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Metal contamination poses a significant threat to elasmobranchs, underscoring the need for targeted conservation approaches. The critically endangered Brazilian guitarfish, Pseudobatos horkelii , confronts an array of challenges, notably overexploitation, putting its survival at risk. Our study investigated the potential toxicity arising from arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) contamination across various adult guitarfish tissues from southeastern Brazil. Serological stress indicators, nutritional metabolites, and creatinine, an organ function marker, were also assessed, and Selenium (Se) levels were also investigated for possible protective effects. Our investigation unveiled significant correlations between metal concentrations and the determined physiological markers, shedding light on potential adverse effects. Remarkably, six correlations were indicative of how Hg and Pb negatively impact hepatic metabolite assimilation, while As was shown to influence renal phosphorus dynamics, Cd to affect rectal gland phosphorus regulation, and Pb to influence creatinine production in muscle tissue. Furthermore, Se demonstrated protective properties against Cd, Hg, and Pb, suggesting a role in alleviating the toxicity of these elements. Despite probable protective Se influences, the detected elemental interactions still suggest potential for organ impairment. These findings gain heightened significance within the context of the cumulative stressors faced by the Brazilian guitarfish, with metal contamination exhibiting the capacity to erode this species resilience against both anthropogenic and environmental pressures, thereby disrupting systemic equilibrium and jeopardizing wild populations. By investigating the intricate balance between metal accumulation and physiological consequences, our study contributes with crucial insights into potential conservation strategy formulations towards pollution for this critically endangered elasmobranch species. [Display omitted] • Physiological mechanism impairments were correlated with metal tissue accumulation. • As and Cd contamination potentially affects osmoregulation and enzymatic activity. • Pb contamination has the potential to compromise the integrity of muscle tissue. • Hg and Pb contamination in the liver impairs energy mobilization. • The protective effect of Se was not enough to prevent physiological alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cones are widely used by the beer industry to provide flavor, aroma, and bitterness due to the presence of α-acids, β-acids, and volatile oil components. Although the brewing sector plays an important role in Brazil's economy, hops are entirely imported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological acclimation potential, productivity, and chemical composition of four hop cultivars in a warm tropical region of Brazil. For this purpose, three North American-bred hop cultivars ('Cascade', 'Chinook' and 'Triple Pearl') and one European hop cultivar ('Saaz') that grew under tropical ambient conditions for two consecutive years were used. 'Saaz' and 'Triple Pearl' showed higher mortality and smaller photosynthetic rates, while 'Cascade' and 'Chinook' cultivars showed the best physiological and growth performance under a tropical-type climate. With a few exceptions, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII), chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzymes activity were very similar between these two cultivars. A higher dry mass of cones was observed in 'Chinook' and 'Cascade', however, with a higher variability within each cultivar. Both cultivars increased the production of the dry mass of cones in the second year. The average concentration of bitter acids in 'Cascade' and 'Chinook' was below the expected values, but there was a considerable increase in the volatile oil content between the first and second year of cultivation. We concluded that 'Cascade' and 'Chinook', American cultivars, showed better development and lower mortality compared to 'Triple Pearl' (American cultivar) and 'Saaz' (European cultivar) under tropical climate conditions in Brazil. Although the concentration of bitter acids was lower than expected in the first two years, the concentration may increase with plant maturity. • We evaluated the acclimatation of four hop cultivars under tropical conditions. • Greater cone productivity was observed in 'Cascade' and 'Chinook'. • 'Triple Pearl' and 'Saaz' showed limited performance under warmer environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Handheld dynamometer may be considered valid for scapular protraction strength test. • The best correlation with the gold standard occurs with subjects tested seated. • Handheld dynamometer tends to overestimate the peak force. Handheld dynamometers (HHD) provide quick and low-cost assessments of muscle strength and their use has been increasing in clinical practice. There is no available data related to the validity of HHD for this measurement. To verify the concurrent validity of scapular protraction measurements using an HHD. Individuals with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability were allocated in Instability Group (n = 20), healthy swimmers were allocated in Athletes Group (n = 19) and healthy subjects were allocated in Sedentary Group (n = 21). Concurrent validity was verified by the Pearson correlation test between HHD and isokinetic measurements. The agreement between instruments was verified by Bland–Altman plots, for each of the two HHD positions. A moderate correlation was observed between seated (r = 0.59) and lying supine HHD (r = 0.54) and isokinetic dynamometer measurements for the all groups. Separated group analysis exhibited a strong correlation between seated HHD and isokinetic dynamometer measurements in the Instability Group (r = 0.80), Sedentary Group (r = 0.79) and Athletes Group (r = 0.76). The Bland–Altman plot showed greater agreement in the seated position than the lying supine position when comparing measurements with the HHD and isokinetic in both the general sample and separated groups. The HHD may be considered a valid tool for assessing scapular protraction muscle strength among healthy athletes, non-athletes and subjects with shoulder instability. We recommend to assess subjects in the seated position and to be aware that the HHD tends to overestimate the peak force, compared with the gold-standard isokinetic dynamometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practise of co-processing has been growing and is used to address socioeconomic, environmental, and energy issues. However, the uncertainties related to potential negative impacts on public health and the environment represent one of the major concerns of the competent authorities and scientific community. This research aims to assess the perception of workers in a cement plant in Brazil about sustainability (environmental, economic, social) and health issues related to the practise of co-processing, such as: pollution, conditions and safety of work, the environment, individual and collective health, employment opportunities, capacity building and training offered by the company, waste co-processing, public transparency, and active participation of the population in decision-making. A survey was conducted in a cement plant in Brazil using a questionnaire distributed to 50 workers, representing about 17% of a medium sized industry. The unit was chosen for its accessibility, as well as the fact that it is one of the 37 Brazilian industries that performs the task of co-processing and is not yet well known. Purposive sampling was used to include all workers whose work activities are directly linked to co-processing (16 workers), along with 34 representing all other plant sectors; in addition, seniority must be at least two years, and the worker must live in local communities or in surrounding cities. The results indicate positive perspectives toward most questions, except in the aspects related to the local population's knowledge about the practise of co-processing and those related to the population's participation in the decision-making processes: these aspects were both viewed negatively. The findings show that the perceptions of internal stakeholders (workers) of the cement industry are valuable in assessing the aspects related to co-processing, health risks, and environmental protection. The state environmental agencies must have the technical capacity to ensure that cement companies practise co-processing without endangering the health of workers and populations living near the industries as well as while preserving environmental conditions. The cement industry will be able to further reduce the environmental footprint of its operations and products in their final application and guarantee the safety of the workers and populations living near the industry through expertise and know-how. Sustainable cement production relies on well-educated and well-trained workers with highly efficient training programs and the creation of a supportive environment for workers; integrated pollution prevention and control with environmental management is a necessity in order to mitigate the negative effects. Populations living near the cement plant should have access to information on the environment and activities which pose danger, as well as the opportunity to participate in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land exploitation that follows deforestation and mining can result in soil erosion and the release of mercury to the waters of rivers in the Amazon Basin. Inorganic mercury is methylated by bacteria that are present in the environment and it serves as a source of human contamination through fish consumption in the form of methylmercury. Long-term exposure to low-level methylmercury in the riverside populations can lead to nervous system alterations, some of which are visual impairments such as loss of luminance contrast sensitivity, restricted visual fields and color vision defects. The present study sought to examine color vision in a group of adults living in the central Brazilian Amazon who were exposed to low-levels of methylmercury. Total Hg concentrations were measured from hair collected at the time of the testing. The D15d and FM100 color vision arrangement tests were applied in a population of 36 (22 males) and 42 (25 males), respectively. Controls were healthy volunteers from the cities of São Paulo for the D15d and Belém for the FM100. There was a statistically significant difference in performance between those who were exposed and controls for both tests (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test), meaning that adults living in this region of the Amazon made more mistakes on both tests when compared to controls. A linear regression was performed using Hg concentrations and test scores. Hg concentrations accounted for 7% and 2% of color D15d and FM100 arrangement test errors, respectively. Although other studies have previously found color vision impairment in the Amazon, they tested inhabitants on the east side of the Amazon, while this study was conducted in the central Amazon region and it is the first study in a population with no direct contact with the Hg source of contamination. These results suggest that long-term exposure to low-level methylmercury in riverside populations is more widely spread in the Amazon Basin than previously reported. This information is needed to implement public health policies that will ensure a safer environment for the Amazonian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the association of ophthalmic artery (OA) Doppler measure - the ratio of velocity peaks (PR) - to adverse pregnancy outcomes in preeclampsia.Study Design and Main Outcomes: Prospective cohort study of 56 women with preeclampsia that underwent Doppler measurements of OA flow, medial to optic nerve. PR results were classified as normal (PR < 0.78), abnormal (PR 0.78-0.98), or highly abnormal (PR ≥ 0.99). Attending clinicians were blinded to OA Doppler results. The primary endpoints were (1) a composite of adverse maternal outcomes-central nervous system injury (eclampsia or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome), HELLP syndrome, hypertensive crisis, maternal admission to the intensive care unit, and maternal death-and (2) a composite of adverse perinatal outcomes-birth weight <10th percentile for gestational age, neonatal acidemia, 5-min Apgar score <7, admission of infants weighing >2500 g to the neonatal intensive care, preterm birth <32 weeks, fetal or neonatal death.Results: Adverse maternal outcomes became more frequent as the PR values increased (p=.005). The occurrence of hypertensive crisis after hospital admission (secondary endpoint) was also positively associated with PR values (p=.001). Adverse perinatal outcomes were not associated with PR values (p=.551), but women in the highly abnormal PR group (PR ≥ 0.99) had the earliest deliveries (p=.001) and the smallest newborns (p=.004). All women in the highly abnormal PR group (n=16) had an adverse outcome.Conclusions: Maternal OA Doppler PR ≥ 0.99 in preeclampsia may identify women at increased risk of adverse maternal outcomes and pregnancies at the greatest risk of preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the freshwater genus Haltidytes (Gastrotricha) was discovered in an urban lagoon in Brazil. Haltidytes pseudosquamosus sp. nov. has a unique arrangement of trunk spines in comparison to its congeners, as well as a rare cuticle covered with smooth rhombic scales. The phylogenetic reconstruction including all known Haltidytes species exhibited one well-resolved cladogram supporting monophyly of the genus. Moreover, an internal clade comprising the Neotropical species was revealed. The presence of a dorsal body covered by cuticle ornamentation appears as synapomorphic for the Neotropical species. An updated identification key is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, cortisol levels, and the lipid profile in the sera of alcoholic and non-alcoholic Strongyloides stercoralis -infected and uninfected individuals in a sample of 276 individuals attended at the National Health System in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The activity of PON1 was measured by the Beltowski method, serum lipids, and cortisol levels using commercial kits. PON1 activity was low in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals infected with S. stercoralis . A positive correlation was observed between PON1 activity and cortisol concentration in alcoholic individuals who were not infected with S. stercoralis ; whereas a negative correlation occurred in S. stercoralis -infected nonalcoholic individuals. The levels of triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in S. stercoralis -infected alcoholic individuals were significantly lower than in uninfected alcoholic individuals. The high level of HDL-C and the low level of LDL-C, VLDL, triglycerides and PON1 activity in alcoholic patients infected with S. stercoralis evidenced an anti-atherogenic pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bibliographic mapping was used to identify major research groups and trends for heat tolerance in farm animals. • Major research countries are the USA, China, Brazil, India, Australia and UK with 54% of all publications. • There was a gradual drift in heat stress studies from animal physiology towards genomics and cellular biology. • This area of research is growing 3x faster than publication rates in general. • Most papers are on cattle, indicating the need for studies with other species. This study looks at the bibliographic mapping of citation, co-occurrence of keywords, co-citation and bibliographic coupling for heat tolerance in farm animals. Data was obtained from Scopus (Elsevier) and analysed in Vosviewer. Several salient points emerge from our analysis. We found a total of 1728 documents from 102 countries, of which 54% are from six countries (USA, China, Brazil, India, Australia and UK). While heat tolerance is important, Global South countries have recently become more important in this topic. Nevertheless, researchers from this region appear relatively isolated using the metrics of this study. One potential factor contributing to isolation could be lack of funding. This is discussed in the light of current Article Processing Charges. We also note a gradual drift in heat stress studies from animal physiology towards genomics and cellular biology. The paper can help understanding tendencies in this field of research and may point to future actions within the research community. This paper also shows the need to strengthen studies in less favoured areas and with species such as small ruminants, whereby small holders may be harder hit by climate change. Biases in the analysis could arise due to low citations from recent papers or those not indexed in Scopus. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA damage caused by the accumulation of bio-products generated in the biotransformation of ethanol to acetaldehyde mediated by the CYP2E1 enzyme has been studied. To evaluate DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the possible association with polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CYP2E1 gene, we performed a case-control study including 75 alcoholics and 59 individuals who consume alcohol socially. Alcoholics were previously diagnosed by the Psychosocial Care Center - Alcohol and Drugs (CAPS A/D) in the city of Goiania, Goias state, Central Brazil. DNA damage was evaluated by comet assay. The analysis of the rs3813867, rs2031920, and rs2031921 polymorphisms in the promoter region of CYP2E1 gene was performed by Sanger sequencing. Men older than 35 years old were the most common alcoholics. We found increased DNA damage in the case group, compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Alcoholics who were heterozygous in the rs3813867, rs2031920, and rs2031921 polymorphisms showed higher DNA damage (tail length and olive tail moment), compared to individuals with the homozygous non-mutated allele. Previous studies have shown that polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CYP2E1 gene could cause higher CYP2E1 transcriptional activity, increasing enzyme activity compared with nondrinkers, indicating that the presence of the mutated allele (heterozygous or homozygous) may be associated with higher alcohol metabolic rates and therefore show increased acetaldehyde levels after alcohol consumption, which then can exert its carcinogenic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an exogenous protease added to diets having soybean meal (SBM) from two geographic areas in Brazil (South or North). Evaluation was conducted on energy utilisation and nutrient digestibility using 224 slow feathering Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers. Birds were fed a common starter diet to d 15. Semi-purified experimental diets containing 555 g/kg SBM and 408 g/kg maize starch plus minerals and vitamins were provided afterwards until 24 d. Diets had 0.1 g/kg phytase and 10 g/kg Celite (indigestible marker). Birds were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of the two SBM with or without protease supplementations (0 or 15,000 protease units/kg) from 17 to 24 d. Excreta were collected from 21 to 23 d and ileal content was collected from all birds. Samples of feed, excreta, and ileal content were analysed for determination of total tract retention and ileal apparent digestibility. No interactions between SBM and protease were observed. Broilers fed semi-purified diets formulated with South SBM had lower (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility of crude protein and also from most amino acids (AA) when compared with birds fed North SBM. Ileal digestible energy was increased (P < 0.01) by 0.51 MJ/kg when birds were fed the diet supplemented with protease. Indispensable and dispensable AA digestibility also increased (P < 0.05) with protease supplementation. Ileal digestibility coefficients of Met, Lys, Thr and Val were increased (P < 0.05) by 3.1%, 3.1%, 4.8%, and 3.3%, respectively when birds were fed the diet supplemented with protease. Results from this experiment show that utilisation of energy and AA from SBM depends on its origin, but protease supplementation improved their utilisation regardless of the SBM source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicides are the most commonly applied pesticides in Brazil, specifically those based on glyphosate, and are used for different crops, near the habitats of annual killifish. Annual killifish presents a short life cycle with generally restricted geographic distribution. In this context, we evaluated the effect of the Roundup Original© (65, 130 and 260 µg. L−1 of glyphosate) herbicide on different development stages (adult-young and senile) of the annual killifish (Cynopoecilus sp.). We quantified the oxidative balance markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation levels, and total proteins). We observed that the senile individuals presented 2-fold higher lipid peroxidation levels associated with the maintenance of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity levels even after exposure to the herbicide. However, senile subjects were negatively impacted by the exposure to formulations containing glyphosate, and this was related to a loss of glutathione S-transferase activity. Our research demonstrated that the established physiological markers and this species look promising for toxicology studies. [Display omitted] • Oxidative stress markers were determined in young-adult and senile males of Killifish. • Annual killifish showed no mortality when exposed to concentrations of glyphosate. • Antioxidant system of young adults of Cynopoecilus sp. proved to be highly efficient. • Senile killifish showed an increase in LPO without changing SOD and CAT. • Exposed senile show a decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution aimed to characterize physicochemical and kinetic parameters of the brain cholinesterases (ChEs) from Parachromis managuensis and investigate the in vitro effects of pesticides and metal ions on its activity intending to propose as biomarker. This species is suitable for this investigation because (1) it was recently introduced in Brazil becoming invasive (no restrictions on capture) and (2) occupies the top of the food chain (being subject to bioaccumulation). The enzyme extract was exposed to 10 metal ions (Al 3+ , Ba 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Hg 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Fe 2+ and Zn 2+ ) and ChEs selective inhibitors (BW284c51, Iso-OMPA, neostigmine and serine). The extract was also incubated with organophosphate (dichlorvos) and carbamate pesticides (carbaryl and carbofuran). Inhibition parameters (IC 20 , IC 50 and ki) were determined. Selective inhibitors and kinetic parameters confirmed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) -like as responsible for the ChE activities, most AChE. The IC 50 values for pesticides were: 1.68 μM (dichlorvos); 4.35 μM (carbaryl) and 0.28 μM (carbofuran). Most of the analyzed ions did not show significant effect at 1 mM ( p = 0.05), whereas the following ions inhibited the enzyme activity in the order: Hg 2+ > Cu 2+ > Cd 2+ > Zn 2+ . Mercury ion strongly inhibited the enzyme activity (IC 20 = 0.7 μM). The results about allow to conclude that P. managuensis brain AChE is a potential biomarker for heavy metals and pesticides under study, mainly for the carbamate carbofuran once it was capable to detect 6-fold lower levels than the limit concentration internationally recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To verify the efficacy of high voltage pulsed current in collagen realignment and synthesis and in angiogenesis after the partial rupturing of the Achilles tendon in rats. Method: Forty male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups of 10 animals each: sham, cathodic stimulation, anodic stimulation, and alternating stimulation. Their Achilles tendons were submitted to direct trauma by a free-falling metal bar. Then, the treatment was administered for six consecutive days after the injury. In the simulation group, the electrodes were positioned on the animal, but the device remained off for 30 minutes. The other groups used a frequency of 120 pps, sensory threshold, and the corresponding polarity. On the seventh day, the tendons were removed and sent for histological slide preparation for birefringence and Picrosirius Red analysis and for blood vessel quantification. Results: No significant difference was observed among the groups regarding collagen realignment (types I or III collagen) or quantity of blood vessels. Conclusion: High voltage pulsed current for six consecutive days was not effective in collagen realignment, synthesis, or angiogenesis after the partial rupturing of the Achilles tendon in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Sexual function may be affected in women with urinary incontinence (UI), but data regarding this association are controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sociodemographic characteristics in the sexual function of Brazilian women with UI.Study Design: Cross-sectional study with 251 women with UI in the period from April to June 2014. Firstly, sociodemographic and pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) characteristics were compared between groups of women with and without sexual activity. Secondly, we compared the variables above with the total score of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and/or Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12). For continuous variables, we used the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test; for categorical variables we used the chi-square statistic considering the difference of p<0.05.Results: Women with sexual activity tend to be younger, to be premenopausal, have a steady partner and not be hypertensive. The mean total score of PISQ-12 was 27.30. Women who attended elementary school, with coital UI, with moderate constipation and symptomatic prolapse have worse sexual function. Premenopausal women with mixed urinary incontinence have worse sexual function than those with stress urinary incontinence.Conclusion: The association between sexual dysfunction and UI deserves special attention from health professionals. The care of the maintenance or restoration of sexual well-being should be offered to all women, regardless of age, since UI may affect sexual life and QoL of these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This epidemiological study evaluated the impact of school time on sleep parameters of children and adolescents.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 639 elementary and high school students (mean age 13.03 years, range 8-18, 58.5% female) from the south of Brazil. Participants answered the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and were asked about their sleeping habits on weekdays and weekends. Sleep deficit was defined as the difference between sleep duration on weekdays and weekends.Results: The morning-school-time students presented significantly higher age, bedtime and wake up differences, sleep deficits, and social jetlag. The sleep deficit presented by girls was greater than that observed in boys of the same age. The difference between weekday and weekend waking times was also significantly greater in girls than in boys aged 13-18 years. Sleep deficit was significantly positively correlated with age and differences in wake up times, and significantly negatively correlated with MEQ scores, social jetlag, difference between weekday and weekend bedtimes, midpoint of sleep on weekends, and midpoint of sleep on weekends corrected for sleep deficit. A step-by-step multivariate logistic regression identified social jetlag, the difference between waking times on weekdays and weekends, and the midpoint of sleep on weekends as significant predictors of sleep deficit (Adjusted R(2) = 0.95; F = 1606.87; p <0.001).Conclusion: The results showed that school time influences the sleep parameters. The association of school schedules and physiological factors influence the sleep/wake cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The early evaluation of the spine in children is desirable because it is at this stage of development that the greatest changes in the body structures occur. Objective: To determine the test-retest, intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Flexicurve instrument for the evaluation of spinal curvatures in children. Method: Forty children ranging from 5 to 15 years of age were evaluated by two independent evaluators using the Flexicurve to model the spine. The agreement was evaluated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), Standard Error of the Measurement (SEM), and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC). Results: In relation to thoracic kyphosis, the Flexicurve was shown to have excellent correlation in terms of test-retest reliability (ICC2,2=0.87) and moderate correlation in terms of intra-(ICC2,2=0.68) and inter-rater reliability (ICC2,2=0.72). In relation to lumbar lordosis, it was shown to have moderate correlation in terms of test-retest reliability (ICC2,2=0.66) and intra- (ICC2,2=0.50) and inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.56). Conclusion: This evaluation of the reliability of the Flexicurve allows its use in school screening. However, to monitor spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane in children, complementary clinical measures are necessary. Further studies are required to investigate the concurrent validity of the instrument in order to identify its diagnostic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors suggest that armadillos present an important risk for human leprosy infection. This study uses semi-structured interviews to better illustrate how human interaction with armadillos may increase the risk of leprosy transmission. The participants were all residents of the state of Ceará, in northeastern Brazil, all acknowledged contact with armadillos either through hunting, through cooking, or through consumption of its meat. This study raises important issues about contact between human beings and armadillos. The interviews provide evidence of numerous situations in which leprosy transmission via the armadillo is possible. At a minimum, people who hunt armadillos need to be made aware of the risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent pathogen transmitted by ticks in cattle in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. However, the tick species involved in the transmission of A. marginale in buffaloes in Brazil have not been identified. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of A. marginale in ticks parasitizing water buffaloes. A total of 200 samples of Rhipicephalus microplus , Dermacentor nitens , Amblyomma cajennense , and Amblyomma maculatum were collected and tested by conventional and quantitative PCR for the presence of the msp1a and msp5 genes. In the present study, 35 ticks (17.5%) were positive for A. marginale DNA by qPCR analysis. The positive ticks belonged to four different species: R. microplus (22.2%), A. cajennense (13.8%), A. maculatum (16.0%), and D. nitens (10.0%). Individuals of the three developmental stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults) of R. microplus and A. cajennense were found to be positive for A. marginale , only nymphs and adults of A. maculatum were found to be positive, and finally, only adults of D. nitens were positive for A. marginale . Our results suggest that R. microplus , A. cajennense , A. maculatum , and D. nitens ticks may be involved in the transmission of A. marginale in buffaloes. However, while A. marginale PCR positive ticks were recorded, this does not indicate vector competence; only that the ticks may contain a blood meal from an infected host. Additionally, the results show that the strains of A. marginale from buffaloes and cattle are phylogenetically related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recreational fisheries are developing for many iconic marine and estuarine fish species and are generating important social and economic returns in Brazil. Fat snook is the primary target species in southeastern Brazil and it supports a vibrant fisheries sector, including recreational fishing tournaments. To evaluate the impacts of recreational angling practices, we examined external hooking injuries, secondary physiological stress responses (i.e., blood glucose and lactate concentrations; N = 24), reflex impairment (N = 39), and overnight survival (N = 39) of fat snook angled with and without air exposure. We also examined physiological stress and reflex impairment of fat snook captured in a fishing tournament (N = 43) immediately post weigh-in and 1 h post weigh-in. Values were compared to baseline reflexes (N = 10) and physiology (N = 8) collected from minimally stressed fat snook. Fish captured by anglers infrequently had hooking injury but all angling and tournament treatments resulted in significantly elevated blood glucose and lactate, indicating a considerable physiological response to angling. Angling with air exposure and tournament weigh-in (in a dry container) resulted in the highest blood lactate values. The body flex reflex was occasionally impaired after angling or tournament practices, but this was consistent with baseline reflex actions, and the body flex reflex was therefore not a valuable indicator of fisheries stress or mortality in fat snook. Although angling and tournament practices caused a marked physiological stress response, low mortality of snook indicated that the species is resilient to brief bouts of angling at moderate water temperatures. However, high lactate values associated with air exposure suggest that handling practices be refined, particularly during tournament weigh-in. We recommend that anglers reduce air exposure intervals when handling snook prior to release and that recreational tournaments adopt wet weigh-in procedures to maximize the utility of catch-and-release in this fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to characterize physiologically wheat cultivars released in different decades and identify selection criteria for the continued genetic progress in Brazil. Ten cultivars released from 1940 up to 2009 were tested during 2010 and 2011 crop seasons. The following traits were evaluated: grain yield (GY), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), grain number per m −2 (GN), plant height (PH), harvest index (HI), above-ground biomass (BIO), relative Chlorophyll content and leaf gas exchanges. The increase in grain yield was 29 kg ha −1 yr −1 a genetic gain of 0.92%, annually. Grain yield improvement was largely associated with HI (0.94 ** ), number of grains m −2 (0.93 ** ), BIO (0.88 ** ) and reduced PH (−0.93 ** ). The post-anthesis Chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and pre/post-anthesis photosynthetic rate were positively correlated with GY. Genetic gains of Brazilian wheat are mainly related to the increases of HI, GN, and BIO. These improvements were achieved by reducing PH and raising gas exchanges and chlorophyll content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carried out short- and mid-term incubations to assess the combined impact of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-400nm) and nutrient addition on tropical phytoplankton communities from Babitonga Bay, Southern Brazil. Samples were collected at a station ~10km inward from the mouth i.e., Inlet, and incubated in microcosms under solar radiation at the surface of the water, with or without UVR, and under two nutrient conditions (ambient and with addition of macronutrients). Nutrient addition had the largest impact on specific growth rates, almost doubling the growth of algae as compared to ambient conditions. UVR-induced inhibition of the effective photochemical quantum yield (Y) at the initial conditions was higher at ambient nutrient conditions than in samples with nutrient addition, demonstrating the antagonistic effect among the two factors. Inhibition (k) and recovery (r) rates of Y at the beginning of the experiment suggest a high sensitivity of this community, but they were reduced after 4days of exposure in the microcosms, hinting for the presence of acclimation mechanisms. Also, differences in taxonomic composition, with increasing dominance of diatoms in nutrient-enriched cultures, as compared to the initial time and in ambient nutrient conditions (with higher proportion of flagellates) may account for the observed variability in responses along the time as well as within treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] production system in Brazil and other South American countries relies on the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium elite strains, which provides nearly all the crop N requirements, about 83 kg per ton of grains. However, drought impairs several plant metabolic processes, especially BNF, limiting development and yield. Strategies to deal with drought comprise breeding, including genetic modification of the host plant, selection of rhizobial strains for more tolerance to water stress, co-inoculation with other plant growth-promoting microorganisms, and their metabolites to stimulate the symbiosis. A better understanding of physiological mechanisms involved in the symbiosis related to the host plant and the symbiont are crucial to development inoculants, and also soybean genotypes more adapted to drought, assuring lower impairment of drought on the N supply to the crop. Soil management based on no-till, and chemical and biological improvement to allow roots to reach deeper layers are also allied strategies to deal with drought. The maintenance of mulching and increase of soil organic matter levels, in addition to improvement of soil chemical conditions, allow more access to water in the soil profile, and a better condition for the symbiosis and other beneficial biological processes. Strategies to stimulate or maintain BNF can be one of the main strategies to mitigate drought stress in soybean. This review discusses the progress so far on strategies aiming to lessen the impairment of BNF under drought and suggests using integrated tools to alleviate the effects of drought on the soybean crop for a more stable and sustainable yield. • BNF is pivotal for sustainability of soybean production. • Drought is one of the most limiting environmental factors to BNF. • Integrated strategies are tools for increasing tolerance to drought. • Plant breeding, tolerant strains, microbial metabolites, plant nutrition, and soil management increase tolerance to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Emissions of N2O and NH3 from cattle excreta on a Brachiaria pasture were compared. [•] Seasonal differences in N2O and NH3emissions from cattle excreta were assessed. [•] Fractions of N2O–N and NH3–N lost from urine were greater than from dung. [•] N2O emissions were greatest during the rainy season and minimal in the dry season. [•] Volatilization of NH3 was greater from urine than from dung and increased in the dry season. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Elasmobranchs are essentially marine, but ~15% of the species occur in brackish or freshwater. The Brazilian marine coastal skate Zapteryx brevirostris, non-reported in nearby estuaries, was submitted to 35, 25, 15, and 5 psu, for 6 or 12h (n=6). Plasma was assayed for osmolality, urea, and ions (Na+, Cl−, K+, Mg2+). Muscle water content was determined, and the rectal gland, kidney and gills were removed for carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) activities. The skate survived to all treatments. Plasma osmolality and urea levels decreased respectively by 27% and 38% after 12h in 5 psu (with respect to levels when in seawater), but plasma Na+, Cl−, and Mg2+ were well regulated. Plasma K+ showed some conformation after 12h. Muscle hydration was maintained. Branchial CA and NKA did not respond to salinity. Rectal gland NKA decreased upon seawater dilution, while renal NKA increased. This skate was shown to be partially euryhaline. The analysis of plasma urea of elasmobranchs in brackish and freshwater versus salinity and time—allied to the widespread occurrence of some euryhalinity in the group—led us to revisit the hypothesis of a brackish water habitat for elasmobranch ancestors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A statistical analysis of data from published studies was conducted to evaluate the effect of the addition of lime to fresh sugarcane in terms of its chemical composition, digestibility, and animal performance. A data set that included 55 treatment means from 20 refereed journal articles was collected and analyzed using a mixed model regression analysis with a random study effect. Lime addition directly increased dry matter (DM), ash, and Ca contents, as well as Ca:P ratio, and lowered organic matter (OM) concentration. The alkaline nature of lime linearly raised the sugarcane pH. Conversely, the concentration of nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) was quadratically reduced by lime addition, whereas there was a quadratic increase in the neutral detergent fiber (NDFall), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and lignin (sa) and a linear increase in potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber (g/kg OM). The proportion of hemicellulose in the NDFall was unchanged by lime addition; thus, net fiber hydrolysis was not observed. The only beneficial effect of lime on the chemical composition of sugarcane was a linear decrease in the iNDF:NDFall ratio. The addition of lime to sugarcane did not affect DM intake or chewing behavior, although it increased the intake of NDFall. However, the mean NDFall intake was 0.87kg/100kg body weight, which is markedly lower than the reported value for traditional forages (1.00–1.20kg/100kg body weight). Indeed, NDFall digestibility was quadratically improved, but it was not enough to offset the loss of NFC across air exposure which, in turn, led to a linear decrease in the diet DM digestibility. Thus, lime treatment linearly decreased the average daily gain. It was concluded that lime increased fiber digestibility, but this effect did not offset the loss of water soluble carbohydrates, leading to a lower nutritive value of fresh sugarcane and a decrease in animal performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: (1) Dental wear is a common phenomenon in mammals. Its occurrence is influenced by tooth anatomy, animal physiology, biomechanics and behaviour. So far, investigations of dental wear in cetaceans have been scanty and superficial. We compare the frequencies of occurrence, location and intensity of dental wear in some species of dolphins from southern Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean. (2) Teeth of ten species were evaluated using a stereoscopic microscope to identify wear facets, which were classified according to location, anatomical position and wear intensity. (3) Frequencies of dental wear were high for all species with exception of Delphinus capensis, with less than 50% of teeth worn. Simultaneous wear facets in the apex and lateral of teeth were more common than facets restricted to the apex or lateral faces. Wear on the dental crown was more common, but some species showed less frequent wear down to the cingulum or root level. Superficial wear seems to be the general trend for dolphins, but Stenella coeruleoalba and Pseudorca crassidens showed a higher frequency of severe wear. Only for Tursiops truncatus the frequencies of wear were significantly different between males and females. When considering the ontogeny of dental wear, only for T. truncatus and Stenella frontalis indexes of dental wear were correlated with body length. (4) Whether dental wear has implications or not in fitness and feeding behaviour, severely worn teeth may expose the pulp cavity and increase the susceptibility to local infections. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To investigate the effect of the soil passage through the gut of earthworms (Pontoscolex corethrurus) on the forms of Pb and Mn, casts and soil samples were analyzed by sequential extraction procedure. Soil samples were collected in an area under direct influence of mining and metallurgy of Pb in the Parana state, Brazil. The earthworms were incubated with the soils to collect castings. The Pb and Mn concentrations were determined in seven sequential phases: soluble; exchangeable; carbonate; organic matter; Fe and Mn oxides; Al oxides and aluminosilicates; residual. There was intense contamination with Pb in the area, mainly in the clayish soil surrounding the factory by the deposition of suspended material coming from the chimneys (maximum concentration 9716 mg kg−1). On the other hand, total concentration of soil Mn was little influenced by the mining and metallurgy activities in the area. The earthworms significantly reduced the amount of Pb in the soluble and exchangeable forms in the soil, considered environmentally more bioavailable. There was also a significant increase in Pb bound in Fe and Mn oxides in the casts (specific absorption), which is desirable for soil bioremediation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To evaluate radiotherapy effects (RT) on mandibular movements of patients with head and neck cancer (H&NC) and associate them to the variables: functional capacity, radiation field, disease staging, type of feeding, concomitant chemotherapy and total dose of RT. Methods: Twenty-six patients with H&NC were followed up at the RT service. Physical examination was performed in 3 follow up time points: before the beginning of RT (T0), between 14th and 17th session of RT (T1) and after the last session of RT (T2). The physical examination consisted of the assessment of the following variables: mouth opening without pain (MO), maximum mouth opening (MMO), right lateral excursion (RLE), left lateral excursion (LLE) and protrusion (PR) of the jaw. The feeding type and the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPS) were evaluated in each follow up time point. Data with regards to the tumor lesion and the RT were collected from the patient's clinical notes. Results: There was a statistical significant reduction in the values of MO (p=0.006), MMO (p=0.001), LLE (p=0.006) and KPS (p=0.001). There was significant a statistical association among the reduction in KPS and decreased measure of MO (r=0.390, p=0.048) and MMO (r=0.435, p=0.026). The mouth and oropharynx radiation fields when combined showed a significant reduction for both the measure of MO (p=0.005) and for MMO (p=0.004). Patients who used nasoenteric tube feeding (NTF) had greater reduction in the measurement of MMO (p=0.031). The remaining variables showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Patients with H&NC present reduction of the measures of MO and MMO during the RT, especially if they present reduced functional capacity, have radiation in the mouth and oropharynx fields and used NTF [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present study, cadmium and lead in the muscle, lung, liver and kidney of dolphins (Sotalia guianensis and Stenella clymene) of the Bahia coast in the northwest of Brazil were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples were digested using a diluted oxidant mixture (HNO3 +H2O2) with a microwave heating program performed in five steps. The optimized temperatures and chemical modifier for the pyrolysis and atomization were 700°C, 1400°C and Pd plus Mg for Cd, and 900°C, 1800°C and NH4H2PO4 for Pb, respectively. Characteristic masses and limits of detections (n =20, 3σ) for Cd and Pb were 1.6 and 9.0pg and 0.82ngg−1 and 0.50ngg−1, respectively. Repeatability ranged from 0.87 to 8.22% for Cd and 4.31 to 8.09% for Pb. The found concentrations presented no statistical differences at the 95% confidence level when compared with the ICP OES methods. Addition and recovery tests were also performed and the results ranged between 87 and 112% for both elements. Samples of cetacean Dolphinidae (S. guianensis and S. clymene) were analyzed, and the higher concentrations ranged from 0.09 to 46.2µgg−1 for Cd and 0.04 to 0.47µgg−1 for Pb in liver, and from 0.133 to 277µgg−1 for Cd in the kidney. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) report dyspnea when performing activities of daily living (ADLs) with elevated upper limbs. To elucidate the determinants of dyspnea, it is important to study the changes in the respiratory pattern of these patients and the electromyographic activity of their accessory muscles of respiration during ADLs. In the literature, there are no reports of a normative parameter, therefore it is necessary to study how these variables behave in healthy subjects. Objectives: To verify, in healthy subjects, the existence of changes in the respiratory pattern and activation of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle during an ADL with unsupported arm elevation. Methods: Thirteen male subjects, 60.57 (±6.42) years old, with normal spirometry values for age and sex, were evaluated using surface electromyography (EMG) and respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) collected at rest and during the activity of combing their hair with elevated and unsupported upper limbs. The data distribution was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk's test. ANOVA was used to compare the phases, and when the difference was significant (p<0.05), Tukey's test was applied. Results: The RIP during the ADL showed a significant increase in tidal volume, minute ventilation, respiratory frequency and mean inspiratory flow. Thoracoabdominal asynchrony was identified in percentage of asynchrony in inspiration, expiration, and Phase Angle (p<0.05). The EMG showed an increase in SMC muscle recruitment (p<0.05). Conclusions: Healthy subjects increased their SCM muscle activation and changed their breathing pattern when performing the ADL with unsupported arm elevation, resulting in thoracoabdominal asynchrony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Antifeedant, growth inhibitory and toxic effects of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa and Annona atemoya from Fazenda Viveiro Bona, Parasisópolis – Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using different bioassays. Crude methanolic seed extracts deterred feeding of third instar T. ni larvae in a leaf disc choice bioassay. A. squamosa was ∼10 times more active as a feeding deterrent than A. atemoya (DC50 =2.3mg/ml vs. 20.1mg/ml). A. squamosa was ∼three times more active as a growth inhibitor than A. atemoya (EC50 =38.0ppm vs. 117.0ppm). Methanolic seed extracts of A. squamosa and A. atemoya were toxic to third instar T. ni larvae both through topical and oral application. A. squamosa was more toxic through feeding (LC50 =167.5ppm vs. 382.4ppm) whereas, A. atemoya exerted greater toxicity via topical application (LC50 =301.3μg/larva vs. 197.7μg/larva). Both A. squamosa and A. atemoya extracts reduced leaf area consumption and larval growth in a greenhouse experiment. Our results indicate that both A. squamosa and A. atemoya have potential for development as botanical insecticides, especially for local use in Brazil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Triatoma brasiliensis is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazil. The feeding efficiency on its hosts depends on several parameters including the maintenance of the ingested blood at low viscosity, which could be modulated by the anterior midgut (crop) anticoagulant and haemagglutinant activities. In the present study, we characterized T. brasiliensis crop haemagglutination activity and evaluated its importance in the feeding process. Soluble crop contents (SCC) of T. brasiliensis were able to agglutinate rat, mouse and rabbit eryhtrocytes, but had no activity on cattle and Thrichomys apereoides, a rodent species commonly associated with T. brasiliensis in the wild. The haemagglutination was characterized by the immediate formation of several clusters of erythrocytes connected by flexible elastic-like fibers. The feeding efficiency of T. brasiliensis on rat (agglutinated by SCC) was almost double that from T. apereoides (not agglutinated by SCC). The influence of haemagglutination on feeding was confirmed by artificially feeding bugs on a diet composed of cattle or rat erythrocytes. The bugs fed on cattle erythrocytes had lower ingestion rates in comparison to those fed on rats. The results indicate that, in addition to other parameters, haemagglutination brought about by SCC has an important role in the feeding efficiency of T. brasiliensis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The physiological and kinetic capabilities of 233 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates, originating from traditional Brazilian cachaça fermentation, were evaluated under laboratory conditions to select flocculent and non-H2S producing strains to be employed in beverage production. Three flocculent S. cerevisiae strains were selected, two non-H2S producing and one H2S producing, and their kinetic performances were analysed during two large-scale fermentation experiments in a traditional cachaça distillery. One non-flocculent H2S-producing S. cerevisiae strain was also used for comparison with the flocculent strains. The results of mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis showed that the three flocculent starter S. cerevisiae strains, as well as the non-flocculent strain, remained in the process during the whole fermentation period, with cells numbering around 107 cfu/ml. All selected strains produced ethanol yields that were typically higher in the distillery than in the laboratory conditions, except for strain UFMGA-1240. The greatest diversity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts was observed prior to day 21 of cachaça fermentation; Pichia membranifaciens and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii were the most frequently isolated species. These yeasts were present in lower densities throughout the whole process. The cachaça produced by the selected strains contained concentrations of chemical compounds in accordance with current Brazilian legislation, and all cachaças scored well in sensory effective tests. In addition to the advantage of being flocculent, the strain UFMGA-1031 is non-H2S producing and also produces cachaça with good sensory acceptance. Therefore, this flocculent and non-H2S producing S. cerevisiae strain is highly suitable as a starter for production of high quality traditional cachaça. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Amazon River prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862), is a target species for regional fisheries in Brazil and a candidate for aquaculture. Under controlled laboratory conditions (29 °C, 10‰), the larval phase of this species shows variability in the morphology and number of successive stages (mostly 9–10, occasionally 8 to >12). In the most commonly observed developmental pathway (9 stages, taking approximately 20–22 days from hatching to the first juvenile stage), we studied patterns of larval growth in terms of total body length (TL), carapace length (CL), dry mass (W), and elemental composition (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen; collectively CHN). At hatching, about 12% of late embryonic W, 15–18% of C and H, but only 7% of N were lost, indicating higher losses of lipids and/or carbohydrates than proteins. Significant variability was observed in the initial biomass and elemental composition of newly hatched larvae from 20 different egg batches. This may cause variation in the endotrophic potential of the early stages, as the zoea I of this species is a non-feeding stage, and also the zoea II may still utilize internal energy stores remaining from the egg yolk. Lacking or low larval feeding activity from hatching through stage II coincided with low initial growth. Concomitantly, the proportions of C and H (in % of W) as well as the C:N ratio decreased from hatching through stage IV, indicating a utilization of stored lipids. The percentage of N showed an opposite pattern, reflecting protein synthesis associated with morphogenesis. Size growth showed maximum increments per moult in the late zoeal stages (III–VI), followed by lower increments in the subsequent decapodid stages (VII–IX). This sigmoidal growth pattern may reflect ontogenetic changes in morphometric relationships. Biomass showed exponential patterns of increase from zoeal stage III throughout later larval development and in the first two juvenile stages. Furthermore, patterns of larval growth in M. amazonicum are characterized as linear relationships between larval W in stage n and that in stage n +1 (Hiatt diagram), between larval size (CL) and biomass (W, C), and between W and either C or N. Using CHN data, we also provide estimates of the protein and lipid contents of larval biomass (ca. 38–46% and 10–12% of W, respectively). High survival, rapid development, and predictable patterns of larval growth support the assumption that M. amazonicum should be a suitable species for production in aquaculture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Herbaceous restinga species displayed adaptive mechanisms to heavy metals. • Higher levels of metal deposition were verified during dry season. • Chlorophyll contents reduced according to the gradual increase in Iron. • Plants in stations closest to Doce River mouth displayed lower levels of carbohydrates. • Progressive increase in proline was verified with the increase in Manganese. In Brazil, the worst environmental disaster involving mining dams was the collapse of the Fundão tailing dam, in 2015. This accident affected directly the ecosystems of the regions surrounding the Doce River Basin. After continuous contamination of soils with heavy metals, only plants able to cope with the toxic effects of these elements can survive under this stressful environment. Thus, the main goal of this study was to carry out a detailed post-disaster analysis during two sampling periods to identify physiological and biochemical markers allowing us to understand the metabolic impact of heavy metals on Restinga herbaceous species. We determined the concentrations of heavy metals and antioxidant compounds, and further performed gas exchange analyses coupled with detailed biochemical analyses. These analyses were performed in two herbaceous species at seven Restinga stations along the coastal region of Espírito Santo - Brazil. The deposition of heavy metals such as iron and manganese varied considerably between the seven sampling stations and adaptive mechanisms to cope with excessive metals levels were verified in the herbaceous species. We observed several physiological and biochemical responses to metals that indicated potential adaptive mechanisms. Adjustments in the photosynthetic-related parameters including an acute reduction in stomatal conductance and transpiration rates associated with high stomatal resistance were noticed. Moreover, gradual reduction in pigments levels from the most distant stations to the ones closest to the Doce River mouth was noted in herbaceous species. Changes in the metabolism of nitrogen as protein content, carbon, and antioxidants were also noticed. Notably, variable responses according to the species and sample period demonstrate the further need for analysis over time to confirm the identified bioindicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Criollo horse industry requires more efforts toward a better understanding of breed characteristics and physiology; few studies have been conducted in Criollo horses to fulfill this demand. Toward this aim, 70 Criollo mares (between 3 and 28 years of age) underwent physiologic evaluation of the length of gestation, occurrence of foal heat, and interval to postpartum ovulation. Gestation length in the 70 mares was 335.6 ± 10.5 days, varying from 312 to 364 days. The mean (±SD) interval from parturition to first ovulation of 42 mares that foaled between September and December of 2005 and 2006 was 19.9 ± 14.0 days. Eighty-three percent of the mares had an interval to foal heat ovulation shorter than 20 days (35/42). The mean (±SD) parturition to ovulation interval of these mares was 14.2 ± 3.0 days. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present study was conducted to elucidate the specific distributions of organochlorine (OC) compounds in various tissues and organs of juveniles of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) found stranded on beaches in southern Brazil. The OC residue concentrations occurred in the following order: PCBs>DDTs>CHLs>HCHs>HCB. OC concentrations in blubber were higher than other tissues (e. G. PCBs, 2480ng g−1 wet weight; DDTs, 660ng g−1 wet weight) indicating a positive association with lipid content (except for HCB). However, the poor nutritional status of these animals, possibly following a starvation period, is likely to have allowed the remobilization of organochlorines stored in lipids to other tissues throughout the body, increasing their vulnerability to toxic effects and possibly affecting their survival capability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Until recently, Brazil did not have a national instrument with which to assess household food insecurity (FI). The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to describe the process of adaptation and validation of the 15-item USDA FI module, and 2) to assess its validity in the city of Campinas. The USDA scale was translated into Portuguese and subsequently tested for content and face validity through content expert and focus groups made up of community members. This was followed by a quantitative validation based on a convenience (n = 125) and a representative (n = 847) sample. Key adaptations involved replacing the term "balanced meal" with "healthy and varied diet," to construct items as questions rather than statements, and to ensure that respondents understood that information would not be used to determine program eligibility. Chronbach's alpha was 0.91 and the scale item response curves were parallel across the 4 household income strata. FI severity level was strongly associated in a dose-response manner (P < 0.001) with income strata and the probability of daily intake of fruits, vegetables, meat/fish, and dairy. These findings were replicated in the 2 independent survey samples. Results indicate that the adapted version of the USDA food insecurity module is valid for the population of Campinas. This validation methodology has now been replicated in urban and/or rural areas of 4 additional states with similar results. Thus, Brazil now has a household food insecurity instrument that can be used to set national goals, to follow progress, and to evaluate its national hunger and poverty eradication programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• American table grape (Vitis labrusca) can be training in overhead trellis system. • American table grape has higher productivity on overhead than on VSP trellis system. • Leaf area/production is higher on VSP than overhead trellis system, producing more soluble solids in fruit. The trellis system used in grapevine cultivation greatly influences yield due to leaf surface exposure to solar radiation, which implies that physiological responses are involved in fruit production and quality. The American table grape cv. Niagara Rosada (Vitis labrusca) was first planted in Brazil using the vertically shoot-positioned (VSP) system. However, in areas where cv. Niagara Rosada replaced European table grapes (Vitis vinifera), growers usually use the existing overhead trellis system. This study evaluated the physiology and production of cv. Niagara Rosada grapevines grown on the overhead trellis system and VSP system. The trellis system had no influence on the duration in total days from the pruning-to-harvest period or on the absolute growth rate of shoots. The leaf area index and leaf surface area were higher on overhead trellis systems than on the VSP system. Fruit growth was similar regardless of the system adopted. Grapevines in the VSP system produced fruits with higher concentrations of soluble solids and anthocyanins than those in the overhead trellis system. Grapevines on the overhead trellis system present a better ratio between leaf surface area and production, as well as higher yields. However, grapevines grown on the VSP system have fruit with better qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]