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Drawing on archival research and interview data, this paper discusses the historical development as well as the present configuration of the Japanese Buddhist panorama in Austria, which includes Zen, Pure Land, and Nichiren Buddhism. It traces the early beginnings, highlights the key stages and activities in the expansion process, and sheds light on both denominational complexity and international entanglement. Fifteen years before any other European country (Portugal in 1998; Italy in 2000), Austria formally acknowledged Buddhism as a legally recognised religious society in 1983. Hence, the paper also explores the larger organisational context of the Österreichische Buddhistische Religionsgesellschaft (Austrian Buddhist Religious Society) with a focus on its Japanese Buddhist actors. Additionally, it briefly outlines the non-Buddhist Japanese religious landscape in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even with extensive case law before the CJEU on the notion of 'waste', questions remain around classification of substances as waste and end-of-waste status of certain waste streams. This uncertainty hampers the transition to a circular economy. In the case at hand, a mixture of sludge from paper production and sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was used as fuel for the paper plant. Although the majority (97%) of the mixture came from the paper production process and therefore would be a by-product (and hence not waste), and only 3% of the mixture stemming from the municipal waste water facility qualify waste, the mixture as a whole is assumed to be waste. Whether the 'end of waste-criteria' of Article 6(1) Waste Framework Directive can successfully be applied to the case, is up to the national court to decide. In addition, the case is interesting as an affirmation of the 'Rheinmühlen/Elchinov-doctrine'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a series of legal cases in Italy, Germany, and Austria, between September 2019 and December 2020, which ruled that laws prohibiting or restricting assistance in suicide were unconstitutional. There are similarities between these three cases, all of which are influenced by the practice of assisted suicide in Switzerland, but also differences, not least because of the antecedent legal contexts. Each case is based on flawed reasoning. They have in common an exaggerated account of autonomy or self-determination, insufficiently qualified by the duty to protect human life or by other ethical constraints. The Italian and Austrian Courts also appeal to the principle of equality and to a supposed analogy with refusal of life-sustaining treatments, both of which raise concerns in relation to further expansion of the provisions. In responding to these flawed judgements, legislators should favour proposals that prevent the normalisation of assisted and non-assisted suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnographic research in Vienna from 2009 to 2010 revealed how East Asians construct a collective regional identity by consuming Korean popular culture, known as hallyu. This paper is the first attempt at studying these immigrants as a group; scholars in Asian studies have previously focused on one nation. Unlike conventional studies of immigration, which focus largely on assimilation and integration in the new society and culture, this paper shows how immigrants construct their independent identities across national borders, and how advanced technology enables them to choose cultural content that evokes Asian values and sentiments. Hallyu thus informs their identity construction as East Asians in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austria is host state to several international organizations, and as a result the immunity of international organizations and their officials is a constant concern to the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and from time to time this issue is considered by Austrian Courts. But who in Austria authoritatively decides on the presence of jurisdictional immunities: the judiciary or the government? What kind of acts or omissions count as a waiver of immunity, and who has the power to do just that? What is the scope of the organization's immunity ratione materiae, especially when compared to the immunity of states? What is the scope of the jurisdictional immunity of officials? And, finally, do Austrian courts balance the jurisdictional immunity of international organizations with the human right of access to courts? This paper outlines the international laws and domestic rules applicable to questions of immunity, and then analyzes eleven final judgments from Austrian courts that deal with the immunity of international organizations and their officials. It concludes with a brief evaluation of the scope of the immunity of international organizations and their officials in light of the Austrian legal order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedical research and international collaborations in biomedical research become more and more important — economically and politically, making harmonised legislation for human research subject protection indispensible. The European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine is the first binding contract under international law to protect human rights in the field of biomedical research. Almost 10 years after its entry into force neither Germany nor Austria have signed or ratified the Convention. Research involving incapacitated adults is one of the key issues in this context. This paper analyses the Convention and other European, US and international legislation, focusing on research involving incapacitated adults in “non-therapeutic” trials. It shows that a ban of “non-therapeutic” research involving incapacitated adults leads to an unjust exclusion of this patient group, leading to uncertainty and disadvantages in medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unsatisfactory characteristic of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties regime relating to reservations is that objections to reservations do not normally prevent the reserving state from getting what it wants, no matter how outrageous the reservation may be. The Nordic states in particular, disgruntled with this state of affairs, have in recent years formulated objections to reservations in such as manner as to aim to prevent reserving states from benefitting from their reservations. The present paper records this Nordic practice, traces some antecedents, and analyzes its legal consequences, arguing that the Nordic practice may not prevent states from benefitting from their reservations but is best seen as an attempt to influence the work of the ILC's Special Rapporteur on reservations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the current state of East Asian religiosity in Austria, divided into five areas: (1) Buddhism; (2) Christianity; (3) ethnic religions; (4) alternative traditions/holistic offerings; and (5) popular religious realities. In doing so, a glance is cast at the relevant scholarship, which is subsequently addressed in systematic terms. Next, three chief thematic lacunae in the research are expounded upon: (1) historical documentation; (2) sociological examination; and (3) material-aesthetical exploration. Finally, a range of challenges for the scholar of East Asian religiosity in Austria (and beyond) are addressed, including (1) language; (2) cultural competence; (3) accessibility; (4) ephemerality, marginality, and clandestineness; (5) historical blindness; (6) conceptual complexity; and (7) systemic discouragement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides brief information on several studies of time discussed at the Third Conference of the International Society for the Study of Time in Alpbach, Austria in 2003. "Metaphysical Presuppositions and the Study of Time," by R. S. Brumbaugh; "Levels of Language in Discourse About Time," by N. Lawrence; "Space-Time Singularities in Cosmology and Black Hole Evaporations," by P. C. W. Davies.

We present herein the first phylogenetic analysis of the genus Chelidura and the taxonomic revision of the genus Chelidurella , stat. restit. , based on DNA sequences. The results confirm the generic status of Chelidurella Verhoeff, 1902 and Mesochelidura Verhoeff, 1902 , and they are removed from the synonymy with Chelidura and reinstated as valid genera. Many individual Chelidurella species are defined based on the combination of a few variable characters on the pygidium and forceps, and the systematics and phylogeny of this genus are unclear. The validity of most of the species is revisited here by molecular phylogenetic analyses, and individual morphological characters are evaluated for their relevance in the identification of all described species. We describe two new species to science, Chelidurella galvagnii Kirstová & Kočárek, sp. nov. from Austria, and C. pseudovignai Kočárek & Kirstová, sp. nov. from Italy and Austria; two species, C. guentheri Galvagni, 1994 and C. tatrica Chládek, 2017 are newly synonymized. Critical diagnostic characters are illustrated, and an identification key for males of Chelidurella is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Pieter Aertsen's inverted paintings called Christ in the House of Martha and Mary. The two inverted paintings of Aertsen are among the first inverted in the history of art. In the pictures, images of food, fruits, vegetables and meats, are combined with the biblical story in a very unusual manner. The first of the two paintings is in Vienna, Austria and signed with the artist's customary emblem, the trident, on a small bit of paper, and dated July 25, 1552. The imagery in Arttsen's inverted paintings of Christ in the House of Martha and Mary relates directly to the long and rich literary tradition of the story, a tradition well known and newly revived in Larsen's day.

Although the low-wage employment sector has enlarged over the past 20 years in the context of pronounced flexibility in restructured labor markets, gender differences in low-wage employment have declined in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In this article, the authors examine reasons for declining gender inequalities, and most notably concentrate on explanations for the closing gender gap in low-wage employment risks. In addition, they identify differences and similarities among the German-speaking countries. Based on regression techniques and decomposition analyses (1996-2016), the authors find significantly decreasing labor market risks for the female workforce. Detailed analysis reveals that (1) the concrete positioning in the labor market shows greater importance in explaining declining gender differences compared to personal characteristics. (2) The changed composition of the labor markets has prevented the low-wage sector from increasing even more in general and works in favor of the female workforce and their low-wage employment risks in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jean-Numa Ducange's recent work, La Révolution française et la social-démocratie. Transmissions et usages politiques de l'histoire en Allemagne et Autriche 1889–1934, provides an ambitious and theoretically-sophisticated analysis of the ways in which German and Austrian socialists interpreted the French Revolution from 1889 to the 1930s. Ducange shows how the different strands of Second International socialism interpreted the revolution in their own ways, and shows the impact of the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 on this. His work does not only focus on leading theoreticians such as Karl Kautsky, but also documents very effectively the way in which the readings of the French Revolution were disseminated widely through Social Democracy's rank-and-file membership. It is a valuable contribution to the literature on the culture of Marxism in Central Europe in this period, as well as a rich addition to the literature on the resonance and uses of the French Revolution: the ‘echoes of the Marseillaise'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human subject abuse and patient harm through medical research have led to the establishment of Institutional Review Boards (IRBS or Research Ethics Committees (RECS )), who independently scrutinise research protocols. In the field of trials with medicinal products as well as trials testing medical devices, an obligation for submission prior to realisation is granted within Europe through European directives. However, regulation of other fields of health-related research, e.g., psychological trials, public health and epidemiological studies or healthcare research is the responsibility of EU Member States; and European laws differ widely. The article gives an overview of European regulations in the field of REC review requirements, critically analyses Austrian legislation in this field and describes an institutional solution for legislative gaps in Austria - the Research Committee for Scientific and Ethical Questions (RCSEQ). Finally, important European initiatives for the future are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I discuss Polanyi's intellectual formation in early twentieth-century Budapest and in 1920s Vienna, focusing in particular upon his relationship to Guild Socialist and Marxist theory and to Austrian Social Democracy. It was a period in which Marxism was evolving rapidly, and Polanyi was too. In his twenties, he reacted forcefully against what he saw as the evolutionary and deterministic traits of Marxist philosophy. In his thirties, his relationship to Marxism underwent a 'double movement': his long-held doubts about Marxism crystallised into an forceful critique, swiftly followed by a sympathetic dialogue with the ideas and politics of Austro-Marxism, the 'Rousseauian' commitments of which were not unlike his own. I examine Polanyi's relationship with Marxism in each of these phases, and explore the affinities between Guild Socialism and Austro-Marxism. The final section introduces the distinctly un-Polanyian analysis of Austrian Social Democracy offered by Polanyi's wife, Ilona Duczynska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical discussion of the recent First Section and Grand Chamber judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of S.H. and Others v. Austria, which upheld an Austrian ban on in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) using donor gametes (ova and sperm). The author argues that the regulatory regime adopted by Austria is overbroad insofar as the regime it adopts fails to accurately reflect the legitimate interests of the state. This is not a conventional "controversial morals" case where, in the absence of a clear moral and/or policy consensus among the Council of Europe member states, states are properly accorded a wide margin of appreciation. The regime adopted by Austria embodies a clear sex bias (with their respective gametes standing as near perfect proxies for the sex of the applicants) with exceptions being made to address male infertility while leaving women without medical remedy, As such, the margin of appreciation should be significantly restricted and the classifications embodied by the regime subject to the highest possible scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece reevaluates the events surrounding the 1528 execution of Anabaptist leader Balthasar Hubmaier by Ferdinand I of Austria in order to accurately assess Hubmaier's place in the development of early modern church-state relations. Rather than the commonly suggested motive of practicing rebaptism, the evidence indicates that Hubmaier was arrested and executed for his establishment in Waldshut and Nikolsburg of 'free state churches,' a unique sixteenth-century historical modality of believers' churches financially administered by local governments which protected dissenters, including Jews, from persecution. The first early modern advocate of freedom of thought, Hubmaier insisted that the obedience Christians owed to government was exclusively socio-political and not religious in nature, a redefinition which not merely affected the relationship between lay subjects and any given state but also extended to the relationship between lower and higher magistrates. Such developments threatened the ability of the Habsburg church-state amalgam to enforce obedience to the Catholic faith, prompting its charges of sedition against Hubmaier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the several cases of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. It mentions the case European Commission v Republic of Austria that stresses the failure of the country to classify some protected areas. It also cites the case Afton Chemical Ltd. v Secretary of State for Transport that highlights the failure of the company to provide product information. The neglect to adopt laws and regulations relevant on the protection of waters against pollution has been the concern of the case against the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

The latest Danish wave of the European Values Study shows an increase in the prevailing culture of social trust. Low social trust characterises only a minority of the population. This study investigates who maintains low social trust in a Danish environment of high social trust, in comparison with the low trust majority of Austria. The study pursues the interplay between social positions and dispositions through Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Social trust is found to be stratified along an in- and exclusion axis as well as a high and low capital axis of labour market insiders. The analysis suggests a dimension of social trust concerning tolerance of the unknown along the axis of in- and exclusion. Furthermore, it suggests a dimension of social trust concerning clarity or ambiguity in the expectation of cooperation and self-utility of others. The article concludes that a differentiation of social trust in the first dimension as trust/mistrust and trust/distrust in the second dimension is helpful to further social trust research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the 11 national action plans that were adopted between June 2005 and October 2008 as a response to the United Nations Security Council's Resolution 1325. Resolution 1325, one of the most important UN resolutions within the field of peace and security, was adopted unanimously on 31 October 2000. The resolution highlights the consequences of violent conflict on women and girls and the important role of women in peacebuilding and post-conflict processes. In 2002 and again in 2004, UN member states were invited to prepare national action plans in order to take strong steps towards the implementation of UNSCR 1325. This study examines the similarities and differences in the plans and compares the points identified in the plans to the relevant points in UNSCR 1325. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Females and males of a new species of the genus Mononchus were found in an alpine, glacial floodplain reach (2073 m a.s.l.) in the Großglockner region (Hohe Tauern National Park; Austria). Females of Mononchus sandur n. sp. are medium sized (1.5-1.8 mm) with body diam. of 45-65 μm. The buccal cavity is 28-35 × 13-15 μm in size with the dorsal tooth located 65-77% from the buccal cavity base. The distinct amphid openings (4 μm) are located 11 μm posterior to the head and anterior to the dorsal tooth apex. The general appearance of the female is characterised by the shape of the tail with its combination of length and slenderness (224-306 μm; c′ = 7.2-10.8). Males of M. sandur n. sp. are very similar to females with the exception of a shorter tail (147-159 μm). Males have 16 and 18 preanal supplements, 57-68 μm long spicula and 11-14 μm long gubernaculum. Morphometric measurements and ratios were determined for 20 females of M. sandur n. sp., M. truncatus and M. aquaticus, all co-occurring in the floodplain reach. One-way analysis of variance revealed that M. aquaticus, M. truncatus and M. sandur n. sp. differ significantly in 18 out of 20 morphometric traits. A cluster analysis of ten morphometric traits was done to allocate and separate the measurements of the 60 females. Three distinctly separate clusters arose. By calculating the Kappa coefficient (K), it could be shown that the partitioning of individuals in these three clusters was in complete accordance with the species determination (K = 1; P < 0.0001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reformed liturgical texts created at the Council of Basel (1431–1449) were not printed at Mainz, the birthplace of the new technology, but across the river Rhine at a new monastery of the Brothers of the Common Life at Marienthal. Documentation of the establishment of that monastery is sketchy but includes the involvement of Archbishop Adolph II of Nassau (1462–1475) and vicar general of the Mainz diocese, Gabriel Biel (1410–1495), who would become a Brother at Marienthal. The 21 editions (1474–1484) that were issued by the monastery were almost all newly written books by local clerics: the reformed liturgical texts for the new German Bursfeld Congregation of Benedictines and diocesan breviaries; spiritual reading in the vernacular so typical of the books of the Brothers, including the first German translation by Biel of Jean Gerson's Opus tripartitum, a confessional by Johannes Lupi, and a life of St. Martin of Tours by Sulpitius Severus. Who cast the six types, who did the printing, and who paid for the printing shop remain subjects of conjecture? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the Eski v. Austria court case. In the case the applicant filed a petition against the adoption of his daughter by his former partner's husband. Previously the applicant the District Court approved his application for the right to visit his child. The right was later withdrawn with the approval of the Youth Welfare Office. In the case the judgment was declared in favour of the adoption.

The article discusses European perspectives in customary international law before national courts. It is mentioned in the European books about the universal acceptance by the national courts of the traditional Anglo-Saxon rule that customary international law is a part of the domestic law. The rule is also enshrined in a number of constitutional provisions in continental European Union Member States. In other systems such as Italy, there is a clear affirmation that the legal system of Italy conforms to the generally recognized principles of international law. Austria likewise regards the generally recognized international rules as part of federal law.

As a part of what may be characterised as challenges posed to welfare state systems by globalisation processes, growing numbers of asylum applications have made the access of asylum seekers to welfare state benefits an important issue. Thanks to the new EC competencies introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam as Title IV of the EC Treaty, the situation accorded to asylum seekers after arrival and during the time while their claim is being processed will soon constitute an important issue on the European level. The discussion and the rules to emerge will be influenced on the one hand by standards derived from international law (in particular the 1951 Geneva Convention and the ECHR) as well as the existing national laws and practices. The article shows that limitations imposed on states' discretion in designing reception policies are few. On the other hand, the diversity of states' policies shows that common European standards are a long way down the road. However, the states examined have demonstrated a strong tendency towards more restrictive policies thereby following the obvious aims of deterrence and saving money. Additionally, it is shown that another subtext is underpinning restrictive measures: by limiting access to economic, social and cultural benefits possibilities for integration are kept at a low level. Having in mind the necessity to secure a life in human dignity, it will be argued that the time period of impeding full participation of asylum seekers in the host society must be kept very short. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Traces the role of historical images in the the Austrian nation-building. Historical imagery of Austronationalism; Ways of creating national imagery in Austria; Historical relations of Austria with Germany.

This article presents information regarding problems of the family in urban and rural Austria. The special topic of the which the article deals is "Class and Cultural Difference in Marriage and Family Roles." It therefore seems appropriate to select as a second example for our thesis on the intrinsic connection between "pure" and "applied" research a study on the female role which was carried through in Vienna by Social Science Research Center. In 1957, 240 depth interviews were planned and undertaken as an investigation into the woman's role. The study also served to test, among other factors, the influence of the gainful employment of married women on their fertility. It was known from previous studies that fully employed women have fewer children than those who remain at home. The question of fertility is of great significance for the Austrian population, particularly as the population of old people is expected to increase from 931,000 in 1951 to 1,260,000 in 1971, an increase of 35 5%. The number of old people per 1000 persons of working age will increase by 38% and the number of young people under 15 in the same length of time will fall from 158 million to 14 million.

The article offers information on the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Network of Think Tanks and Academic Institutions which include 44 institutions from 32 countries including Austria, Belgium and Germany. Topics include formation of the network in July 2011 after being inspired by a proposal by OSCE Secretary General Lamberto Zannier, aim of the network, and working instruments of the network such as steering committee, network co-ordinator and website.