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Abstract: Pathogens can release extracellular vesicles (EVs) for cell–cell communication and host modulation. EVs from Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite species, can transfer drug resistance genes between parasites. EVs from late‐stage parasite‐infected RBC (iRBC‐EVs) are immunostimulatory and affect endothelial cell permeability, but little is known about EVs from early stage iRBC. We detected the parasite virulence factor PfEMP1, which is responsible for iRBC adherence and a major contributor to disease severity, in EVs, only up to 12‐hr post‐RBC invasion. Furthermore, using PfEMP1 transport knockout parasites, we determined that EVs originated from inside the iRBC rather than the iRBC surface. Proteomic analysis detected 101 parasite and 178 human proteins in iRBC‐EVs. Primary human monocytes stimulated with iRBC‐EVs released low levels of inflammatory cytokines and showed transcriptomic changes. Stimulation with iRBC‐EVs from PfEMP1 knockout parasites induced more gene expression changes and affected pathways involved in defence response, stress response, and response to cytokines, suggesting a novel function of PfEMP1 when present in EVs. We show for the first time the presence of PfEMP1 in early stage P. falciparum iRBC‐EVs and the effects of these EVs on primary human monocytes, uncovering a new mechanism of potential parasite pathogenesis and host interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study provides the length-weight relationships ( LWRs) for 64 fish species belonging to eight families from the lower sections of Wujiang River, a tributary of the upper Yangtze River in China. LWRs for eight of these species are unknown to FishBase and new maximum body weights are recorded for 25 species. In addition, some basic biological information on 64 fish species is also summarized. These results will be useful for fishery research, management and conservation in the Wujiang River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River flow alterations caused by dams have introduced many ecological problems, in particular a decline in aquatic species such as fishes. One compensatory measure is to create a hydrological process similar to the natural state with regard to the survival requirements of the fish. In recent years, the Three Gorges Reservoir ( TGR) has introduced man-made flood by ecological operation experiments to facilitate spawning of the four major Chinese carps in the Yangtze River, China. To investigate the fish spawning activities and their responses to the TGR operation, eggs from the four major Chinese carps were sampled using conical drift nets in the middle mainstream of the Yangtze River, May to July in 2012 and 2013. Spawning timing, location, and scale of the four carps were studied and compared between the 2 years; key hydrological and environmental factors associated with spawning were determined by principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis. Two factors were significantly positive when correlated with egg abundance: one was increasing rate of the river flow (flood amplitude), and the other was river transparency; only one factor, starting of the river flow (flooding occasions), was significantly and negatively correlated with the time of spawning. Comparison of egg abundance in one flood pulse response to different operation rules showed that flooding made by an ecological operation induced a larger scale of spawning than a conventional operation. The study implied that suitable flood conditions could produce a successful spawning event, and that the occasion and pattern of the flood process might result in different responses in fish spawning. Further research is required to develop more scientific monitoring designs in order to obtain accurate field data for both biotic and abiotic factors, and explore new research methods for egg abundance estimations combined with particle experiment and hydrodynamic modeling. This work is fundamental to improve the strategic decisions on reservoir operation and river management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anadromous fish, the Chinese sturgeon ( Acipenser sinensis Gray) is included in the 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. To save populations from extinction, artificial propagation had been sought since the 1980s and was achieved in 2009. Additional genetic information and methods will become crucial components in genetic management of the residual A. sinensis population. Microsatellite markers can provide information on the family structure, to avoid inbreeding or founder effects. However, the polyploidy derivative nature of the A. sinensis genome has added difficulties in settling these problems. Given the costs associated with genetic data collection, the trade-off between the amount of molecular data (how many loci are needed and which loci should be used) and the number of individuals sampled warrants consideration in order to maximize both efficiency and parentage analysis. Formulas to calculate the resolving power for tetraploid microsatellite loci in a given population are provided; these formulas are adapted from those fitted to the diploid loci in Neff et al. (Mol. Ecol., 9, 2000a, 515) and require genetic data only from the parent or parents in question, and an estimate of population allele frequencies. These formulas will help in addressing practical problems, such as the choice of genetic loci in A. sinensis conservation aquaculture programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, lipid and energy, and amino acids availability in white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal, fermented soybean meal, soybean meal and rapeseed meal were determined for loach ( Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) (12.05 ± 0.21 g), using a reference diet with 5 g kg−1 chromic oxide and test diets that contained 700 g kg−1 reference diet, by weight, and 300 g kg−1 of the test feed ingredients. The juvenile loach was held in 300-l tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. White fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal had highest apparent digestibility coefficients ( ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy among ingredients tested, ranged from 50.4% to 60.9% for dry matter, from 64.6% to 88.4% for crude protein and from 57.9% to 79.0% for gross energy. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter ranged from 61.0% to 66.9% for animal products and 50.4% to 60.7% for plant products. For crude protein, apparent digestibility coefficients of protein exceeding 80% were observed for white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal and fermented soybean meal, and the apparent digestibility coefficients of protein in rapeseed meal were the lowest among all the treatments. Lipids from both animal and plant feedstuffs were poorly digested by loach, ranging from 64.0% to 77.6%. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy were similar to those of dry matter and protein, and the highest and lowest ADCs of energy were found in WFM and RM, respectively. The loach used dietary phosphorus from the animal feedstuffs more efficiently than from plant feedstuffs (soybean meal and rapeseed meal), with ADC-values ranging from 42.3% to 53.1% and from 25.1% to 32.7%, respectively. For the animal products, the availabilities of amino acids in white fish meal and brown fish meal were higher than that in meat meal, expect for Met, Asp, Pro, Gly, and Cys. Among all the plant products, the availabilities of amino acids in fermented soybean meal were higher than in soybean meal and rapeseed meal, and thus had a greater potential to be used as a dietary replacement of fish meal in loach diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration of fish populations is required in China with the use of fishways at dammed rivers, but scant biological data is available for their design and operation. The Changzhou fishway ( CFW) on the Pearl River is the largest in China, providing a channel for multispecies upstream migrations. This preliminary study used a combination of fish traps and hydroacoustic detection to document the diurnal presence of fish in the CFW, with the purpose of providing essential data for a future, solid performance of this fishway. Eighteen species from a total of 1362 fish individuals were collected in the traps. Three species were dominant, namely, Squaliobarbus curriculus, Pseudobagrus vachellii and Cirrhinus molitorella, altogether sharing proportions of 74.70 and 76.26% in the daytime and nighttime, respectively. Balanced by the up-/downward movements of each fish, they entered the fishway with net numbers of 339.9 ± 113.4 ind.h−1, and exited with net numbers of 234.54 ± 26.66 ind.h−1. In diel fishway use, no significant differences were observed in either species composition or individual size during a diurnal period. Fish presence at the monitored sites within the fishway was recorded primarily during the daytime, showing a particular trend towards crepuscular use at the entrance and an uninterrupted use at the exit. This initial study showed a significant fish presence in the CFW during the flood season; the outcome of the study will be the basis of future research aimed at evaluating the passage efficiency of the CFW and the use thereof in other seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulics play an essential role in successful fish passage through fishways, yet little is known about the response of fish species to specific hydraulic characteristics. This study aims to determine the response of fish presence to water velocity that results from the flow regulation in the Changzhou Fishway (CFW). Water velocity meters and fish traps were used in the study to monitor water velocities and the presence of fish species at flood control levels as well as at normal pool levels. Water velocities in the CFW have a varied significantly as result of flow regulation, whereby water velocities at flood control levels are significantly higher than at normal pool levels (P = 0.014). A total of 3558 fish representing 28 species collected in the CFW were divided into two groups by cluster analysis. This type of divergence in species is strongly associated with the two controlled water levels in the fishway, wherein pelagic species predominate at normal pool levels, and demersal species predominate at flood control levels. This study suggests that the variations in water velocities trigger the shifts in species compositions that in the use of CFW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week experiment was designed to determine the optimum dietary iron requirement of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum (mean initial weight, 15.89 ± 0.84 g) with iron sulphate (Fe SO4•7H2O) and iron methionine (FeMet) as iron sources, using a semi-purified diet based on casein and white fish meal as the protein sources. The basal diet was supplemented with 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 mg iron kg−1 dry diet from either Fe SO4 or FeMet, respectively. Survival was not significantly affected by the all dietary treatment. Weight gain ( WG), feed efficiency ( FE), serum catalase activity ( SCAT), and haemoglobin were significantly affected by any of the dietary treatments from both of two iron sources. Based on broken-line regression analysis of WG, FE and SCAT, a minimum requirement for dietary iron was recommended to be 80.5-94.7 mg kg−1 from Fe SO4 and 71.3-75.1 mg kg−1 from FeMet. Iron supplement to the basal diet had no significant effect on haematocrit, erythrocyte count, iron concentration in whole body and fillet. Our experiment also showed that the bioavailability of FeMet and Fe SO4 to juvenile cobia was similar for WG and FE, and the relative bioavailability of FeMet and Fe SO4 to juvenile cobia was 275% for maximum SCAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effect of inhaled formaldehyde on learning and memory capacity. After exposure to 0 (control), 1 and 3 mg/m3 of gaseous formaldehyde respectively, the behavior of mice in a Morris water maze, the expression of NR1, NR2B mRNA and oxidative damage levels in mice brain were analyzed. The water maze performance, the activities of dismutase superoxide (SOD) and levels of glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly in 3 mg/m3 group ( P < 0.01, compared with control group); while malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and expression of NR1 and NR2B genes increased significantly after exposure to 3 mg/m3 of gaseous formaldehyde ( P < 0.05, <0.01, <0.01, compared with control group). These findings indicate that inhaled formaldehyde negatively affects learning and memory at 3 mg/m3 of gaseous formaldehyde but not at lower levels. Oxidative stress-induced neuron damages in the brain may be the possible mechanism for these effects. Practical Implications This study indicates that inhaled formaldehyde starts to negatively affect learning and memory at a middle concentration of formaldehyde without interference of other indoor air pollutants. Oxidative damage, and the alteration of NMDA receptor expression, which were induced by formaldehyde inhalation, may be the possible mechanism for gaseous formaldehyde-induced neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Length measurements of preserved fishes are necessary in many types of fish surveys because logistics often do not allow for fish measurement immediately after catch. If the fixative causes significant shrinkage, then the preserved lengths cannot be directly used to indicate accurate live lengths. The objective of this study was to determine how preservation in formalin affects standard length of Gobiocypris rarus larvae (24-day-old and newly hatched), larval Procypris rabaudi (4-day-old), and larval Sinilabeo rendahli (12-day-old). Fishes were measured (to nearest 0.01 mm) and individually fixed in the appropriate formalin solution (2.5% or 5.0% formalin), then re-measured at 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 45 and 75 days after preservation to follow the time course of shrinkage. Most of the shrinkage occurred within the first half day after preservation. The 5.0% formalin caused a higher relative shrinkage rate than did the 2.5% solution; however, the difference was not statistically significant. In G. rarus, initial shrinkage of newly hatched larvae was higher than that of 24-day-old larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), was once widely dispersed in almost all watersheds draining towards the western coasts of the Pacific Ocean. Today, the species is one of the highly endangered fish species in China and can be found only in the Yangtze and Pearl rivers and their adjacent coastal and marine areas. Due to the construction of the Gezhouba Dam, spawning grounds for the fish were drastically restricted but fortunately remained in the Yangtze River at a small-scale site located just downstream along a short reach of the river closely to the dam. Since 1998 we have undertaken annual investigations in this area using hydroacoustic methods, in order to estimate the size of spawning cohort and the selection of habitats. Based on strength and sizes of echo signals, the mature individuals of Chinese sturgeon were discriminated from the other fish species and then numerated. Most of the fish were detected close to the bottom and preferred to distribute themselves in the areas with water depths less than 15 meters. Because of different bottom structures with homogeneous granular material, the distribution of the fish was mainly influenced by water depths and perhaps current patterns. Total amount of sturgeons in the entire reach were estimated by simply summing up the numbers according to the identified densities in areas of different depths. Usually, there were about two separate spawning activities of Chinese sturgeon which took place annually during the observation period, with the scale of spawning activity being much larger at the first time than during the following spawning events. Estimations on the sizes of spawning cohorts on the restricted spawning ground before the first wave of upstream migrants appeared, were about 400 and 200 individuals during the periods of 1998-1999 and 2002, respectively. It was demonstrated that: a) the space of the current spawning site is not sufficient to accommodate all mature individuals simultaneously, and b) a serious decline in spawning stocks size of Chinese sturgeon during the investigational period seems to be indicated when comparing the counts between 1998 and 2002. The decline is about 50% which is a highly alarming figure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of embryos and larvae in Ancherythroculter nigrocauda Yih et Woo (1964) and effects of delayed first feeding on larvae were observed after artificial fertilization. The fertilized eggs were incubated at an average temperature of 26.5°C (range: 25.7–27) and the larvae reared at temperatures ranging from 21.8 to 28°C. First cleavage was at 50 min, epiboly began at 7 h 5 min, heartbeat reached 72 per min at 24 h 40 min and hatching occurred at 43 h 15 min after insemination. Mean total length of newly hatched larvae was 4.04 ± 0.03 mm (n = 15). A one-chambered gas bladder was observed at 70 h 50 min, two chambers occurred at 15 days, and scales appeared approximately 30 days after hatching. Larvae began to feed exogenously at day 4 post-hatch at an average temperature of 24°C. Food deprivation resulted in a progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle fibres, deterioration of the larval digestive system and cessation of organ differentiation. Larval growth under food deprivation was significantly affected by the time of first exogenous feeding. Starved larvae began to shrink, with negative growth from day 6 post-hatch. The point of no return (PNR) was reached at day 11 after hatching. Mortality of starved larvae increased sharply from day 12 after hatching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective – To determine the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in rural China. Methods – A cross-sectional study was conducted within a cohort of adults older than 50 years of age in Linxian County, China. A Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE) was used to screen cases of possible dementia. Three different cutoff points on CMMSE were applied depending on the participant's level of education. The participants then were given psychiatric interviews, medical and neurological examinations, and psychometric tests to ascertain the clinical diagnoses of dementia and AD. Results – Among the 16,095 participants, 5.26% were screened positive with 374 diagnosed as having dementia. Among them, AD accounted for 80.5%. The adjusted prevalence rates were 0.33%, 0.89%, 3.43%, and 8.19% in people in age groups 50–54, 55–64, 65–74, and 75 and above, respectively. The prevalence of AD correlated with the participant's level of education, and was 2.61%, 0.94%, and 0.56% in the illiterate group, in the primary school group, and in the middle school or higher group, respectively. Adjusted by education levels a higher prevalence in women was observed in the illiterate group. Conclusions – The prevalence of dementia in this population is similar to that reported from other areas in mainland China and Taiwan with aging being a significant risk factor. After controlling for age, being a female and having received less number of years of education were associated with an higher prevalence of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background – Dietary factors and history of smoking remain elusive in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective – We investigated the association of environmental factors with PD in a rural population in China. Methods – Subjects were participants of a past nutritional intervention trial. Information on their characteristics was collected during the baseline interview of the trial. Control subjects were randomly selected from the same cohort and frequency matched for sex, age and residential area. Results and Conclusion – Among 16,488 subjects surveyed, we diagnosed 464 subjects with PD. Then, four sex- and age-matched controls were paired with each definite PD case. A total of 85 cases and 340 controls were analyzed. Meat consumption and the body mass index (BMI) were inversely associated with PD. The PD risk declined with the increment of BMI. A history of gastric ulcer was associated with an increased risk of PD. As to smoking, there seemed an increased risk of PD among individuals who smoked regularly, non-significantly. However, a significantly increased risk of PD was found among those who smoked more than 30 pack-years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang L, Nie ZY, Liu Y, Chen W, Xin SM, Sun XD, Fan JH, Liu YH, Gao XH, Lu LQ, Como P, McDermott MP, Qiao YL, Kieburtz K. The prevalence of PD in a nutritionally deficient rural population in China.Acta Neurol Scand 2005: 112: 29–35.© Blackwell Munksgaard 2005.In most reports, the prevalence of PD in mainland China is lower than in western populations. To estimate PD prevalence in China, we performed a cross-sectional study in a rural population in Linxian County, China.Clinical diagnosis of PD.Among the 16,488 participants examined, the overall age- and gender-adjusted prevalence rate of PD was 522/100,000 (95% CI: 477–567) assuming no cases of PD would be found among those younger than 50 years of age. The gender-adjusted prevalence rates were 103 (95% CI: 83–123), 621 (95% CI: 572–670), 902 (95% CI: 843–961), and 1744 (95% CI: 1662–1826) per 100,000 in age groups 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and 80 and above, respectively.The estimated prevalence of PD in Linxian, China is higher than most of those reported from other areas in China, and similar to those reported from non-Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Length-weight relationships ( LWRs) were determined for eleven endemic fish species [ Coreius guichenoti (Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874), Glyptothorax sinensis (Regan, 1908), Leptobotia elongata (Bleeker, 1870), Leptobotia taeniops (Sauvage, 1878), Pseudobagrus crassilabris (Günther, 1864), Rhinogobio ventralis (Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874), Saurogobio dabryi (Bleeker, 1871), Schizothorax chongi (Fang, 1936), Schizothorax kozlovi (Nikolskii, 1903), Schizothorax prenanti (Tchang, 1930) and Schizothorax wangchiachii (Fang, 1936)] from the middle reaches of the Jinsha River in southwest China. Samples were obtained between May 2004 and July 2013 using various types of fishing gear and electroshock fishing techniques. For each species, the sample size, length range, weight range, LWR, 95% confidence intervals of a and b, and coefficient of correlation were determined. Prior to this study, the LWRs for four species ( P. crassilabris, S. chongi, S. kozlovi and S. prenanti) were unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Length-weight relationships ( LWRs) were determined for six endemic fish species [ Glyptothorax fokiensis (Rendahl, 1925), Lepturichthys fimbriata (Günther, 1888), Liobagrus marginatus (Günther, 1892), Percocypris pingi (Tchang, 1930), Pseudobagrus pratti (Günther, 1892) and Sinibotia superciliaris (Günther, 1892)] from the Pan Zhihua reach of the Jinsha River, which is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, southwest China. Samples were obtained between May 2004 and April 2012 using various types of fishing gear and electroshock fishing techniques. For each species, the sample size, length range, weight range, LWR, 95% confidence intervals of a and b, and coefficient of correlation were determined. Values of b were between 2.306 for P. pratti and 2.934 for P. pingi, and r2 values ranged from 0.952 for G. fokiensis to 0.995 for P. pingi. Prior to this study, the LWRs for three of these endemic species were unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Length‐weight relationships were described for five fish species belonging to three families and four genera from the Daninghe River, one of primary tributaries of the upper Yangtze River, China. A total of 1894 specimens were collected from 2014 to 2016 by using electro‐fishing equipment. Length–weight relationships for five species were recorded previously in FishBase and new maximum total lengths for five species were also presented in this paper. The results will be useful for fishery research, management and conservation in the upper Yangtze River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Length-weight relationships ( LWRs) were determined for five endemic fish species from the Yalong and Wujiang rivers (tributaries of the Yangtze River, China): Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881), Pelteobagrus ussuriensis (Dybowski, 1872), Schistura fasciolata (Nichols & Pope, 1927), Triplophysa daqiaoensis (Ding, 1993) and Triplophysa orientalis (Herzenstein, 1888). Samples were obtained between April 2004 and July 2014 using various fishing gear (set nets, drift gill nets, fish cages, hook and electro fishing). For each specimen from each species the sample size was recorded, total length and weight were measured and the LWR determined. Further, the 95% confidence intervals of a and b, and coefficient of correlation were estimated. Prior to this study, the LWRs for these five species were unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research investigated whether glucose fluctuation (GF) can exacerbate cognitive impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and explored the related mechanism., Methods: After 4 weeks of feeding with diets containing high fats plus sugar, the rat model of diabetes mellitus (DM) was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Then, GF was triggered by means of alternating satiety and starvation for 24 h. The weight, blood glucose level, and water intake of the rats were recorded. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was carried out to appraise the cognitive function at the end of week 12. Moreover, the morphological structure of hippocampal neurons was viewed through HE and Nissl staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed for ultrastructure observation. The protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 in the hippocampal tissues of rats were measured via Western blotting, and the mRNA expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 were examined using qRT-PCR. Finally, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were conducted to detect BDNF levels., Results: It was manifested that GF not only aggravated the impairment of spatial memory in rats with STZ-induced type 2 DM but also stimulated the loss, shrinkage, and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Regarding the expressions in murine hippocampal tissues, GF depressed Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, Bcl-2, and BDNF but boosted Caspase-3 and Bax., Conclusions: GF aggravates cognitive impairment by inhibiting the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in the hippocampal tissues., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Haiyan Chi et al.)

Objective: Microinflammation plays a crucial role in podocyte dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy, but its regulatory mechanism is still unclear. This study is aimed at discussing the mechanisms underlying the effect of miRNA-155 on podocyte injury to determine its potential as a therapeutic target., Methods: Cultured immortalized mouse podocytes and diabetic KK-Ay mice models were treated with a miR-155 inhibitor. Western blotting, real-time PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and Luciferase reporter assay were used to analyze markers of inflammation cytokines and podocyte injury., Results: miRNA-155 was found to be highly expressed in serum and kidney tissue of mice with diabetic nephropathy and in cultured podocytes, accompanied by elevated levels of inflammatory factors. Inhibition of miRNA-155 can reduce proteinuria and ACR levels, diminish the secretion of inflammatory molecules, improve kidney function, inhibit podocyte foot fusion, and reverse renal pathological changes in diabetic nephropathy mice. Overexpression of miRNA-155 in vitro can increase inflammatory molecule production in podocytes and aggravates podocyte injury, while miRNA-155 inhibition suppresses inflammatory molecule production in podocytes and reduces podocyte injury. A luciferase assay confirmed that miRNA-155 could selectively bind to 3'-UTR of SIRT1, resulting in decreased SIRT1 expression. In addition, SIRT1 siRNA could offset SIRT1 upregulation and enhance inflammatory factor secretion in podocytes, induced by the miRNA-155 inhibitor., Conclusions: These findings strongly support the hypothesis that miRNA-155 inhibits podocyte inflammation and reduces podocyte injury through SIRT1 silencing. miRNA-155 suppression therapy may be useful for the management of diabetic nephropathy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 Xiaolei Wang et al.)