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The Treaty of Union 1707 between Scotland and England and the respective implementing legislation in each Kingdom contained provisions which today we might describe as 'opt-outs'. These opt-outs from incorporating Union preserved aspects of the Scottish legal system which, along with the Presbyterian religion and the system of education, helped to ensure that Scottish identity was supported by some of the most powerful aspects of the state. This essay will examine some of the provisions of the Treaty, analyse aspects of the legal system and law that persisted after the Union, comment on the extent to which 310 years of the Union with England influenced that law, reflect on membership of the EU and the harmonization which it brought to the legal system and consider the impact of the Scottish Parliament on that law and legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers relationships between artisans and aristocrats on estates and elsewhere in Scotland during the long nineteenth century. It argues that the Scottish aristocracy, and women in particular, were distinctly preoccupied with the craft economy through schemes to promote employment but also due to attachments to 'romanticised' local and Celtic identities. Building in part on government initiatives and aristocratic office-holding as public officials and presidents of learned societies, but also sustained through personal interest and emotional investments, the craft economy and individual entrepreneurs were supported and encouraged. Patronage of and participation in public exhibitions of craftwork forms one strand of discussion and the role of hand-made objects in public gift-giving forms another. Tourism, which estates encouraged, sustained many areas of craft production with south-west Scotland and the highland counties providing examples. Widows who ran estates were involved in the development of artisan skills among local women, a convention that was further developed at the end of the century by the Home Industries movement, but also supported male artisans. Aristocrats, men and women, commonly engaged in craft practice as a form of escapist leisure that connected them to the land, to a sense of the past and to a small group of easily identified and sympathetic workers living on their estates. Artisans and workshop owners, particularly in rural areas, engage creatively in a patronage regime where elites held the upper hand and the impact on the craft economy of aristocratic support in its various forms was meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an historical overview of the emergence of birth control clinics throughout Scotland from 1926 to the outbreak of World War II, noting its distinctions from trends of larger Great Britain. Topics addressed include the legal and administrative context surrounding their establishment, the dynamics between clinics and their support by individuals, voluntary organizations, and local governing bodies, and the role of Scottish religious views on birth control within the period.

This article presents an exploration into the history of the practice of law in Scotland during the 18th-century, providing the context behind the British Stamp Duty Act of 1785 during the administration of Prime Minister William Pitt. Details are given describing how Pitt planned and executed the taxation scheme, the response of Scottish lawyers against the measures, and the general conditions of practicing legal professionals during the period.

Charles I summoned his Scottish estates three times before the Scottish revolution of 1638: in 1625, 1630 and 1633. This article examines the convention of estates of 1630, held one year after Charles had suspended his English parliament. Members of the convention agreed to renew the regular parliamentary taxation (though they refused to vote it for a longer period) and proved surprisingly co-operative over Charles's controversial revocation. However, there was a major explosion of opposition on religious grounds. Two presbyterian petitions attempted to sabotage the enforcement of the five articles of Perth, the crown's flagship liturgical policy; the petitions seemed likely to attract the support of a majority of the estates but were suppressed by high-handed government action. A resolution by the estates against the five articles of Perth might have had a similar effect to the House of Commons' resolutions of 1629 that led to the suspension of the English parliament. The article examines what is known about the dissidents and argues that continuity can be identified both with previous opponents of royal policy (notably in 1621) and with subsequent support for the National Covenant after 1638. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented in which the authors discuss the 2014 Scottish Referendum on independence from Great Britain in relation to the commemorations of the Battle of Bannockburn, Scotland in 1314 and the beginning of World War I in 1914. They explore why Bannockburn is related to Scottish nationalism and examine how national identity shifted towards Great Britain during the Great War.

Between 1760 and 1820 Paisley in the west of Scotland was a pioneering industrial community based on the textile industry. Most of the labour force consisted of well-paid, highly skilled handloom weavers who were able to support both reading societies and a subscription library. Associational activity was widespread among both the working and middle classes, and libraries formed part of this movement. Additionally, the town was a major centre of provincial publishing, and the town's printers were pioneers of provincial serial publication. There were several circulating libraries and a middle-class subscription library, the Paisley Library Society, founded by the town's civic leaders in 1802. It formed an administrative model which was copied by the Trades Library, founded in 1806, and the church libraries founded soon after. Paisley, fuelled by the Evangelical Revival, was one of the first towns in Scotland to develop church libraries and also libraries aimed primarily at children. Libraries attracted the support of local community activists, who were often involved in more than one type of library. After 1820 activity declined as handloom weaving was replaced by machinery and attention turned to mechanics' institutes and eventually to a rate-supported solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scottish Committee on the History of Parliament was established in 1936 as an offshoot of Col. Josiah Wedgwood's scheme for a collaborative 'history of parliament' researched and written on biographical lines. Circumstances, however, determined that the Scottish history would take a separate path. When Wedgwood's scheme was revived in 1951 an unsuccessful attempt was made to reintegrate the two projects. Discussions between the respective managing committees were conflicted and often bad-tempered, focussing on different interpretations of the nature of the united parliament created in 1707. The Scottish committee insisted that it was a new constitutional entity, while the English saw it as a continuation of the Westminster parliament with Scottish MPs added. This story of mutual incomprehension illustrates the profound differences between Scottish and English academics in the writing of parliamentary history, and also reveals a hitherto unobserved element in the development among leading Scottish jurists of a strain of 'legal nationalism' based on their interpretation of the constitutional significance of the Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses geographic aspects of prostitution in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1900 to 1939. Topics include the role of the business districts and entertainment areas in prostitution, Edinburgh policing practices related to prostitution, and the role communication technology in changing prostitution practices.

By outlining the contribution made by private libraries to the intellectual and cultural lives of a specific group of readers in the rural north-east of Scotland, this article asks what role family libraries played in the growth of library provision in the long eighteenth century. With book lending becoming something of a social imperative in the polite culture of late Georgian Britain, private libraries often served as a practical resource for the wider community, providing books that could not be acquired elsewhere, and filling important gaps in 'public sphere' provision in rural communities without access to subscription or circulating libraries. More importantly, though, the practice of book sharing had far-reaching consequences for community cohesion, shared reading habits, and intellectual culture. In particular, this essay points to the role played by the physical exchange of private books in the dissemination and widespread acceptance of new ideas relating to female education, child-rearing, and separate spheres associated with James Fordyce and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Basil Spence, Glover & Ferguson, enjoyed a conspicuous presence on the Scottish architectural scene, undertaking a wide range of notable commissions.1 One field in which they became acknowledged as specialists was that of library design. This expertise was developed during the design process for their first such job, the University of Edinburgh's Main Library, which received a RIBA award (1968) and a Civic Trust Commendation (1969). It led to an interesting group of libraries executed during the 1960s and 1970s. In this paper, both the well-known and more obscure libraries and library projects of Spence, Glover & Ferguson are discussed.2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of justice administration in early 19th century Scotland. An overview of the criminal procedure in which criminals receive punishment, or sentencing, including the differentiation among genders, judicial discretion in this regard and sentencing guidelines, is provided. The Scottish prosecution system, including Scottish criminal law, juries, judges and prosecutors, is discussed. An overview of capital punishment in Scotland, including public opinion of it and its reduction throughout the early 19th century, is also provided.

The article discusses the history of merchants from Glasgow, Scotland in the West Indies, including their origins, education, wealth family, wills, probate inventories and business networks, from 1783 to 1877. The relationship between wealth acquired by Scottish merchants in the Caribbean Region and economic development in Scotland is discussed. The social and economic conditions of Scottish businesspeople in the West Indies, including their community's social hierarchy and the impact of Great Britain's 1833 emancipation of slaves, are also discussed.

The article discusses the reformed Protestant Church of Scotland's charitable efforts for poor people, particularly for those not in the parish, from 1560 to 1650. The role that the Scottish parochial ecclesiastical court known as the kirk session played in raising money for poor relief, including for Christians of all denominations and foreigners in Scotland, is discussed. An overview of Scottish charities' attitudes towards poor people who were seen as undeserving of charity, including those who are referred to as sturdy beggars and gypsies, is provided.

This paper considers the main characteristics of the Scottish formal landscape, as established by Sir William Bruce. It considers Bruce's key contribution but also how his collaboration with Alexander Edward allowed the further development of the characteristics of the Scottish designed landscape, partly under the influence of France and also in relation to the notion of the Scottish Historical Landscape. It focuses on two case studies, Kinnaird Castle in Angus and Hopetoun House, proposing a new interpretation of the latter in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sir William Bruce's lifetime, the relationship between architecture and natural, experimental and mechanical philosophies - the so-called 'new sciences' - was a fundamental one.1 It was reflected in the presence of major architects in important European scientific institutions in the period: groups such as the Royal Society of London and the Académie des sciences in Paris.2 These organisations could count among their members Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke, François Blondel and Claude Perrault, all of whom practised architecture alongside other intellectual pursuits that we would now identify as science. In Scotland, the situation was somewhat different due to the fact that the new science was never institutionalised here, as it was in England and France. Nonetheless, as this article will demonstrate, many of Scotland's more prominent late seventeenth-century intellectuals counted architecture among their interests. Additionally, proposals were made in Scotland for scientific groups that, had they got off the ground, would have almost certainly promoted architecture as an intellectual subject in their meetings. What follows is an attempt to reconstruct how Scottish intellectuals in this period conceived of architecture as an intellectual discipline and as a practice. Ultimately, this paper will conclude that their approach to architecture tended to differ from their English counterparts. Just as they conceived of the new sciences in a much more straightforwardly Baconian way than the London Royal Society, so too was their attitude to architecture informed by the general climate of utility and improvement in Scotland at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a synopsis of some of the work of this Royal Master Mason, whose place in the Scottish architectural pantheon has sometimes been overlooked. Recent studies have shown him to have had almost an indispensible presence during the often tumultuous period of his career, paving the way for his better-known successors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinross has come to epitomise a defining moment in the development of Scottish domestic architecture, when the retrospective image of the tower-house finally submitted to the refinement and convenience of the compact, classical country house. This essay, which is based upon a close analysis of the aspirations and ambitions of Sir William Bruce's patrons, puts the case for an alternative hypothesis. The tower did not give way to the classical country house, as historians have proposed. Instead, both forms of architecture remained in demand throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, each appealing to different sections of noble society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nineteenth century nationalism and historiography were closely linked, and the absence of separatist nationalism in Scotland had consequences for academic history. This article looks at the content of university history teaching, using sources such as lecture notes, textbooks, and inaugural lectures. The nature of the Scottish curriculum made the Ordinary survey courses more significant than specialised Honours teaching. While chairs of general history were founded only in the 1890s, the teaching of constitutional history in law faculties from the 1860s transmitted an older tradition of whig constitutionalism, based partly on the idea of racial affinity between the English and Scots, which was reinforced by the influence of the English historians Stubbs and Seeley. Academic historians shared contemporary views of history as an evolutionary science, which stressed long-term development and allowed the Union to be presented in teleological terms. Their courses incorporated significant elements of Scottish history. Chairs of Scottish history were founded at Edinburgh in 1901 and Glasgow in 1913, but their holders shared the general unionist orientation. By 1914, therefore, university history courses embodied a distinctive Scoto-British historiography, which was a significant factor in the formation of British identity among the Scottish middle classes; there were many European parallels to this state-oriented form of national history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2009 and 2011, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) worked on a new study of Lochindorb Castle. This work has produced the first in-depth survey and contributed towards a new understanding of the ruinous site, located upon a small island on Lochindorb and previously little studied due to its remote and inaccessible location. At Inverlochy, RCAHMS carried out a detailed drawn survey of the castle in 1982 and this is complemented by a large number of archive items resulting from various studies and excavations at the site. In the light of new measured and photographic data being available for comparative work, this study aims to look afresh at the relationship between the two castles, to take a closer look at their form and function, and beyond this, establish how legitimate long-standing comparisons of the two castles remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Basil Urwin Spence O.M., R.A., began his architectural career in Edinburgh in 1931 and was still designing at his untimely death in 1976. Throughout his life he maintained a strong link with Scotland and remained true to the ethos of his training at Edinburgh College of Art, namely that the practice of architecture was essentially an art and a craft. Never easily pigeon-holed, Spence's oeuvre was eclectic. In turns traditional and innovative, theatrical and intimate, his works always displayed his concerns for artistry, materials, craftsmanship, texture and colour. Best known for prestige projects such as Coventry Cathedral, the Rome Embassy and Sussex University, Spence's school designs, which formed a small, but significant, part of his output during the 1950s, are largely overlooked. This paper explores his particular architectural approach through the wide ranging styles of the eight schools designed in his Edinburgh and London offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the adoption of charters by women in Scotia, the core region of the kingdom of the Scots north of the Firth of Forth, in the twelfth century, and the developments in charter diplomatic employed primarily by monastic beneficiaries over the course of the following century. Initially, charters were produced in the name of countesses making donations of churches and lands to religious houses, and monastic scribes developed idiosyncratic methods of ''strengthening'' these gifts through the confirmation of a husband or male relative. In the thirteenth century, charters in the name of women became more plentiful, especially in the case of widows, and more standard formulas emphasising the ''lawful power of widowhood'' were employed widely. Charters also increasingly recorded donations and other acts by married women across the social scale, either on their own or jointly with their husbands. Moreover, gifts by men of lands which came to them de jure uxoris included standard diplomatic phraseology recording the consent of the wife. This article examines these trends broadly as well as through several case studies. The appendix lists 160 documents relating to women during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scottish secondary education was radically extended in size and social reach in the first four decades of the twentieth century, bringing significant new opportunities in secondary schooling to girls, to children of the lower-middle and upper-working classes, and to Catholics. Most of the new secondary schools were based on those parish schools that had in the nineteenth century sent a few boys directly to university, and so this new secondary sector was a modernising of the mythological tradition of the lad o' pairts. The main reason it succeeded was that it sought to extend to new social groups the benefits of the version of liberal education that had come to be regarded as the foundation of professional careers. Thus the reforms also had the effect of transferring to the senior years of the secondary schools the old undergraduate curriculum that had been replaced by more specialist university courses in the late-nineteenth century. The paper offers an evidence-based critique not only of that strand of pessimism which has claimed that Scottish education was stagnant between the wars, but also of George Davie's influential view that the tradition of a broad general education was lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of the 1783 and 1785 Stamp Duty Acts on Scottish vital registration. The author explains that Great Britain introduced several new taxes during the late 18-century in order to fund the several different wars it was involved in simultaneously. The author states that the Stamp Duty Acts caused rich and poor people alike to be taxed the same amounts. The acts levied a fee for every baptism, marriage, and burial occurring within an Anglican parish. The author explains that because of this fee, most clergymen quit keeping records.

With particular emphasis upon the revolution and the early years of William's reign, this article aims to shed some light on the nature of the relationship between church and parliament, in particular its importance to the church in promoting its vision for a reformed church in Scotland. The article focuses on the strategies used by the church to achieve their objectives. Effective organisation, careful and diligent lobbying of parliament and forthright presentation of their position through preaching, enabled them to galvanise their support within parliament and secure a settlement that not only disappointed their opponents but went beyond what William and erastian inclined Presbyterians would have preferred. It is quite clear that the church significantly influenced the nature and extent of the final ecclesiastical settlement. Consequently, the revolution provided the template for relations between church and parliament until the latter's dissolution in 1707. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catholic libraries are an under-researched area in library history. That of St Mary's College, Blairs, the Scottish national junior seminary from 1829 to 1986, is noted for its historical importance and holdings, but how the library operated within the seminary is less known. The library had an important place in seminary life from the beginning, with dedicated accommodation within the college, ongoing purchases, and the central place of reading in the daily routine. However, staffing was inconsistent and few administrative records survive for the library, giving the impression that it was managed informally. The distinction was made between the historical college library and the students' working library. The former grew to be a significant collection, reflecting the education and resilience of Scottish Catholics at home and abroad following the Reformation, but it had little use for junior seminarians. The student library had a direct role in supporting the boys' education, showing wider-ranging, more modern subjects as the twentieth century progressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part I. Discusses major factors behind the development of environmental history in Scotland. Relationship between history and policy; Research within the Institute for Environmental History; Ways in which the whole urban environment invites the application of historical expertise; Influence of the United States on environmental history in northern Britain.