peru have also held a community-led consultation, but have not initiated any court proceedings. The communities surrounding the Yanacocha mine, also in Peru, have not held a community-led consultation or pursued litigation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]