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The article deals with the issue of modern challenges in the development of the fuel and energy complex, including the oil and gas industry as its basis in terms of the volume of tax revenues to the budget. Industry technological priorities have been identified: the creation of domestic equipment and technologies for the traditional upstream fuel and energy complex, digital transformation and the development of Industry 4.0 technologies, the development of technological competencies in key areas of energy transition, and the development of technologies in terms of ecology and industrial safety. The world experience of supporting the development of scientific research in industry is analyzed on the example of the USA, Norway and China. An analysis of the challenges of the institutional development of the fuel and energy complex at all stages from research to serial production is presented. The covenants of the state in the field of developing human resources for the implementation of the energy transition of the domestic fuel and energy complex, independent of external circumstances, have been determined. Proceeding from the analysis of internal barriers and successful international practices, proposals were made for the development of state technology policy. The National Program of the Russian Federation formulates directions for the development of the industry in the medium term. The technological development of the Russian Federation in the medium term will be influenced, on the one hand, by a number of external and internal threats of technological backwardness and degradation of the Russian economy, and on the other, by emerging new opportunities. Russia has a serious scientific and technical foundation in the field of hydrogen energy, scientific and technical personnel, operating facilities in the hydrogen industry, intellectual property, standard base, design and operational documentation, experience in creating the world's largest hydrogen filling station for launch vehicles and spacecraft ("Energy- Buran") guarantee the successful completion of assigned tasks in the medium term. Huge reserves of biomass, hydro resources, wind resources, geothermal resources, wave energy of the seas and oceans, solar energy provide enormous opportunities for the export of hydrogen to all interested countries, as well as the widespread use of hydrogen in the national economy, primarily for converting aviation to environmentally friendly fuel and preserving the environment megacities and large urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Conversion of a DHN to diversified and decentralized renewable supply. • Fully physical digital twin of real DHN used to compare five renewable scenarios. • Implementation of up to 11 different generation and storage technologies at once. • Thermal energy storages with high charging/discharging power are essential. • Results show that at least 98 % renewable supply is possible. Due to the tremendous effects of climate change, the goal of a climate-friendly energy supply has developed into the main task of the energy sector. Today climate neutrality is a central issue at social, political and economic levels. It is a sector coupling issue, requiring renewable energies in electricity, mobility and heat supply. While the heat sector contributes the largest share to final energy demand of German municipalities, it is also the sector for which the path towards climate neutrality will be most challenging. This study presents pathways for large cities for the transition from fossil to renewable heat supply based on the example of Rostock. A detailed, fully-physical simulation model for Rostock's district heating was developed considering different potential heat sources including heat pumps, industrial and process heat, incineration of sewage sludge, waste and solid biomass as well as geothermal and solar thermal plants. Additionally, thermal energy storages have been integrated into the model. The study highlights the importance of simulation models in evaluating the feasibility of energy systems and emphasizes the need for incorporating detailed information in these models to obtain accurate results. Multiple scenarios have been investigated in order to analyse the interplay of heat generation, storage and the annual course of heat consumption. Five final concepts were derived meeting the requirement of climate-neutral heat supply. Although the results show that each variant has advantages and disadvantages, heat generators that make technical and economic sense in all cases were identified. The implementation of these is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to reduce dependence on energy imports and increase domestic energy generation are often linked to imports of energy-generation equipment, which may lead to security issues. This study analyses the European Union's imports of energy and energy technologies in 2013–2023 using a common methodology based on a set of indicators. The analysis encompasses both well-established import diversification indicators and an extended version of the Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI), which considers the political stability of import sources. The results indicate that, while the diversification of energy imports has increased in recent years (the extended HHI for imports of the generalised group of energy and fuel products decreased from 0.16 in 2017 to 0.1 in 2022), imports of energy equipment are becoming increasingly concentrated (the extended HHI for energy technology imports into the EU increased from 0.16 in 2017 to 0.55 in 2022). This trend is particularly evident in the case of solar and energy storage technologies, which represent a significant vulnerability in the context of technology imports. Import dependency may have adverse consequences for the EU's ambitious energy transformation agenda. • Diversification of energy-related imports to the European Union during 2013–2023 is analysed. • Extended Herfindahl–Hirschman index version is obtained through integrating political stability indicator. • Imports of energy equipment are becoming increasingly concentrated. • Extended Herfindahl–Hirschman index for energy technology imports to the European Union increased to 0.55 in 2022. • Import risks could threaten the European Union's decarbonisation initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuba's power supply is characterized by the dependence on imported oil, outdated power plants and frequent power curtailment. Cuba's government aims at changing this situation through the National Economic and Social Development Plan, which targets a renewable share of 37 % in 2030. In the longer term, the Cuban government has already acknowledged the goal of 100 % renewable electricity supply. This work reviews the current ambitions of the Cuban government and provides a scientific approach to identifying the most cost-effective 100 % renewable energy system in 2030. First, we study whether the generation mix proposed by the Cuban government to reach 37 % renewables is the most cost-effective. Second, we run a simulation that considers fossil and renewable energy technologies purely to optimize costs. Third, we investigate the renewable future for Cuba with a simulation under the constraint of a 100 % renewable energy share. Our results suggest that energy sector plans should be reconsidered from a techno-economic point of view: With the overall cost-optimization, we find that much higher renewable energy shares of over 80 % are possible at lower overall costs. Finally, we analyze that the cost viability of a 100 % renewable electricity depends largely on the ability to use Cuba's biomass resources to balance solar generation. • The Cuban expansion plan for 2030 can achieve the targeted 37 % RE with reduced LCOE. • A larger share of wind power capacities can reduce costs to achieve the 37 % target. • Optimization shows that higher RE shares of above 82 % are possible at lower costs. • The cost-optimal system is dominated by wind power and biomass power generation. • In the long term (reaching 100 % RE) a large solar PV capacity is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current challenge in energy system modelling is integrating high temporal and spatial resolution with a detailed representation of technologies and sector coupling within a single model. This paper presents a pioneering sectoral optimisation approach for transformation pathways in the German federal states. Spatial resolution in the energy system model REMod is increased and the model is extended from a single-node to a multi-node model for Germany by integrating energy exchanges between regions into a simulation-based optimisation. The approach highlights the challenge of adjusting energy distribution to address the mismatch between high final energy demand in some states and the potential for renewable energy resources in others. The extended model was compared with the results of the single-node model with the same boundary conditions. The comparison showed that increasing the spatial resolution did not significantly affect the overall cost of energy system transformation. However, the composition of the energy system changes, leading to approximately 6% more renewable capacity being installed in a scenario with ten regions. The results for the German federal states indicate a concentration of onshore wind development in the northern federal states with higher full load hours, especially in Lower Saxony/Bremen with 36 GW and Schleswig-Holstein/Hamburg/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern with 38 GW in 2045. The expansion of photovoltaic capacity in densely populated states such as North Rhine-Westphalia (73 GW), Bavaria (71 GW), and Baden-Württemberg (54 GW) reflects the need to meet growing electricity demand. The solar photovoltaic to wind power ratio varies between the federal states and influences the choice of flexibility options, including power-to-x technologies or gas and hydrogen turbines. By 2045, Germany's primary energy supply will shift to states with abundant renewable resources. Spatial flexibility is essential to balance electricity demand and solar and wind potential, mainly through state interconnections. • Sector-coupled energy system model with high temporal and spatial resolution developed. • Simulation-based optimisation as alternative to linear optimisation techniques. • Transformation path on federal states level for Germany modelled. • Transmission grid expansion is needed to transmit renewable energy from Northern to Southern Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Required average annual installation of 400 MW of PV and 200 MW of wind power generation capacity. • In district heating systems annual installation of 60 MW of heat pumps and electric heaters, as well as 165 MW of solar collectors. • Average of 85 MW of heat pumps, 132 MW of electric heaters and 1250 MW of solar thermal collectors need to be annually installed in individual heating systems. • An average of 82 MW of electrolysers and 600 MWh of hydrogen storage have to be annually installed. • Transition scenario is cheaper in all years except for 2028 and 2029 due to the higher capital investments in the transition scenario for that period. The energy system in Europe faces significant challenges. Though, the transition to renewable energy is under way, still a significant portion of energy is supplied from fossil fuels, mainly natural gas. In the second half of 2021, the supply of natural gas and consequently the rate of replenishment of the reserves dwindled. The scarcity of natural gas has resulted in record-high energy prices as well as an increase in goods prices. Especially hit are the industry sectors highly dependent on natural gas such as the petrochemical industry. This research investigates the strategies to mitigate the crisis in the European Union energy system while simultaneously ensuring low energy system cost and fulfilment of energy transition goals. The system analysis and simulations are carried out in the liner optimization model − H2RES. The results display that the system opts for accelerated fulfilment of energy transition goals. Therefore, the dependency on the stable supply of natural gas is decreased. Also, the total cost of an energy system that undergoes transition as compared to the business as usual scenario is 33 % lower even when accounting for the necessary investments by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a representative region with poor energy resource endowment in China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region poses a pressing and vital issue for research on energy security. This study offers a comprehensive assessment of energy security levels (ESL) in the YRD region of China from 2000 to 2019, emphasizing the pivotal role of electricity indicators in energy transition using a combination optimization model of the entropy method and CRITIC method. Subsequently, we employed a coupling synergy degree model to further quantify the energy synergy among different YRD provinces and to verify the effects of energy synergy and renewable energy generation (REG) on the ESL of the YRD region. The findings highlight supply security as the central concern for safeguarding energy security. The YRD region's ESL ranking is as follows: Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Shanghai. There is a significant linear correlation between energy synergy and ESL, with Zhejiang and Jiangsu experiencing a notably greater effect of energy synergy on ESL than Anhui. A pronounced U-shaped relationship between REG and ESL is evident in the Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. The impact of REG on ESL is significant in Zhejiang province but negligible in Shanghai. • Investigated the energy security of China's Yangtze River Delta region. • Estimated the energy synergy of China's Yangtze River Delta region. • Examined how energy synergy and renewable energy generation affect energy security. • Renewable energy generation's effect on energy security shows a clear U-shaped pattern. • There is a significant linear correlation between energy synergy and energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Development of a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology for assessing sustainable performance in hybrid systems, facilitating the gradual energy transition. • Demonstrated feasibility of the energy transition through the study of three hybrid systems tailored to Colombia's emerging energy markets. • Achievement of demand-meeting power and low-emission hydrogen production in the full hybrid process. • Exploration of low-emission hydrogen generation aligned with the just transition, aiding in emissions reduction and introducing new energy vectors to markets reliant on non-renewable generation. To explore sustainable alternatives to meet the growing energy demand worldwide, it is necessary to analyze strategies promoting the efficient use of energy, the mitigation of environmental impact, the diversification of power resources, and the orientation toward energy transition. Due to their location, Latin America and the Caribbean have a significant renewable energy potential. For instance, Colombia has an installed thermoelectric capacity accounting for over 40% of its total power generation resources. Nevertheless, its legislation promotes the fair transition toward alternative sources while leveraging the installed infrastructure. Additionally, worldwide projections show that hydrogen-based power generation will foster the hybridization of power generation systems. This research addresses the evaluation of four increasingly complex systems, starting with a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT), successfully adding subsystems up to a hybrid system comprising a CCGT, a photovoltaic field, a methane reformer with carbon capture, a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and a hydrogen compression-storage stage. The appraisal is performed with the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), using technical, economic, sociopolitical, and environmental indicators. We used the Colombian energy market as a case study. The evaluation found that the scenario incorporating all the subsystems achieves the best trade-off across all considered criteria. In nominal conditions, this scenario achieves an overall efficiency of 63.67%, a levelized cost of energy of 0.032 USD/kWh, a carbon footprint of 0.047 kgCO 2 /kWh, and a conventional-to-total power ratio of 70.77%. Integrating electrolysis, reforming with carbon capture for hydrogen generation, and using surplus gas and power reduce CO 2 emissions while increasing profits. Additionally, the combination of hydrogen storage and solar energy enhances overall power generation capabilities. The proposed assessment methodology can be extended to evaluate the viability of similar hybrid systems in other regions and energy markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating renewables into the energy matrix enables efficient energy systems and meets the UN Sustainable Development Goals 7) affordable and clean energy, 9) industry, innovation, and infrastructure, 12) responsible production and use, and 13) climate action. A specific case is the use of marine renewable energy (MRE) for power supply in coastal cities affected by environmental and anthropogenic threats. MRE can be harnessed from waves, currents, offshore wind, and thermal and salinity gradients. In emerging economies, the marine renewable energy industry is at different stages from quantifying the potential, to device development, or testing. Currently, in Mexico, there is a wide range of marine energy projects despite the technological advances there is no framework for the device's deployment. As a guide for developers, this article presents the current Mexican legislation on MRE. The review of the legislation has identified some niche opportunities that were highlighted during the research; legal pathway for planning and operational purposes. • Lack of knowledge of local regulations can hinder the development of a marine energy industry. • Technology development can be improved if it takes place within the framework of marine regulations. • In Mexico, several laws applicable to the oil industry can be adapted to cover marine energy systems. • The regulatory framework could be seen as an ally for technology development if considered at the appropriate time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high dependence on imported fuels and the potential for both climate change mitigation and economic diversification make Barbados' energy system particularly interesting for detailed transformation analysis. An open source energy system model is presented here for the analysis of a future Barbadian energy system. The model was applied in a scenario analysis, using a greenfield approach, to investigate cost-optimal and 100% renewable energy system configurations. Within the scenarios, the electrification of private passenger vehicles and cruise ships through shore-to-ship power supply was modelled to assess its impact on the energy system and the necessary investment in storage. Results show that for most scenarios of a system in 2030, a renewable energy share of over 80% is achieved in cost-optimal cases, even with a growing demand. The system's levelised costs of electricity range from 0.17 to 0.36 BBD/kWh in the cost-optimal scenarios and increase only moderately for 100% renewable systems. Under the reasonable assumption of decreasing photovoltaic investment costs, system costs of a 100% system may be lower than the current costs. The results show that pumped hydro-storage is a no-regret option for the Barbadian power system design. Overall, the results highlight the great potential of renewable energy as well as the technical and economic feasibility of a 100% renewable energy system for Barbados. • Open Source Energy Modelling for Barbados with high shares of renewable energies • Modelling includes electric vehicles and shore-to-ship cruise ship energy supply. • High shares above 80% of renewable energies are cost optimal. • Pumped Hydro Storage is identified as a no-regret option. • Restricted flexibility potential is a challenge for a 100% renewable system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewable energy transition hinges on balancing energy supply and demand across seasons. This paper investigates the potential flexibility of Switzerland's integrated power, hydrogen, and methane infrastructure to balance temporal mismatches while complying with national energy policies for sustainability and security. It develops an optimization method for energy system expansion and operation planning, filling crucial research gaps by (1) explicitly modeling power and gas transmission networks to guide technology placement and pinpoint network expansions, and (2) incorporating flexibility in power demand via shedding and shifting and in hydrogen and methane demands via price elasticity. The findings suggest that a 6.7-fold capacity expansion of variable renewables (i.e., photovoltaic, wind, run-of-river) by 2050 offsets nuclear phase-out and demand growth. The winter power gap is filled by power imports, hydropower generation, and gas turbines fueled by cost-effective hydrogen or methane imports. However, fuel embargoes escalate winter hydrogen and methane prices, reducing demand by 3.8%–10.4% and increasing domestic fuel production from biomass and excess renewable power in summer. To bridge the seasonal hydrogen and methane supply–demand gaps, up to 1.9 terawatt-hours of gas cavern storage is deployed in geologically viable locations, while costly tank storage plays a minor role. Power-to-gas requirements and power trade restrictions necessitate further renewable expansion, including 8.0 to 9.5 gigawatts of wind installations. [Display omitted] • Energy system optimization with energy networks and demand flexibility modeling. • Flexibility analysis of Switzerland's carbon-neutral sector-coupled energy system. • Energy trade is crucial to seasonal balancing of renewable generation and energy demand. • Hydrogen and methane embargoes raise prices by 28%–76% and lower demands by 6%–10%. • Hydrogen and methane storage serve respective demands in winter, not power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cameroon possesses a significant endowment of solar energy, granting it exceptional potential for the generation of hydrogen through environmentally friendly means. However, the continued expansion of the nation's petroleum industry presents an obstacle to the domestic utilization of green hydrogen due to its present costliness for energy purposes. Nonetheless, the prospect of exporting green hydrogen to developed nations remains an intriguing proposition. Indeed, a pact concerning hydrogen was established between Australia and Cameroon in the year 2021, thus opening avenues for the export of green hydrogen to facilitate the decarbonization of national energy supplies in Australia and other industrialized nations. Presently, there are no documented large-scale projects within Cameroon dedicated to the electrolytic production of hydrogen. This study projects the potential hydrogen demand in the electricity and transportation sectors up to 2040. Electricity demand is expected to be as high as 8675 GWh in 2040, while gasoline and diesel demand are expected to reach 1.75 and 3.26 million cubic meters, respectively. Therefore, the total amount of hydrogen needed to power both the electricity and transportation sectors is estimated at 0.532 megatonnes. Even a relatively modest allocation, merely 5 %, of Cameroon's land for the production of hydrogen via solar-powered electricity generation could yield a surplus. This resultant quantity of hydrogen, estimated at a substantial 16.68 megatonnes, would likely be more than enough to satisfy the projected domestic needs for both electrical and transportation uses by the year 2040. [Display omitted] • Green hydrogen can meet Cameroon's electricity and transport demands by 2040. • The study projects energy needs and potential for solar-powered hydrogen production. • Results suggest green hydrogen can fulfil domestic needs and generate export surplus. • Hydrogen is proposed as a flexible solution for a cleaner energy future in Cameroon. • Green hydrogen's role in Cameroon's transition to renewable energy is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity management systems are experiencing significant challenges due to the increased penetration of distributed energy resources. Electricity flows in distribution networks are transforming from unidirectional to bi-directional form. Consumers are transitioning to prosumers with different characteristics, where they take more active roles in electricity generation and consumption. Aggregators are vital financial intermediary agents in the power system transitions, as they could aggregate energy profiles of prosumers. The market competition between aggregators and interactions between prosumers and aggregators are complex and dynamic, which requires a holistic framework to model the market competition. This paper proposes an intelligent aggregation framework with edge computing, enabling decentralized competition for multiple aggregators and prosumers, which can be solved with a graph-based consensus algorithm. This study mathematically proves the proposed algorithm's convergence guarantee and convergence rate. In addition, the proposed framework is applied to an open-source dataset to demonstrate its applicability. Lastly, a benchmark analysis is conducted to show that the proposed algorithm has better communication complexity than the benchmark algorithms. • A dynamic market competition model for prosumer aggregation. • The solution state for the market to reach equilibrium is unique. • A graph-based algorithm for the market model with edge computing. • A proposed algorithm with a linear convergence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paris Agreement determined to limit global warming to below two degrees. National governments are now confronted with the challenge of taking action for climate protection. For Germany, this poses a major challenge, as the imminent phaseout of low-emission nuclear energy additionally increases the pressure to quickly advance the deployment of renewable energies. At the same time, their low energy density and the resulting high land requirements lead to severe conflicts in land use. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the diversity of societal actors leads to a diversity of energy strategies, which differ in terms of impacts on land use. We therefore want to analyse the impending restructuration of energy supply and the associated land use conflicts. We model potential scenarios of energy landscapes that can be derived from the two-degree target on the basis of Geographic Information Systems, by modifying the political guidelines and planning laws for the deployment of renewable energies. The analyses show that carbon-neutrality is attainable in principle. However, the spatial patterns of renewable energies differ considerably depending on the given legal framework. It also comes to show that land use policy must take greater account of the perspectives of those social groups that are confronted with the installation of renewable energies in the immediate vicinity of their own living environment. [Display omitted] • The energy transition leads to considerable changes in land use patterns. • The study revealed that it is possible to realize a carbon-neutral regional energy system by 2050. • The existing legal framework for nature conservation offers sufficient spatial options for the energy transition. • The weighting of site factors must consider current power structures. • A low-conflict regional climate protection strategy should be based on public participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy justice serves as a pivotal factor in the global shift towards energy transition. A comprehensive evaluation of energy security necessitates the integration of energy justice principles. Accordingly, this study introduces an energy security index (ESI) from the perspective of energy justice and assesses the energy security of 30 provinces in mainland China. The analysis, covering data from 2001 to 2020, explores the spatiotemporal variations of ESI across these provinces. It also examines their spatial relationships and clustering tendencies using Moran's I analysis. The findings indicate that, when viewed through the lens of energy justice, the majority of provinces display a low ESI, characterized by modest enhancements and persistent low-value conditions from 2001 to 2020. This trend primarily results from the inadequate emphasis on justice components in China's energy transition and the continuous failure to significantly boost regional energy supply capabilities. Additionally, this study highlights significant spatial disparities and positive correlations in ESI values across provinces. Regions abundant in resources tend to register higher ESI values, whereas resource-scarce but economically advanced areas show lower values. These insights are crucial for the formulation and adaptation of differentiated energy strategies, especially those focused on achieving energy justice and fostering a balance between regional energy supply and demand. • Developed a novel energy security index (ESI) from the perspective of energy justice. • Revealed low ESI levels across most provinces in China influenced by energy supply capacity. • Uncovered spatial agglomeration in provincial ESI underscoring regional disparities in energy justice and security. • Stressed importance of balanced energy policies for stable supply, sustainability, and justice in energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New method traces production's socio-environmental effects for mineral consumption. • EU's energy goals might expose 15–89,000 African miners to modern slavery risks. • EU's energy goals will consume up to 73 million m3 of water in water-scarce areas. • EU regulations do not currently tackle supply, environment, and social risks together. Advanced technologies are inherently dependent on critical minerals and their related metals. The mining extraction of these critical minerals leads to significant social and environmental impacts that extend beyond the regions where those advanced technologies are ultimately used. This study explores the global socio-environmental challenges arising from the European Climate Law's aim for net-zero greenhouse emissions by 2050, focusing on the EU's consumption of critical minerals. Developing a novel methodology based on Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) model, enriched with detailed mineral production data from specific ore-to-mineral ratios and socio-environmental information, this work assesses the impacts of the EU's mineral consumption within its energy transition framework. This innovative approach extends beyond ore extraction to encompass all stages of the supply chain. Key findings indicate that the continental Europe accounts for 60% of the EU's ore extraction footprint, yet only 35% of the mineral footprint for the 34 analyzed critical minerals. In contrast, Africa's and South America's shares are 12% and 29%, respectively, markedly higher than attributed in previous studies. The study highlights challenges in securing these minerals, including potential usage conflicts and increased mining in water-scarce basins within Australia, Kazakhstan, South Africa, and Chile, hence exacerbating environmental and community issues. Furthermore, the research suggests that achieving the EU's climate goals could expose between 15 and 89,000 African miners to increased modern slavery vulnerabilities by 2040. However, adherence to the EU Green Deal principles could mitigate these risks and recommendations are proposed, including diversifying mineral supply chains, establishing partnerships with countries that maintain high socio-environmental standards, and adopting circular economy paradigms and innovative solutions. This study advocates its new methodological development to build comprehensive strategies balancing climate goals with the global socio-environmental effects of critical mineral extraction, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four domains of energy transition are conceptualized, emphasizing energy equity. • Five indices are introduced to quantify disparities in rooftop solar deployment. • Spatial disparities of deployment are the most heterogeneous among cities. • Gini disparities are associated with communities with higher socioeconomic attributes. • Solarize programs are linked to increased spatial but decreased Gini disparities. This study investigates the dynamics of rooftop solar deployment disparities in relation to Solarize programs in metropolitan cities in the Pacific Northwest. We introduce four equity domains and five disparity indices that encompass aspects of distributional and recognition justice, placing emphasis on spatial distribution and deployment patterns. We find that Solarize programs have a discernible impact on spatial and Gini disparities, with these disparities intensifying as installations increase. However, while spatial disparities rise with cumulative installations, Gini disparities consistently decrease over time. Interestingly, less advantageous communities exhibit heightened Gini disparities with cumulative installations, underscoring the need to focus on these communities. Additionally, communities with higher socioeconomic and demographic attributes exhibit more prominent Gini disparities, emphasizing the role of these attributes in shaping deployment disparities. Our results underscore the importance of considering spatial clustering tendencies in Solarize program advocacy and emphasize the pivotal role of community characteristics in rooftop solar deployment disparities. This study addresses energy equity trends with a unique focus on spatiotemporal dimensions, Solarize programs, and their impact on deployment disparities, offering valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners striving for socially and physically resilient cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a completely decarbonized system structured with renewable energies for the fragile ecosystem of the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador, with a horizon to the year 2050. The transition process begins with clear legal actions and allocating economic resources that clearly promote a change in the energy matrix and the transition would be achieved until the year 2050. The Galapagos Islands are the second largest marine reserve on the planet, declared a World Heritage Site in 1978 for UNESCO. The archipelago, a beautiful ecological attraction, has tourism as its main economic source. The biggest problem is in the supply of energy that mainly comes from fossil fuels, in addition to that, the smell of fuel in several places is out of tune with the harmonious nature and its species. The efforts began to be noticed when in the Archipelago the new implementations of renewable energy began to become a reality with the purpose of stopping using fossil fuels. In this sense, there is the potential to take advantage of the resources available in specific sites, especially the photovoltaic and wind solar considered in the National Plan All a Life. The change in the productive matrix from the national level also implies a change in demand, including at the transportation level with the use of electric vehicles and the use of electric stoves in homes. The purpose is that energy services in the Galapagos Islands progressively increase, on the one hand, replacing fossil fuels and on the other, supplying the growing demand with a view to 2050, taking advantage of renewable energies until reaching 100%. • The scenario outlined is 100% renewable energy by 2050 in the Galapagos Islands. •The Galapagos archipelago has great renewable energy potential. •The decarbonization in Galapagos will have a positive impact on the socioeconomic and environmental aspects. •Decarbonization is feasible by 2050 depending on the economic situation. •The electricity system of Galapagos will allow it to maintain its status as a Cultural Heritage of Humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, Governments of South Asia have faced the challenge of achieving the goal of sustainable development. On the one hand, they must satisfy the ever-growing demand for energy and, on the other hand, the interminable deterioration of the environment is causing great concern among political economists. The widening gap between the demand and supply of energy, over-reliance on the use of fossil fuels, and increasing import bills due to rising global prices are the challenges that South Asia is facing. These can be overcome by using its great potential in renewables. This paper uses SWOT methodology to identify that the poor financial situation of the distribution companies, due to power losses and non-cost-reflective tariffs, and the lack of credit opportunities, due to high interest rates and inaccessibility of loans for the long-term, are the major impediments to the growth of the renewable energy sector of the region. Moreover, there is a conflict of interest between the manufacturers of renewable energy equipment and the developers of renewable energy projects in terms of Government policy concerning the imposition of import duties. India is moving towards protection of the former, while the latter see opportunities in the renewable energy sector of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aluminum industry consumes about 4% of global electricity but requires stable power supply as long power outages are catastrophic. We investigate how the aluminum industry can maximally integrate variable renewable energy resources while remaining competitive. This can be achieved by (i) modulating production and (ii) utilizing storage. We develop an hourly linear optimization system for integrating variable energy sources and apply it for identifying the optimal configuration and operational profile for UAE-located smelter. Operating with the optimal renewable energy and fossil mix and a novel power modulation scheme, consistently reduces costs between 2.2% and 5.3% for fuel prices ranging between $2.4-$8 per MMBtu and integrating more than 40% of power by solar PV without storage. This reduces process emissions intensity from 5.13 to 2.87 tCO 2 /tAl. In all cases of RE integration, modulation confers a significant cost advantage with savings ranging from 7.5% to 10% for the fuel price range. Operating the smelter with 100% renewable energy portfolio could be achieved by installing 5.4 GWp single-axis tracking PV, 0.2 GWp wind, 18 GWh of battery storage and 47 GWh of hydrogen storage but with a 26% premium for 2020 high gas-price system costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analyzes the social equity impacts of the renewable energy transition. • The renewable transition generally improves social equity outcomes. • Challenges remain, particularly in rapidly developing nations. • Holistic evaluation of the energy transition has ramifications for policy making. This research examines the societal impacts of varying energy policy approaches and the progress of the energy transition toward a low carbon energy-based regime internationally. Using indicators relevant to energy policy and the energy transition, five critical social equity impacts of environmental improvement, health, employment, participation, and energy cost are investigated from the viewpoint of an 'equitable' energy transition. We investigate the correlation between quantitative social equity impacts and the shift toward new renewable energy-based electricity (i.e., wind, photovoltaic, geothermal, tidal, biomass etc.) from 1990 to 2015, for 99 nations with differing development levels, energy resources and policies. We find that increased levels of new renewable energy deployment generally accompany social equity improvement, however geography, national income level and complementary energy policies are also important. Our results highlight specific issues for developing nations, whereby electricity needs are often met by fossil fuels prior to the large-scale penetration of renewables. These nations enjoy short-term social equity benefits, at the risk of long-term negative social equity outcomes. This study's holistic evaluation of energy transitions and social equity outcomes could be used as an input to proactive policy development contributing to the realization of a more equitable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of current electricity generation and consumption patterns in the Arctic. Based on published data and new data collection this paper provides an overview of the installed capacity per energy source. A more detailed view of electricity systems is also presented, showing how different types of resources can be used and combined within Arctic communities. The paper briefly discusses which aspects of transmission systems are of special interest under the harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic. A description is given of the various electricity generation technologies that have been proven to be effective for use in Arctic environment, and those that are currently in use, including diesel, hydropower, photovoltaic, and wind power, in addition to discussion of different back-up options. Furthermore, for a more holistic view concerning such energy systems the socio-economic dimension is addressed with a focus on energy security, through an investigation of energy availability and affordability in the Arctic. The availability of energy in the harsh Arctic environments can be crucial for survival and affordability, and can have a huge impact among low-income communities. • Overview of current electricity generation and consumption patterns in the Arctic. • Potential use of different energy resources in the Arctic. • Arctic Energy security. • Socio-economic dimension of energy systems in the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring that electricity systems maintain reliable power supplies is critical to sustaining political support for the low-carbon energy transition. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the recent electricity disruptions in China and evaluate the government's response. Since 2020, China has faced three unprecedented power outage affecting multiple provinces for weeks. This study investigates the interplay of various factors contributing to China's power crisis and examines the government's policies aimed at addressing immediate issues while advancing broader reforms. Key policy measures involve adjusting the electricity market to allow greater price fluctuations for coal-fired electricity and opening the wholesale market to industrial and commercial users. While this reform is expected to boost market competitiveness, the present market structure falls short of what is likely needed to ensure that power sector dispatch, pricing, and investment can work together to ensure reliable electricity supply in the context of China's transition towards carbon neutrality. To create an advanced, resilient, and flexible renewable energy grid, more intricate reforms across the electricity system, market, regulatory framework, and institutions will be essential. [Display omitted] • Power reliability is critical to keeping political support for energy transition. • A combination of factors led to power curtailments in China in recent times. • Policy responses to address China's power crisis are examined. • Implications of these policy changes are assessed. • An integrated solution framework is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis caused by the Russia–Ukraine war (RUW) has affected the energy supply chain. The countries most impacted by the sanctions imposed on Russia due to the invasion of Ukraine focused on replacing the countries they import their energy from in the short term and switching fuel, for example, from natural gas to coal in Germany. The objective of this article is to verify how the war has impacted energy trade and electricity generation in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK). The results indicate that the RUW had consequences on these countries' energy sector, significantly affecting fuel trade and electricity generation in the immediate aftermath of the war. • Russia's invasion of Ukraine sparked a global crisis in energy supply chains. • The Russia–Ukraine war led countries, such as Germany, to reactivate coal plants. • The UK replaced Russian fuel imports with those from other countries, like the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving carbon neutrality is probably one of the most important challenges of the 21st century for our societies. Part of the solution to this challenge is to leverage renewable energies. However, these energy sources are often located far away from places that need the energy, and their availability is intermittent, which makes them challenging to work with. In this paper, we build upon the concept of Remote Renewable Energy Hubs (RREHs), which are hubs located at remote places with abundant renewable energy sources whose purpose is to produce carbon-neutral synthetic fuels. More precisely, we model and study the Energy Supply Chain (ESC) that would be required to provide a constant source of carbon-neutral synthetic methane, also called e-NG (electric Natural Gas) or e-methane (electric methane), in Belgium from an RREH located in Morocco. To be carbon neutral, a synthetic fuel has to be produced from existing carbon dioxide (CO 2) that needs to be captured using either Direct Air Capture (DAC) or Post Combustion Carbon Capture (PCCC). In this work, we detail the impact of three different carbon sourcing configurations on the price of the e-methane delivered in Belgium. Our results show that sourcing CO 2 through a combination of DAC and PCCC is more cost-effective, resulting in a cost of 146 €/MWh for e-methane delivered in Belgium, as opposed to relying solely on DAC, which leads to a cost of 158 €/MWh. Moreover, these scenarios are compared to a scenario where CO 2 is captured in Morocco from a CO 2 emitting asset that allow to deliver e-methane for a cost of 136 €/MWh. • Model energy supply chain from Morocco to Belgium for electric methane; • Explore three CO2 sources for electric methane synthesis; • Analyse the pros and cons of each CO2 source on price and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Geothermal power of an open geothermal system is enhanced. • A multiphase numerical model was created. • Different absorber types were compared. • The time-dependent enhancement was evaluated. • Further research questions were defined. The symbiotic use of underground infrastructure among the improvement of transport routes and the generation of geothermal power, is increasingly gaining momentum. Geothermal systems can be divided into open and closed systems, which differ from each other by the circumstance that closed systems have a closed circuit and open systems do not. For the application of geothermally closed tunnel systems, elegant solutions have been developed, while geothermally open tunnel systems are still dictated by the characteristics of the water entering the tunnel. In order to address this issue, concepts for tunnels under design as well as existing tunnels, were developed. The concepts allow the temperature of the inflowing water to be risen, and thereby increasing the geothermal power. The presented approach is based on the channeling of cold tunnel water inflows through absorber sections in areas of high overburden to supply them with additional energy before diverting them back into the drainage system. In order to obtain indications on the effectiveness as well as on the sensitivity of the components and influencing parameters, numerical models were created and subsequently compared, since no empirical data are available. The results show that it is possible to enhance the geothermal performance, but with decreasing efficiency over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, climate change is a major global societal challenge that significantly increases environmental stress. Most international organizations and policies have promoted initiatives to minimize emissions, reduce fossil fuel dependence and increase renewable energy resource integration into different sectors. An energy transformation towards more renewable systems is thus a priority. Under this scenario, the present paper describes and evaluates an alternative energy conversion matrix-based model to combine sector electrification, power generation units from renewables, and new clean technologies. The proposed green matrix-based model allows analyzing future scenarios, including electricity participation in end-use consumption and electric power generated by renewables – potentially integrated into different sectors –. The proposed model is evaluated in the state of Maine (United States). This case study is focused on decarbonizing both residential heating and transport sector through the integration of large offshore wind power plant. Results and discussion is also included in the paper, providing expected energy demand reductions and decreasing emissions through the integration of renewables. This energy transition integration case study is proposed in three road-maps with different penetration rates and time scales. The proposed green matrix-based model can be also applied to other areas and energy resources, as an alternative way to analyze and estimate renewable integration into different sectors. • Green Electrical Matrix to link electricity supply and end-use for energy transition. • Assesses renewable potential and electrification tech for end uses, e.g., transport. • Applies model to Maine, USA to show reductions in fossil fuels and emissions. • GIS and MCDM for optimal offshore wind location, maximizing electricity generation. • Short, medium, and long-term projections of renewable integration into energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of energy transition on energy security risk for 41 BRI during 1995–2018 using second generation panel econometric techniques. First this study computes total energy share from renewable resources and then analyses their effects on energy security risk. According to the results of augmented mean group (AMG) and common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG) estimates, renewable resources significantly decrease energy security risk. Energy transition as variable of interest significantly decreases energy security risk with renewable energy resources. This study recommends that a structural change in the form of energy transition reduce energy security risk for selected BRI countries. This is because non-renewable resources although fulfil domestic energy requirements but degrades the environment and still there exists energy security in the form of energy demand and supply, affordability, cleanability sustainability and availability. Corresponding to these findings, BRI countries must implement policies to invest more in renewable energy resources and less utilization of non-renewable resources to prevent themselves from energy security risk in the long run. • Role of energy transition in reducing energy security risk for BRI countries. • Total renewable energy contribution towards energy security risk. • Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Common correlated effect (CCEMG) estimates. • Dealing Cross-sectional dependence in panel analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key to the necessary decarbonization of energy systems is the large-scale expansion of renewable energy sources and their integration into the electricity system. This integration is challenging because the feed-in from renewable energy sources is highly intermittent and largely dependent on uncontrollable factors such as weather patterns. To maintain grid stability, which refers to the required balance between demand and supply in the electricity system, flexibility is key. Large flexibility potentials can be found on the electricity demand side. However, current electricity market design in Europe, while providing major flexibility incentives, often neglects small-scale electricity consumers and distributed energy resources. We contribute to shape future electricity markets with consumers at the heart by developing six design principles for a consumer-centric electricity market design. We proceed by conducting a systematic literature review and evaluate the findings by expert interviews. Based on the developed design principles, we define a consumer-centric electricity market design as a set of market rules that align with the rules of other relevant energy markets and allow for the efficient matching of electricity demand and supply, with consumers having nondiscriminatory market access, being exposed to fine-grained price signals, being able to express their preferences, and having sufficient possibilities to protect themselves against unexpected price spikes. By actively incorporating consumers into electricity markets, we contribute to the overarching goal of integrating renewable energy sources while promoting energy justice, i.e., supporting a balanced mix of economic, political, environmental, and social interests. • We define six design principles for a consumer-centric electricity market design. • This electricity market design enables consumers to actively engage in market interactions and to react to price signals. • Consumers with small-scale assets can sell their own generated electricity on the market, i.e., the integration of DER. • Consumer-centricity enhances the system's ability to increase flexibility by adapting electricity consumption patterns. • Consumer-centric electricity market design contributes to different forms of energy justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an assessment of the current wind energy potential in Ukraine, and discusses developmental prospects for wind-hydrogen power generation in the country. Hydrogen utilization is a highly promising option for Ukraine's energy system, environment, and business. In Ukraine, an optimal way towards clean zero-carbon energy production is through the development of the wind-hydrogen sector. In order to make it possible, the energy potential of industrial hydrogen production and use has to be studied thoroughly. Ukraine possesses huge resources for wind energy supply. At the beginning of 2020, the total installed capacity of Ukrainian wind farms was 1.17 GW. Wind power generation in Ukraine has significant advantages in comparison to the use of traditional sources such as thermal and nuclear energy. In this work, an assessment of the wind resource potential in Ukraine is made via the geographical approach suggested by the authors, and according to the «Methodical guidelines for the assessment of average annual power generation by a wind turbine based on the long-term wind speed observation data». The paper analyses the long-term dynamics of average annual wind speed at 40 Ukrainian weather stations that provide valid data. The parameter for the vertical wind profile model is calculated based on the data reanalysis for 10 m and 50 m altitudes. The capacity factor (CF) for modern wind turbine generators is determined. The CF spatial distribution for an average 3 MW wind turbine and the power generation potential for the wind power plants across the territory of Ukraine are mapped. Based on the wind energy potential assessment, the equivalent possible production of water electrolysis-derived green hydrogen is estimated. The potential average annual production of green hydrogen across the territory of Ukraine is mapped. It is concluded that Ukraine can potentially establish wind power plants with a total capacity of 688 GW on its territory. The average annual electricity production of this system is supposed to reach up to 2174 bln kWh. Thus, it can provide an average annual production of 483 billion Nm3 (43 million tons) of green hydrogen by electrolysis. The social efficiency of investments in wind-hydrogen electricity is presented. Image 1 • Assessment of wind potential and electrolysis of green hydrogen in Ukraine. • Ukraine has the potential to build 688 GW of WPP capacity on its territory. • Ukraine can provide 43 m tons of green hydrogen annual production by electrolysis. • Map of potential distribution of annual green hydrogen production in Ukraine. • Investments' social efficiency of in wind-hydrogen electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia faces several challenges to secure a reliable, affordable, and climate-friendly energy supply. Persistently low reserve-to-production ratios in oil and gas, together with advancing climate change, are putting the country's energy system at risk. Heavily relying on hydro-power, Colombia's electricity system will become more vulnerable with extreme weather patterns such as El Niño. This paper offers a multi-method study of the role of photovoltaic (PV), specially prosumage systems, to support a slowly starting energy transition in Colombia. First, qualitative data from an expert elicitation in Colombia's energy sector is analysed. Second, a model to calculate the internal rate of revenue for households is used to identify optimal sizes for household PV or prosumage systems under the new regulatory framework. Key concerns emerging from the expert elicitation include lacking substantial financial aid, insufficient tax incentives, and high equipment prices, which raise investment and operation costs. Also, model results confirm net-metering implementation as an enabler of widespread deployment of household PV systems. Most profitable system configurations include PV systems without storage technology. Our findings show that financial instruments are still insufficient to scale-up household level PV deployment. • Photovoltaics are an important element for Colombia's energy transition. • For Colombian households, small-scale PV without batteries are the most profitable. • Additional support is needed regarding regulatory framework & financial instruments. • Interviewed experts would prefer the introduction of power purchase agreements. • Net-metering can act as an enabler of deployment of household PV in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) and e-fuels in Canada could help mitigate GHG emissions while also producing enough energy to meet demand. This study examines the potential of PV electricity to meet Canada's energy demand at three levels: replacement of GHG-emitting electricity, replacement of GHG-emitting secondary energy use, and replacement of fossil fuel exports. Secondary energy is replaced with direct electrification and e-fuels created using solar electricity. Energy exports are in the form of e-fuels, produced using solar energy. The amount of land and increased electricity generation needed is calculated. If Canada were to simply decarbonize its grid, an equivalent of only 7.3% of the land currently used in oil and gas production in Alberta would be needed for PV panels. To replace both electricity and GHG-emitting secondary energy uses, Canada would need a 4.7- to 7.7-fold increase in its current clean electricity generation. To completely decarbonize all domestic energy, and maintain current levels of energy exports, Canada would need to increase its current clean electrical generation by 13.4 to 16.5 times. PV panels would cover less than 1.6% of Canada's land mass. • Solar power and e-fuels are a pathway to decarbonizing Canada's energy supply. • E-fuels can be created using photovoltaic electricity, replacing fossil fuels. • Electricity production and land requirements for PV power are analyzed. • The cycle efficiency of e-fuels leads to an increased need for electricity. • Transition to solar/e-fuel requires a 13x increase in electricity production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon transition of the power sector is an important measure to achieve carbon neutrality in China. Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and carbon cap were implemented to promote energy transition since 2018. It is essential to evaluate influences of different policy mixes on provincial power systems and inter-provincial electricity transmissions for an optimal policy design and implementation under provincial heterogeneity. This study evaluates the effects of RPS targets and carbon cap on low-carbon transition of China's power system. It further analyzes how to achieve low-carbon transition of China's provincial power sectors with these two policies. Different mixes of RPS target and carbon cap were set to assess their impacts on energy structure change, CO 2 emissions abatement, and compliance costs. Results show that the RPS policy can significantly promote investments in renewable energy power in China's resource-rich and high-demand provinces. Investment in nuclear power is important in meeting carbon cap constraints. RPS policy and carbon cap have an overlapping effect on low-carbon transition in China's power sector. Moreover, extensive inter-provincial electricity flows could balance the reverse distribution of energy resources and power loads for renewable energy in a cost-effective way. • Develop a multi-region model with total system cost optimized under RPS constraints. • RPS policy can promote renewable energy investments in provinces with rich renewable resources or high electricity demand. • RPS policy is expected to increase inter-provincial electricity flows. • Massive electricity transmission can help decrease compliance costs. • The power structure and carbon emissions are different in various RPS target allocation scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The share of renewable sources in energy production in Poland is increasing steadily, but the reliability of energy supplies is determined primarily by stable sources, i.e. the coal-fired power units now in operation. The paper compares the current energy mix of the Polish power generation system with other European countries, drawing attention to the dominant role of coal-fired sources in Poland. Recent-year changes in the structure of the energy system are presented, along with the changes planned to ensure reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. It is demonstrated that the planned changes in the energy mix will significantly deteriorate the level of reliability of energy supplies in subsequent years of transition. Variants are presented of necessary adjustments in the planned energy mix in the system, which will make it possible to meet the growing national demand for energy and ensure the required level of the energy system reliability. Several variants of the system expansion are considered, including gas-fired units, onshore and offshore wind farms, photovoltaic sources and a slower rate of decommissioning the coal-fired power units retrofitted with CO 2 capture facilities. The most favourable solution for the system reconstruction is to increase the share of all the above-mentioned energy sources. • Demand for power in the Polish energy system until 2035 was estimated. • Very low reliability of the planned power system has been demonstrated. • Reconstruction variants of the energy system, which increase its reliability, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate climate change a renewable energy transition is needed. Existing power systems will need to be redesigned to balance variable renewable energy production with variable energy demand. We investigate the meteorological sensitivity of a highly-renewable European energy system using large ensemble simulations from two global climate models. Based on 3 × 2000 years of simulated weather conditions, daily wind and solar energy yields, and energy demand are calculated. From this data, 1-, 7- and 14-days events of extreme low renewable energy production and extreme high energy shortfall are selected. Energy shortfall is defined as the residual load, i.e. demand minus renewable production. 1-day low energy production days are characterised by large-scale high pressure systems over central Europe, with lower than normal wind speeds. These events typically occur in winter when solar energy is limited due to short day lengths. Situations of atmospheric blocking lead to long lasting periods of low energy production, such 7- and 14-days low production events peak late summer. High energy shortfall events occur due to comparable high pressure systems though now combined with below normal temperatures, driving up energy demand. In contrast to the low energy production events, 1-, 7- and 14-days high shortfall events all occur mid-winter, locked to the coldest months of the year. A spatial redistribution of wind turbines and solar panels cannot prevent these high-impact events, options to import renewable energy from remote locations during these events are limited. Projected changes due to climate change are substantially smaller than interannual variability. Future power systems with large penetration of variable renewable energy must be designed with these events in mind. • Meteorological sensitivity of a highly-renewable European power system. • Variability of weather leads to societal risk related to future energy security. • Two types of extremes: low energy production & high energy shortfall (1, 7 & 14-days). • Wind droughts and winter cold pose threats to a secure and continuous energy supply. • Large ensemble simulations provide new ways to investigate extreme impact events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Modern society is aware of the importance of energy, as a fundamental resource for evolution, quality of life and sustainability. It thus dedicates important efforts to take advantage of existing energy sources. Countries have different and unique energy performances depending on the combination of resources, policies, and structures created to exploit them. Some are successful in their attempt to optimize their energy resources while others are not. This is the case of Venezuela, which faces a contradictory energy performance. Despite its substantial available renewable and non-renewable energy resources, it presents a severe energy crisis. This crisis manifests itself in frequent and extended energy blackouts and electricity services alterations, which affect all society. With the aim to propose some solutions, the authors make an attempt to identify the origin of the Venezuelan energy crisis, unexplainable in a country which two decades ago was an indisputable world energy leader. The authors evaluate the relationship among energy and sustainability, the renewable potential existing in Venezuela, as well as some new data and key insights regarding its energy framework. Special reference is made to infrastructure energy projects in Venezuela. The discussion leads to the identification of the structural problems that cause such a crisis and include some recommendations. The authors propose a thorough study of this case in order to consider it as an international reference and to avoid the repetition of similar cases in the future. Finally, an entirely new orientation of the Venezuelan energy framework and the strategies that include the revision of the current energy policies and the management of this sector are proposed. Such proposals are presented to help Venezuela in its transition to a new energy stage in which renewable energy, knowledge and sustainable criteria become the fundamental resources to address the country on its path to sustainability. Highlights • The energy imbalance in Venezuela and the effects on the population. • Lack of energy policy programs to introduce renewable energies. • Recommendations to implement renewable energy projects. • Need for an energy transition towards sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The government of the Maldives has committed to sustainable energy, and yet the reality is that remote communities rely on diesel power generation. Fuel supply reliability is a constant problem. Renewable energy could reduce reliance on fuel, but cost and operational complexity are barriers to development. This paper describes the power supply system and end uses for the village island, Fenfushi, Maldives. Hybrid microgrid engineering design analysis using HOMER demonstrates the prohibitive cost of wind and solar systems to meet the normal village load profile. The paper explores the novel idea of differentiating the loads by importance, and asking end users to nominate their voluntary demand participation (VDP) by adjusting their activities to reduce loads when requested. The VDP concept was modeled as deferrable load in HOMER and a hybrid renewable energy system optimization provided lower cost power than the diesel-only microgrid with <10% excess renewable generation. The authors worked with end users and the local microgrid operator to develop a VDP operational strategy and signal to customers. The VDP concept includes a simple method for the powerhouse operator to monitor fuel use, calculate fuel use till next delivery and a benchmark for signaling VDP temporary load reduction from the end-users. A trial of the VDP signal to end users was carried out. The results demonstrate a key concept of energy transition: 100% renewable energy cannot reasonably substitute for fossil fuel supply to satisfy the habituated demand developed when fossil fuel was abundant and low cost. However, essential needs can be met with reasonable renewable energy investment if demand is voluntarily adjusted to match supply. Highlights • Remote island communities face challenges in reliability of electricity services. • Adding renewable energy proves too capital intensive and impractical. • Cooperative behaviour can be incorporated into microgrid operation. • Adjusting end use to fit supply constraints is essential for energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power systems around the world are changing due to the rapid transformation of the generation mix. Unprecedented configurations of the power system may increase the exposure to failures, and thus, lower security of supply. At the same time, the secure development of the system cannot neglect cost considerations. This demands for adequate tools to assess and prepare for future scenarios of the energy transition. In this paper, a risk-informed approach for generation and transmission expansion planning is developed. The approach integrates cost-based generation and transmission expansion planning and risk-based transmission expansion planning. Interfacing these two models to perform coordinated generation and transmission expansion planning results in solutions that are cost-effective, account for the risk implications of the systemic changes, and guarantee system security. The risk-informed coordinated generation and transmission system expansion planning is performed for the Swiss power system which is modeled in full detail for the year 2050. To account for electricity exports and imports, the four surrounding countries are considered in an aggregated manner and their 2050 capacities are projected assuming a net-zero scenario. The results of the risk-informed coordinated expansion planning show that the pure cost-minimization approach applied to either generation or combined generation and transmission expansion planning does not necessarily lead to a reliable power supply in Switzerland. In fact, not accounting for reliability leads to expansion solutions that may incur up to 16 times higher demand not served compared to the reference year 2018. This highlights the importance of considering in-depth system security analyses in power system expansion planning. • A risk-informed approach for generation and transmission system expansion is proposed. • The coupling of two models for expansion planning and risk assessment is presented. • A real-size low-carbon power system is used to demonstrate the approach. • Cost-optimal expansions are identified while accounting for power system security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-altitude Central Asian communities (mainly from rural Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan) face a high degree of energy complexity. The thematic knowledge clearly outlines that these communities hold special energy identity (information about energy requirements, energy consumption, classification of the building, energy resources, energy services, and challenges) and at the same time, energy poverty ironically exists. To mitigate energy poverty, there is an immediate need for sustainable energy transition through special energy planning. Though, the limited information about the energy identity of these communities restricts the energy transition process. The main aim of the paper was to outline the special and comparative energy profile of high-altitude Central Asian rural communities. To demonstrate the special energy profile, a novel correlative approach was developed which synthesises the information about energy context (current energy situation and critical issues), energy resources (available sustainable and non-sustainable energy and its usage) and energy services (available energy services to meet the energy need) by considering local boundary conditions. These various parameters were studied based on the extensive literature review, the author's interview with local people and the previous work of the authors. There is a large gap in the literature regarding energy information about high-altitude Central Asian communities. Based on the correlative approach, the presented article was the first attempt to develop a novel framework to interpret the energy identity of high-altitude Central Asian communities and thus contribute to knowledge. The derived special energy identity will serve as a profound base to develop an energy planning more effectively. The derived results categorised the spatial energy situation at the roof of the world. Even though access to electricity, the high-altitude Central Asian rural population suffers from unique and complex energy challenges articulated in the presented article. Energy is a costly and critical task for the local population. To resolve this issue, sustainable energy transition is an essential element for these settlements which ensures sustainable communities from the long-term perspective. This can be achieved by spatial energy planning for high-altitude communities (i.e. implementation of energy efficiency measures in combination with an energy supply system on a community level). • The high-altitude rural communities in Central Asia face unique energy challenges as significant energy required for heating due to old and uninsulated buildings, extreme cold climate and high-altitude terrain • A novel correlative approach was established to develop energy identity of communities situated at roof of the world • Guide for energy identity of high-altitude rural communities of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is developed • This study demonstrates immedaite need of sustainable energy transition at roof of the world • The research suggests that building energy efficiency is a key parameter to achieve the complex sustainable energy transition at roof of the World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many archipelagos rely on imports of diesel to produce most of the electricity they consume. That results in a high price for electricity and risk of fuel spills. Currently, many islands worldwide are facing the challenge of integrating local renewable energy sources into their electricity grids. This work conducts a review of energy transition for islands and then focuses on three case studies: Galápagos, Noronha and Príncipe. It was found that the demand for energy at these locations will continue to grow at a high rate, pushed by the growth of tourism and population. In the three cases, large PV solar projects are planned for the coming years and should supply a large share of that demand. PV solar stands out as the most economically viable option for generating electricity, with a LCOE much lower than diesel (between 44% and 80% lower). Galápagos and Noronha are installing battery storage facilities to integrate the supply of energy from renewable sources. In addition, they are fostering energy efficiency and the progressive adoption of electric vehicles. Príncipe is at a much earlier stage: the grid needs substantial investment and plans for electric mobility are still incipient. Based on this research, it is strongly recommended to (1) incentivize energy efficiency, (2) provide training in the area of renewable energy to local workers, and (3) provide incentives to the residential and commercial sectors, particularly hotels, to foster contribution to the energy supply through the installation of PV solar and solar hot water heating on rooftops. • Demand for energy in most islands is rising due to tourism and population growth. • Many islands are committed to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. • The studied cases are projected to achieve 50% generation from solar energy by 2030. • This would reduce their dependency on diesel imports and the risks of fuel spills. • Energy efficiency and electrical mobility initiatives on islands are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the current context of growing demand for electricity, the dissemination of distributed energy resources, and increased deregulation of the electricity market, consumers are expected to assume an increasingly active behavior in managing their consumption, which places the Brazilian electricity sector at the forefront of a new operational and planning paradigm. Because the demand-side management can be a great ally in overcoming such challenges, the present study seeks to assist in these new challenges by conducting a literature review, accompanied by a critical analysis of Brazilian experiences with demand-side management actions such as daylight saving time, energy efficiency programs, time-of-use tariffs, distributed micro and mini generation, tariff flags, pilot demand response programs, voluntary demand reduction programs, structural demand response programs, and hourly electricity prices. In addition, the current regulatory framework of the Brazilian electricity sector in the context of the energy transition is presented and discussed. The results of this study clearly indicate that Brazil has made important and necessary recent advances in updating its regulatory framework in line with the energy transition process. Undoubtedly, such efforts will elevate demand-side management to an increasingly strategic level in the planning and operation of the country's electrical networks. However, it was found that route corrections must be made aimed at the adequate integration of distributed energy resources, especially regarding the need to improve the tariff schemes applied to the low-voltage consumers. Experimental projects related to the application of new tariffs, which were recently approved by the electricity sector regulator, are promising. • History, results, and analysis of DSM programs in Brazil are discussed. • The state-of-the-art on the modernization of the Brazilian electricity sector is presented. • Analysis of the challenges of integrating distributed energy resources in Brazil. • Suggestions for regulatory modernization to increase and improve the DSM in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition is one of the demands for resource management towards sustainability. It is increasingly recognized that this transition would not justly happen without effective stakeholder engagement (SE). Assessing the impact of SE and its relationship with SE configuration is imperative for understanding dynamics that may promote or hinder stakeholders' contribution to the transition. This paper systemically and quantitatively investigates whether and how the configuration of SE affects its impacts with globally scattered 1119 cases of SE in resources management including clean energy. It was found that 1) most participation with minimal or no meaningful impact in terms of both depth and scale; 2) the phase element in configuration, especially participants involved in a more empowered stage, have the strongest influence on the impacts. As a relatively recent phenomenon, stakeholders in clean energy governance were often involved in the early planning and designing phase, far from being impactful. 3) the purpose, participants, and methods had a less prominent impact. These findings can inform SE in the energy transition by configuring large-impact and high-justness SE elements. • We quantitatively explore the relationships between SE configuration and impacts with 1119 cases of resource management. • The phase, especially participants involved in more empowered stages, have the strongest influence on the impacts of SE. • Actors in clean energy governance were involved in the early planning and designing phase, far from being impactful. • These findings can inform SE in the energy transition by configuring large-impact and high-justness SE elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy is currently under diversified pressure to re-assess its compliance with sustainable development strategies and criteria and thereby ensure that the sector delivers a long-term contribution to renewable energy transition. With a view to promoting sustainable regional development this inquiry investigates whether a reframing of bioenergy supply chain design can allow sustainable regional development targets to feature as integral supply chain components and both help upgrade existing bioenergy processes and initiate new bioenergy value chains. Following a critical survey of classic supply chain management we use a Total Quality Management approach to operationalize the concept of regional energy and pilot the development of sustainable bioenergy pathways within North European regional settings. We argue that a methodical enhancement of supply chain design can help overcome the challenges facing bioenergy and at the same time provide a blueprint for pioneering feasible regional energy initiatives as alternatives to conventional energy processes. From an initially sectoral perspective the study seeks to support the integration of regional development goals into energy transition policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy scenarios are a tool for exploring possible future developments or states of energy systems. However, traditional energy scenarios mainly concentrate on technological feasibility and economic impacts and lack consideration of social feasibility. Participatory methods, meaning the involvement of external scientists and stakeholders in the scenario development process, can integrate different types of knowledge, perspectives, and values to improve energy scenario development. This paper reports on an approach which is deduced from the strengths and weaknesses of current research applying participatory methods to generate qualitative scenarios. Three different participatory methods - envisioning storylines, futures wheel, and evaluation of narratives - are combined in order to balance the strengths and weaknesses of each of them to create transparent, plausible qualitative scenarios without predisposition. At these three workshops, a total of 25 external and eleven internal participants discussed future developments of the German energy transformation (Energiewende). The paper examines whether this approach overcomes the limitations of current approaches and is ultimately suitable for improving energy scenarios. The findings suggest that a combination of different participatory methods and also a variety of participants help to overcome bias, explore different future pathways in depth, and distinguish between certain and uncertain developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally-driven absorption refrigeration technology is currently being discussed as possibly contributing to a more climate-friendly refrigeration supply. However, factors beyond technological and economic aspects influencing a broader diffusion of this technology have not yet been considered. This article presents results of a socio-technical constellation analysis identifying barriers against and drivers of a fortified dissemination of innovative low-temperature absorption chillers in a more comprehensive way. Results show that future perspectives of absorption refrigeration arise from a coincidence of mutually influencing factors, also including (lacking) know-how, experience, standard solutions, developed supplier structures and political framework conditions. Due to interdependencies with developments in the heat and electricity sector, targeted intervention requires integrated approaches. Future promotion of absorption refrigeration should be part of an optimised overall energy system perspective (electricity, heat, cold). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses research demands for a more critical empirical assessment of the innovation capacity of the decentralised, sub-national level. In Germany, the extensive involvement and contributions of new locally-rooted renewable energy initiatives have been one of the most striking features of the country's energy transition process. This study analyses the enabling conditions, current challenges and future prospects of decentralised experimentation in the German energy system. It finds that whereas the national support scheme has for a long period protected decentralised deployment of renewable energies by locally-rooted actors in the energy field, recent reforms of the scheme now threaten their further participation in the energy market. The paper observes that decentralised initiatives not only struggle to adjust to the new framework conditions. They have also not yet sufficiently addressed the new governance challenges arising from the fact that renewable energies have reached a stage of systemic importance for the whole power system, which requires decentralised initiatives to make their own efforts compatible with overall energy system transition needs. The study concludes that in order to remain an important innovator in the German energy transition, decentralised initiatives have to prove their ability to provide solutions to the systemic challenges of the energy transition process, such as horizontal and vertical multi-level coordination and decentralised contributions to the security of supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we review model-based analyses that explore the role of power storage in energy systems with high shares of variable renewables. Second, we introduce a new model that is specifically designed for exploring long-term storage requirements. The literature survey focuses on recent contributions in the peer-reviewed energy economics and engineering literature. We compare key characteristics of the different models, provide an overview of model applications, and summarize key findings on power storage requirements. We also evaluate which system values of storage are covered by respective model analyses. Based on the literature survey, we identify common findings and key model features required for a sound assessment of future storage requirements. In order to raise complementary insights, we introduce DIETER, a new dispatch and investment model. The model contributes to the literature by capturing multiple system values of power storage related to arbitrage, capacity, and reserve provision. Further, the model is designed as an open-source tool that can be freely used and modified. Results of a first application of the new model are presented in a companion paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable energy systems (RES), especially in fossil-fuel-rich countries, is a challenging process requiring consideration of numerous factors, including technological feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and public acceptance. As governments play a crucial role in determining energy and environmental policy, developing practical policymaking tools encourages them to stimulate the adoption of renewable energy technology. This study proposes a novel framework to model an energy system transition focused on the power generation and its dynamic behavior of fossil-fuel-rich countries using the System Dynamics (SD) approach and then assesses the techno-economic and environmental impacts of various economic, technical, and environmental policies using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Analysis technique (MCDA). This study aims to compare the development of renewable technologies development versus improving the current technology efficiency under three different "business as usual," "basic development," and "advanced development" scenarios by assessing economic, environmental, and social indicators over the horizon of 2016–2040 in fossil-rich-fuel countries. The proposed framework was applied to Iran, a fossil-fuel-rich country. According to the case study results, in all of the defined policies under three scenarios, the improvement of fossil fuel technologies received the highest score indicating that improvement in the efficiency of the current energy system by utilizing combined cycle systems is an inevitable step. Taking into account the water shortage in Iran, the second crucial stage is the implementation of water-efficient renewable technologies. [Display omitted] • A novel energy model is introduced to simulate energy transition in countries with rich fossil fuels and renewable potentials. • The proposed model includes most interactions and interconnections between all parts of energy sectors. • Focus on energy transition in the power generation sector concerning fossil fuel resources and renewable energy potentials. • Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) evaluates the sustainability of each scenario and policy based on techno-economic, environmental, and social aspects. • The system dynamics approach is used to consider all relationships from fossil fuel extraction and renewable utilization and demand-side interconnections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-bill schemes are innovative financial frameworks for supporting energy renovation based on private capital. Direct intervention of public authorities may not be necessary. The pivotal role is assumed by energy utilities which are the originators of the business and act as market aggregators. On-bill schemes are based on a simple principle, namely the utility supports the energy renovation of final users by providing the upfront capital to repay on the utility bill. This implies that energy supply and renovation services are provided by the same company. This could be a limitation since the user may be obliged to stay with the same energy supplier for all the duration of the on-bill scheme. Even more complications can arise when the dwelling is sold or rent to another tenant. For such a reason it is important to find solutions for the possible decoupling of energy supply and energy renovation services. The present paper introduces an innovative business model which involves Distribution System Operators or other designated entities acting as market facilitators supporting the decoupling between energy supply and building energy renovation services. To characterise precisely the business ecosystem and the relations among the different actors, the Value Flow Model is employed. • On-bill schemes are useful tools for supporting deployment of energy efficiency measures. • Innovative business models allow to remove relevant market barriers. • The involvement of DSOs can improve the flexibility of on-bill schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States and Canada are the world's greatest trading partners and energy comprises a major portion of that trade. As North America transitions to cleaner energy, the relationship that started with oil and gas pipelines in the 1950s becomes even more critical with transmission lines carrying electricity produced by renewable resources. The infrastructure links between the two countries result from a complicated story of national politics, unusual US federal permitting legislation, and special interest groups. Three case studies illustrate the impacts of those drivers of energy infrastructure routes and provide useful context for potential future disputes as North America transitions to clean energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]