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Soil thermal properties play an important role in crop productivity, but the influence of a multi-species cover crops (CCs) on these properties are not well understood. This study evaluated the effects of no-till CCs (winter wheat [ Triticum aestivum L.], crimson clover [ Trifolium incarnatum L.], triticale [ Triticale hexaploide Lart], hairy vetch [ Vicia villosa ], oats [ Avena sativa ], and cereal rye [ Secale cereale L.]) on soil physical (bulk density [BD], and volumetric water content [ϴ] at 0, −33, and −100 kPa soil water pressures) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity [λ], volumetric heat capacity [ C V ], and thermal diffusivity [ D ]). Soil samples were collected just before CC termination at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths from CC and no cover crop (NC) plots during 2021 and 2022. Results showed that, after 2 years, CCs reduced BD by 17% and increased ϴ at 0, − 33, and − 100 kPa soil water pressures by 23%, 25%, and 28%, respectively relative to NC management. Thus, λ under NC was 16%, 19%, and 20% higher at 0, − 33, and − 100 kPa soil water pressures, respectively, compared with CC management. Conversely, C V was 17%, 14%, and 15% higher under CC compared with NC management at 0, − 33, and − 100 kPa soil water pressures. Regression analysis further demonstrated that while plant root was the most important factor influencing λ at saturation, ϴ played the greatest role in λ at other soil water pressures. Expectedly, ϴ was the most important factor influencing C V at all measured soil water pressures. Conclusively, no-till CCs can improve laboratory measured soil thermal properties by moderating heat transfer. • CCs reduced BD and increased ϴ at measured soil water pressures relative to NC. • NC management significantly increased λ, while CC management improved C V. • At saturation, plant roots determined λ, while ϴ influenced λ at lower soil water pressures. • ϴ was the most important factor influencing C V at soil water pressures measured. • Multi-specie CCs can reduce extreme heat transport in a changing global climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennial systems, such as switchgrass have been shown to improve soil hydraulic properties on degraded soils relative to annual cropping systems; however, studies of the effects on thermal properties are limited. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of topsoil thickness on soil thermal properties under switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and row crop production systems. The experiment was carried out at the University of Missouri South Farm Research Center (38°54′ N, 92°16′ W). Research plots were re-established in 2009 with selected topsoil thickness categorized into two treatments (shallow [4 cm] and deep [36 cm]) on a Mexico silt loam (Vertic Epiaqualfs). Plots were planted to either switchgrass or a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with four replicates. Undisturbed soil cores (7.6 by 7.6 cm) and bulk soil were collected from two depths (10 cm increments) to determine thermal properties. Thermal conductivity (λ), volumetric heat capacity (C v), and thermal diffusivity (D) were measured at 0, −33, −100 and − 300 kPa soil water pressures. In addition, soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (D b) and water content (θ) were also determined. The results showed that the switchgrass treatment had 23% higher SOC, 5–8% greater θ, and 11% lower D b than the row crop treatment. In turn, switchgrass plot exhibited a 5–7% reduction in λ, an 8–9% reduction in D, and a 2–3% increase in C v. Shallow topsoil thickness demonstrated increased thermal properties (λ, D and C v) relative to the deep topsoil thickness, likely due to higher clay content in the surface soil horizon and associated higher θ. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of topsoil loss and perennial vegetation on the thermal properties of soils in degraded landscapes. • Switchgrass reduced soil thermal conductivity but increased heat capacity. • Switchgrass has the potential to buffer heat transport within the soil profile. • Management that influences bulk density also affects soil thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]