35 results
Search Results
2. Crowding-out effect of tobacco consumption in Serbia.
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Vladisavljevic, Marko, Zubović, Jovan, Jovanovic, Olivera, and Đukić, Mihailo
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SMOKING prevention ,INCOME ,RESEARCH funding ,CLOTHING & dress ,EDUCATION ,RESTAURANTS ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO ,SMOKING ,HEALTH policy ,FAMILIES ,FAMILY relations ,FOOD ,FINANCIAL management ,TOBACCO products ,BUDGET ,ALCOHOL drinking ,HOTELS ,REGRESSION analysis ,POVERTY - Published
- 2024
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3. Crowding-out effect of tobacco consumption in Indonesia.
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Arya Swarnata, Fariza Zahra Kamilah, I. Dewa Gede Karma Wisana, Yurdhina Meilissa, and Gita Kusnadi
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,MIDDLE-income countries ,SMOKING cessation ,TOBACCO ,GOVERNMENT policy ,RESEARCH funding ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,FAMILIES ,FOOD ,ECONOMICS ,SURVEYS ,SIMULATION methods in education ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,TOBACCO products ,BUDGET ,LOW-income countries ,SOCIAL classes ,REGRESSION analysis - Published
- 2024
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4. Is public health policy evidence based?
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Vittal Katikireddi, Srinivasa, Higgins, Martin, Bond, Lyndal, Bonell, Chris, and Macintyre, Sally
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HEALTH policy , *COMMUNITIES , *ALCOHOL drinking , *EMPLOYMENT , *FOOD , *HEALTH care reform , *HOUSING , *PEDIATRICS , *PUBLIC welfare , *SMOKING , *PHYSICAL activity - Abstract
The article discusses a study which examine the quality of evidence that supports proposed actions in the Great Britain's white paper "Healthy Lives, Healthy People." The study utilizes a systematic approach to seek for quality evidence in connection with the white paper. Results show that the equivocal evidence that fastening assessment led in an increased in labour market participation. Moreover, it notes that the evidence was lack of community interventions and has poor quality evidence which affirms the use of community agents.
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- 2011
5. A labour of Sisyphus? Public policy and health inequalities research from the Black and Acheson Reports to the Marmot Review.
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Bambra, C., Smith, K. E., Garthwaite, K., Joyce, K. E., and Hunter, D. J.
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PREVENTION of obesity ,EDUCATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,EXERCISE ,FOOD ,GREENHOUSE effect ,HEALTH behavior ,HEALTH services accessibility ,HOUSING ,MATHEMATICAL models ,HEALTH policy ,MEDICAL research ,NATIONAL health services ,PRACTICAL politics ,TRANSPORTATION ,WORK environment ,THEORY ,GOVERNMENT policy ,LIFESTYLES - Abstract
Objectives To explore similarities and differences in policy content and the political context of the three main English government reports on health inequalities: the Black Report (1980), the Acheson Enquiry (1998), and the Marmot Review (2010). Methods Thematic policy and context analysis of the Black Report (1980), the Acheson Enquiry (1998), and the Marmot Review (2010) in terms of: (i) underpinningtheoretical principles; (ii) policy recommendations; (iii) the political contexts in which each was released; and (iv) their actual or potential influence on research and policy. Results There were great similarities and very few differences in terms of both the theoretical principles guiding the recommendations of these reports and the focus of the recommendations themselves. However, there were clear differences in terms of the political contexts of each report, as well as their subsequent impacts on research and policy. Conclusion The paper calls into question the progress of health inequalities research, the use of evidence and of the links between research, politics and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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6. Tobacco cessation and household spending on non-tobacco goods: results from the US Consumer Expenditure Surveys.
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Rogers, Erin S., Dave, Dhaval M., Pozen, Alexis, Fahs, Marianne, and Gallo, William T.
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TRANSPORTATION ,ALCOHOLS (Chemical class) ,LEISURE ,FOOD ,TOBACCO products ,CONSUMERS ,FAMILIES ,INCOME ,MEDICAL care costs ,SMOKING cessation ,SURVEYS ,ECONOMICS - Published
- 2018
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7. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the British Isles.
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Stiefel, Gary, Alviani, Cherry, Afzal, Nadeem A., Byrne, Aideen, du Toit, George, Galvin, Audrey Dunn, Hourihane, Jonathan, Jay, Nicola, Michaelis, Louise Jane, Erlewyn-Lajeunesse, Michel, and DunnGalvin, Audrey
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MEDICAL personnel ,ENTEROCOLITIS ,FOOD allergy ,DELAYED diagnosis ,EGGS ,MILK allergy ,POSTOPERATIVE nausea & vomiting ,DIAGNOSIS of food allergies ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH methodology ,DISEASE incidence ,EVALUATION research ,COMPARATIVE studies ,FOOD ,LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
Background: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a delayed type of food allergy, most often seen in infancy. We aimed to estimate its incidence, to describe common food triggers and the patient journeys of this rare but serious condition.Design: We undertook a prospective epidemiological survey of FPIES using the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit.Setting: UK and Ireland.Participants: A survey of all paediatricians over 13 months between January 2019 and February 2020.Main Outcome Measures: 204 cases were reported, 98 (48%) meeting case definition, giving an incidence of 0.006% for England based on 93 cases.Results: 98 patients reported 135 trigger foods, 27% (26 of 98) had multiple food triggers. Common food triggers included cow's milk (24%, 33 of 135), fruits and vegetables (19%, 26 of 135), hen's egg (16%, 22 of 135) and fish (14%, 19 of 135). In 46% (41 of 90), the initial trigger food had been ingested three or more times before diagnosis, with a median diagnostic delay of 7.9 months (3.0, 17.3). Half (50 of 98) were admitted, yet only 5% (5 of 98) received appropriate acute treatment with ondansetron. Most cases were diagnosed by an allergy specialist (74 of 98, 76%), within a median of 7.5 (3.0, 13.3) miles from home.Conclusion: The incidence of FPIES was significantly lower than expected across the whole of the British Isles. Most reports were of cases local to specialist allergy centres, with delays in diagnosis. This suggests under-recognition of FPIES in frontline clinical setting where education of healthcare professionals is required to improve recognition, earlier diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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8. (Mis)measurement in the study of food environment: we need better methods to solve the puzzle.
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Brew, Joe, Chaparro, M. Pia, Whaley, Shannon E., Crespi, Catherine M., Koleilat, Maria, Nobari, Tabashir Z., Seto, Edmund, and Wang, May C.
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RISK of childhood obesity ,ADIPOSE tissues ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,HUMAN body composition ,CHILDREN'S health ,ECOLOGY ,FOOD ,RESIDENTIAL patterns - Abstract
A letter to the editor and its response regarding an article on the study of the relationship between early childhood adiposity and nearby food environment in an understudied population, published in a previous issue is presented.
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- 2015
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9. Future of farming must be food not tobacco.
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Lencucha, Raphael
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AGRICULTURE ,FOOD security ,FOOD supply ,FOOD ,SUSTAINABLE development ,TOBACCO - Published
- 2023
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10. Energy density of foods and diets in Mexico and their monetary cost by socioeconomic strata: analyses of ENSANUT data 2012.
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Mendoza, Alfonso, Pérez, Ana E., Aggarwal, Anju, and Drewnowski, Adam
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PREVENTION of obesity ,FOOD ,DAIRY products ,DECISION making ,DIET ,FOOD chemistry ,FRUIT ,GRAIN ,INGESTION ,MEAT ,METROPOLITAN areas ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RURAL conditions ,TAXATION ,VEGETABLES ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ENERGY density ,ECONOMICS - Published
- 2017
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11. How do individual-level sociodemographics and neighbourhood-level characteristics influence residential location behaviour in the context of the food and built environment? Findings from 25 years of follow-up in the CARDIA Study.
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Rummo, Pasquale E., Guilkey, David K., Shikany, James M., Reis, Jared P., and Gordon-Larsen, Penny
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BLACK people ,CENSUS ,FOOD ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems ,INCOME ,LONGITUDINAL method ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,WHITE people ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,RESIDENTIAL patterns ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,REPEATED measures design ,DATA analysis software - Published
- 2017
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12. Neighbourhood food, physical activity, and educational environments and black/white disparities in obesity: a complex systems simulation analysis.
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Orr, Mark G., Kaplan, George A., and Galea, Sandro
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BLACK people ,COMPUTER simulation ,FOOD ,METROPOLITAN areas ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,SCHOOLS ,WHITE people ,SOCIAL context ,BODY mass index ,HEALTH equity ,PHYSICAL activity - Published
- 2016
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13. Prevention of neural tube defects in the UK: a missed opportunity.
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Morris, J. K., Rankin, J., Draper, E. S., Kurinczuk, J. J., Springett, A., Tucker, D., Wellesley, D., Wreyford, B., and Wald, N. J.
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NEURAL tube defect prevention ,PREGNANCY complications ,DISEASE prevalence ,STILLBIRTH ,ABORTION statistics ,ENRICHED foods ,FOLIC acid ,FOOD ,NEURAL tube defects ,PRECONCEPTION care ,PRENATAL care ,ACQUISITION of data - Abstract
Objective: In 1991, the Medical Research Council (MRC) Vitamin Study demonstrated that folic acid taken before pregnancy and in early pregnancy reduced the risk of a neural tube defect (NTD). We aimed to estimate the number of NTD pregnancies that would have been prevented if flour had been fortified with folic acid in the UK from 1998 as it had been in the USA.Design: Estimates of NTD prevalence, the preventive effect of folic acid and the proportion of women taking folic acid supplements before pregnancy were used to predict the number of NTD pregnancies that would have been prevented if folic acid fortification had been implemented.Setting: Eight congenital anomaly registers in England and Wales.Main Outcome Measures: The prevalence of pregnancies with an NTD in the UK and the number of these pregnancies that would have been prevented if folic acid fortification had been implemented.Results: From 1991 to 2012, the prevalence of NTD pregnancies was 1.28 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.31) per 1000 total births (19% live births, 81% terminations and 0.5% stillbirths and fetal deaths ≥20 weeks' gestation). If the USA levels of folic acid fortification from 1998 onwards had been adopted in the UK, an estimated 2014 fewer NTD pregnancies would have occurred.Conclusions: Failure to implement folic acid fortification in the UK has caused, and continues to cause, avoidable terminations of pregnancy, stillbirths, neonatal deaths and permanent serious disability in surviving children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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14. Determinants of smoking-induced deprivation in China.
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Tingting Yao, Jidong Huang, Hai-Yen Sung, Ong, Michael K., Zhengzhong Mao, Yuan Jiang, Fong, Geoffrey T., and Max, Wendy
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SMOKING ,SMOKING prevention ,SMOKING & psychology ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,FOOD ,INCOME ,INTERVIEWING ,MEDICAL cooperation ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Objective Spending on cigarettes may deprive households of other items like food. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence of and factors associated with this smoking-induced deprivation among adult smokers in China. Methods The data came from Waves 1-3 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey, conducted from 2006 to 2009 among urban adults aged 18 years or older in China. We focus on the samples of current smokers from six cities (N=7981). Smoking-induced deprivation was measured with the survey question, "In the last six months, have you spent money on cigarettes that you knew would be better spent on household essentials like food?" We examined whether sociodemographic factors, smoking intensity and price paid per pack of cigarettes were associated with smoking-induced deprivation using generalised estimating equations modelling. Findings 7.3% of smokers reported smoking-induced deprivation due to purchasing cigarettes. Low-income and middle-income smokers were more likely to have smoking-induced deprivation compared with high-income smokers (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.06, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.31; AOR=1.44, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.69); smokers living in Shenyang (AOR=1.68, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.24) and Yinchuan (AOR=2.50, 95% CI 1.89 to 3.32) were more likely to have smoking-induced deprivation compared with smokers living in Beijing. Retired smokers were less likely to have smoking-induced deprivation compared with employed smokers (AOR=0.67, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.87). There was no statistically significant relationship between smoking intensity, price paid per pack of cigarettes and smoking-induced deprivation. Conclusions Our findings indicate that certain groups of smokers in China acknowledge spending money on cigarettes that could be better spent on household essentials. Tobacco control policies that reduce smoking in China may improve household living standards by reducing smoking-induced deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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15. Tobacco lobbyists target food and drink with new aggressive tactics.
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Torjesen, Ingrid
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BEVERAGES ,FOOD ,LOBBYING ,MEDICAL practice ,SERIAL publications ,SMOKING ,TOBACCO ,CONSUMER activism ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article reports the move by pro-smoking group Forest as of 2014 to launch a new consumer rights campaign dubbed Action on Consumer Choice (ACC) to convince the alcohol and fast food industries to agree to a collaboration with ACC to advance the rights of their consumers in Great Britain.
- Published
- 2014
16. Choking on a foreign body: a physiological study of the effectiveness of abdominal thrust manoeuvres to increase thoracic pressure.
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Pavitt, Matthew J., Swanton, Laura L., Hind, Matthew, Apps, Michael, Polkey, Michael I., Green, Malcolm, and Hopkinson, Nicholas S.
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CHEST pain ,THORACIC duct ,THORACIC arteries ,ASPHYXIA ,INTRA-abdominal hypertension ,DISEASES ,TREATMENT of respiratory obstructions ,FOREIGN bodies ,ATMOSPHERIC pressure ,FOOD ,HEIMLICH maneuver ,CHEST (Anatomy) ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
The Heimlich manoeuvre is a well-known intervention for the management of choking due to foreign body airway occlusion, but the evidence base for guidance on this topic is limited and guidelines differ. We measured pressures during abdominal thrusts in healthy volunteers. The angle at which thrusts were performed (upthrust vs circumferential) did not affect intrathoracic pressure. Self-administered abdominal thrusts produced similar pressures to those performed by another person. Chair thrusts, where the subject pushed their upper abdomen against a chair back, produced higher pressures than other manoeuvres. Both approaches should be included in basic life support teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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17. Food-related choking deaths among the elderly.
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Kramarow, Ellen, Warner, Margaret, and Li-Hui Chen
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,CAUSES of death ,FOOD ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESPIRATORY obstructions ,SEX distribution ,OLD age - Abstract
During 2007–2010 in the USA, 2214 deaths among people aged ≥65 were attributed to choking on food. The death rate for this cause is higher among the elderly than among any other age group. Using data from the US National Vital Statistics System, we examined the relationship between food suffocation and other causes of death listed on the death certificate. Among decedents aged ≥65, the three most common additional conditions listed on the death certificate were heart disease, dementia and diabetes. However, after estimating the expected joint frequency of other causes based on the overall distribution of all causes of death, we find that three causes—dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), Parkinson’s disease and pneumonitis—are most strongly associated with deaths from choking on food among older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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18. Tougher population interventions are needed to reduce health inequalities, says charity.
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Torjesen, Ingrid
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TAXATION ,CHARITIES ,HEALTH services accessibility ,PUBLIC health ,HEALTH status indicators ,RULES ,HEALTH behavior ,GOVERNMENT policy ,FOOD ,ALCOHOL drinking ,SMOKING ,POVERTY ,HOUSING - Published
- 2022
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19. The effect of rising food prices on food consumption: systematic review with meta-regression.
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Green, Rosemary, Cornelsen, Laura, Dangour, Alan D., Turner, Rachel, Shankar, Bhavani, Mazzocchi, Mario, and Smith, Richard D.
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FOOD ,MALNUTRITION risk factors ,FOOD habits ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,WORLD health ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article summarizes a research study which examined the relation between rising food prices on food demand and consumption worldwide. An overview of the study's selection criteria, primary outcome, and research funding is provided. Study results are highlighted that include the quantity of food changes in response to a one percent increase in food price according to food type, country income level and household income level.
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- 2013
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20. Neighbourhood food environments and body mass index among New York City adults.
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Stark, James H., Neckerman, Kathryn, Lovasi, Gina S., Konty, Kevin, Quinn, James, Arno, Peter, Viola, Deborah, Harris, Tiffany G., Weiss, Christopher C., Bader, Michael D. M., and Rundle, Andrew
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OBESITY risk factors ,BLACK people ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,ECOLOGY ,FOOD ,HISPANIC Americans ,METROPOLITAN areas ,RESEARCH funding ,SELF-evaluation ,SHOPPING ,SURVEYS ,WHITE people ,RESIDENTIAL patterns ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,BODY mass index ,CROSS-sectional method ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background Studies evaluating the impact of the neighbourhood food environment on obesity have summarised the density or proximity of individual food outlets. Though informative, there is a need to consider the role of the entire food environment; however, few measures of whole system attributes have been developed. New variables measuring the food environment were derived and used to study the association with body mass index (BMI). Methods Individual data on BMI and sociodemographic characteristics were collected from 48 482 respondents of the 2002–2006 community health survey in New York City and linked to residential zip code-level characteristics. The food environment of each zip code was described in terms of the diversity of outlets (number of types of outlets present in a zip code), the density of outlets (outlets/km
2 ) and the proportion of outlets classified as BMI-unhealthy (eg, fast food, bodegas). Results Results of the cross-sectional, multilevel analyses revealed an inverse association between BMI and food outlet density (−0.32 BMI units across the IQR, 95% CI −0.45 to −0.20), a positive association between BMI and the proportion of BMI-unhealthy food outlets (0.26 BMI units per IQR, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.43) and no association with outlet diversity. The association between BMI and the proportion of BMI-unhealthy food outlets was stronger in lower (- Published
- 2013
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21. Are dietary patterns in childhood associated with IQ at 8 years of age? A population-based cohort study.
- Author
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Northstone, Kate, Joinson, Carol, Emmett, Pauline, Ness, Andy, and Paus, Tomáš
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CHI-squared test ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DIET ,FACTOR analysis ,FOOD ,INGESTION ,INTELLECT ,LONGITUDINAL method ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,SCALES (Weighing instruments) ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background Little is known about the effects of overall diet in childhood and intelligence later in life. Methods The current study, based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, uses data on children's diet reported by parents in food-frequency questionnaires at 3, 4, 7 and 8.5 years of age. Dietary patterns were identified using principal-components analysis and scores computed at each age. IQ was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at 8.5 years. Data on a number of confounders were collected, and complete data were available for 3966 children. Results After adjustment, the 'processed' (high fat and sugar content) pattern of diet at 3 years of age was negatively associated with IQ assessed at 8.5 years of age--a 1 SD increase in dietary pattern score was associated with a 1.67 point decrease in IQ (95% CI -2.34 to -1.00; p<0.0001). The 'health-conscious' (salad, rice, pasta, fish, fruit) pattern at 8.5 years was positively associated with IQ: a 1 SD increase in pattern score led to a 1.20 point increase in IQ (95% CI 0.52 to 1.88; p=0.001). Conclusion There is evidence that a poor diet associated with high fat, sugar and processed food content in early childhood may be associated with small reductions in IQ in later childhood, while a healthy diet, associated with high intakes of nutrient rich foods described at about the time of IQ assessment may be associated with small increases in IQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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22. SMART lunch box intervention to improve the food and nutrient content of children's packed lunches: UK wide cluster randomised controlled trial.
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Evans, C. E. L., Greenwood, D. C., Thomas, J. D., Cleghorn, C. L., Kitchen, M. S., and Cade, J. E.
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COMPUTER software ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,FOOD ,MATHEMATICAL models ,NUTRITIONAL requirements ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SCHOOLS ,STATISTICS ,DATA analysis ,GOVERNMENT programs ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials - Abstract
Background Government standards are now in place for children's school meals but not for lunches prepared at home. The aim of this trial is to improve the content of children's packed lunches. Methods A cluster randomised controlled trial in 89 primary schools across the UK involving 1291 children, age 8-9 years at baseline. Follow-up was 12 months after baseline. A "SMART" lunch box intervention programme consisted of food boxes, bag and supporting materials. The main outcome measures were weights of foods and proportion of children provided with sandwiches, fruit, vegetables, dairy food, savoury snacks and confectionery in each packed lunch. Levels of nutrients provided including energy, total fat, saturated fat, protein, non-milk extrinsic sugar, sodium, calcium, iron, folate, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C. Results Moderately higher weights of fruit, vegetables, dairy and starchy food and lower weights of savoury snacks were provided to children in the intervention group. Children in the intervention group were provided with slightly higher levels of vitamin A and folate. 11% more children were provided with vegetables/salad in their packed lunch, and 13% fewer children were provided with savoury snacks (crisps). Children in the intervention group were more likely to be provided with packed lunches meeting the government school meal standards. Conclusions The SMART lunch box intervention, targeting parents and children, led to small improvements in the food and nutrient content of children's packed lunches. Further interventions are required to bring packed lunches in line with the new government standards for school meals. Current controlled trials ISRCTN77710993. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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23. Read the label carefully.
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Laguda, B., Coren, M. E., and G. Lack
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LETTERS to the editor ,FOOD - Abstract
Presents a letter related to suggestion about reading the label of food products for children.
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- 2004
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24. Dietary patterns related to attainment in school: the importance of early eating patterns.
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Feinstein, L., Sabates, A., Sorhaindo, A., Rogers, I., Herrick, D., Northstone, K., and Emmett, P.
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DIET ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,CHILDREN ,SCHOOL food ,FOOD - Abstract
Objectives: To empirically test the impact of dietary intake at several time points in childhood on children's school attainment and to investigate whether any differences in school attainment between children who ate packed lunches or school meals was due to who these children were, their pre-school dietary patterns, or to what they ate at school. Design: Using longitudinal data available in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relative importance of diet at different ages for school attainment. Main outcome measures: Three indicators of school attainment were used: at ages 4-5 entry assessments to school, at ages 6-7 Key Stage 1 national tests and at ages 10-11 Key Stage 2 national tests. These outcome variables were measured in levels as well as in changes from the previous educational stage. Results: The key finding at age 3 was that "junk food" dietary pattern had a negative association with the level of school attainment. A weak association remained after controlling for the impact of other dietary patterns at age 3, dietary patterns at ages 4 and 7 and other confounding factors. The authors did not find evidence that eating packed lunches or eating school meals affected children's attainment, once the impact of junk food dietary pattern at age 3 was accounted for in the model. Conclusions: Early eating patterns have implications for attainment that appear to persist over time, regardless of subsequent changes in diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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25. Could targeted food taxes improve health?
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Mytton, Oliver, Gray, Alastair, Rayner, Mike, and Rutter, Harry
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FOOD ,VALUE-added tax ,NUTRITION ,HEALTH ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) - Abstract
Objective: To examine the effects on nutrition, health and expenditure of extending value added tax (VAT) to a wider range of foods in the UK. Method: A model based on consumption data and elasticity values was constructed to predict the effects of extending VAT to certain categories of food. The resulting changes in demand, expenditure, nutrition and health were estimated. Three different tax regimens were examined: (1) taxing the principal sources of dietary saturated fat; (2) taxing foods defined as unhealthy by the SSCg3d nutrient scoring system; and (3) taxing foods in order to obtain the best health outcome. Data: Consumption patterns and elasticity data were taken from the National Food Survey of Great Britain. The health effects of changing salt and fat intake were from previous meta-analyses. Results: (1) Taxing only the principal sources of dietary saturated fat is unlikely to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease because the reduction in saturated fat is offset by a rise in salt consumption. (2) Taxing unhealthy foods, defined by SSCg3d score, might avert around 2300 deaths per annum, primarily by reducing salt intake. (3) Taxing a wider range of foods could avert up to 3200 cardiovascular deaths in the UK per annum (a 1.7% reduction). Conclusions: Taxing foodstuffs can have unpredictable health effects if cross-elasticities of demand are ignored. A carefully targeted fat tax could produce modest but meaningful changes in food consumption and a reduction in cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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26. Why are babies weaned early? Data from a prospective population based cohort study.
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Wright, C. M., Parkinson, K. N., and Drewett, R. F.
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INFANT weaning ,FOOD ,DISEASES ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,DIARRHEA - Abstract
Background: The recommended age of introduction of solids food to the diet of infants (weaning) has recently been increased in the UK to 6 months, but most babies are still weaned before the age of 4 months. Aims: To examine what predicts the age of weaning and how this relates to weight gain and morbidity using data from a population based cohort. Methods: Parents of 923 term infants born in a defined geographical area and recruited shortly after birth were studied prospectively using postal questionnaires, weaning diaries, and routinely collected weights, of whom 707 (77%) returned data on weaning. Results: The median age of first weaning solids was 3.5 months, with 21% commencing before 3 months and only 6% after 4 months of age. Infants progressed quickly to regular solids with few reported difficulties, even when weaned early. Most parents did not perceive professional advice or written materials to be a major influence. The strongest independent predictors of earlier age at weaning were rapid weight gain to age 6 weeks, lower socioeconomic status, the parents' perception that their baby was hungry, and feeding mode. Weight gain after 6 weeks was unrelated to age of weaning. Babies weaned before 3 months, compared to after 4 months, had an increased risk of diarrhea. Conclusions: Social factors had some influence on when weaning solids were introduced, but the great majority of all infants were established on solids before the previously recommended age of 4 months, without difficulty. Earlier weaning was associated with an increased rate of minor morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
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27. Decline in lung function related to exposure and selection processes among workers in the grain processing and animal feed industry.
- Author
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Post, W., Heederik, D., and Houba, R.
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CEREAL products industry ,LUNGS ,THRESHOLD limit values (Industrial toxicology) ,AGRICULTURE ,ANALYSIS of variance ,COUGH ,DISEASES ,DUST ,ENDOTOXINS ,FOOD ,LONGITUDINAL method ,OCCUPATIONAL diseases ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESPIRATION ,RESPIRATORY measurements ,RESPIRATORY organ sounds ,SMOKING ,TIME ,OCCUPATIONAL hazards ,ENVIRONMENTAL exposure ,INHALATION injuries - Abstract
Objectives: To follow up workers in the grain processing and animal feed industry five years after an initial survey, and to monitor exposures to organic dust and endotoxin and changes in prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function.Methods: Outcome measures in the present survey were decline in lung function over five years, rapid annual decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) above 90 ml.s-1, and loss to follow up.Results: Among 140 workers included in the longitudinal analysis, annual decline in FEV1 and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) were significantly related to occupational exposure to dust and endotoxin in the grain processing and animal feed industry. Assuming a cumulative exposure over a working life of 40 years with an exposure of 5 mg.m-3, the estimated effect on the FEV1 would be a decline of 157 ml.s-1 (95% CI 13 to 300)--that is, about 4% of the group mean FEV1 and 473 ml.s-1 (95% CI 127 to 800) of the MMEF (about 12%). Workers with a dust exposure > 4 mg.m-3 or endotoxin concentrations > 20 ng.m-3 at the 1986-8 survey had significantly higher risk of rapid decline in FEV1 (odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% CI 1.02 to 10.3). The relations between occupational exposure and decline in lung function in this study occurred, despite the selection through the healthy worker effect that occurred as well. Increasing working years was related to decreasing annual decline in FEV1 and fewer people with rapid decline in FEV1 (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0 to 0.61 for over 20 v < 5 working years in the grain processing and animal feed industry). The presence of respiratory symptoms at baseline was a strong predictor of subsequent loss to follow up. Baseline lung function was not found to be predictive of subsequent loss to follow up. However, among workers lost to follow up the number of working years was more strongly negatively related to baseline lung function than among the workers who were studied longitudinally.Conclusions: The existence of the healthy worker effect implies that an exposure-response relation in the grain processing and animal feed industry may well be underestimated. This should be taken into account when health based recommended limit values are to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1998
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28. Nutritional content of supermarket ready meals and recipes by television chefs in the United Kingdom: cross sectional study.
- Author
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Howard, Simon, Adams, Jean, and White, Martin
- Subjects
CHI-squared test ,FOOD ,NUTRITIONAL assessment ,PROBABILITY theory ,CROSS-sectional method ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The article reports a study compared the energy and macronutrient content of main meals created by television chefs with ready meals sold by supermarkets, and compared both with nutritional guidelines published by the World Health Organization. The results revealed that neither ready meals old at supermarkets nor recipes created by television chefs complied with WHO recommendations. Recipes were less healthy than ready meals, as they contained significantly more fat and less fibre per portion.
- Published
- 2012
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29. Association of the consumption of common food groups and beverages with mortality from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus in Serbia, 1991–2010: an ecological study
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Irena Ilic, Goran Stojanovic, Ivana Zivanovic-Macuzic, and Milena Ilic
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Myocardial Ischemia ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Food groups and beverages consumption ,Food group ,Beverages ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Environmental health ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Humans ,Ecological study ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Mortality ,Sex Distribution ,2. Zero hunger ,Consumption (economics) ,business.industry ,Cancer ,Mortality rate ,Public health ,Research ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Mortality trend ,3. Good health ,Surgery ,Diet ,Food ,Female ,business ,Serbia ,Ischemic heart disease - Abstract
Objectives This paper reports association between mortality rates from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus and the consumption of common food groups and beverages in Serbia. Design In this ecological study, data on both mortality and the average annual consumption of common food groups and beverages per household's member were obtained from official data-collection sources. The multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine the strength of the associations between consumption of common food groups and beverages and mortality rates. Results Markedly increasing trends of cancer, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus mortality rates were observed in Serbia in the period 1991–2010. Mortality rates from cancer were negatively associated with consumption of vegetable oil (p=0.005) and grains (p=0.001), and same was found for ischaemic heart disease (p=0.002 and 0.021, respectively), while consumption of other dairy products showed a significant positive association (p
- Published
- 2016
30. Cut special offers on sugary foods, says delayed review.
- Author
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Kmietowicz, Zosia
- Subjects
FOOD ,FOOD habits ,HEALTH promotion ,TAXATION ,DIETARY sucrose - Abstract
The article reports that Public Health England (PHE) has recommended ways of reducing the British public's consumption of sugar. Topics discussed include the agency's recommendation to reduce special offers and discounts on sugary foods in supermarkets and restaurants, controlling the advertising of sugary foods to children and the government imposing a tax on high sugar foods.
- Published
- 2015
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31. SEVEN DAYS IN MEDICINE.
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BLOOD sugar analysis ,FOOTBALL injuries ,GENERIC drugs ,PROSTATE tumors ,CARBOHYDRATES ,CARCINOGENS ,ENDOSCOPIC ultrasonography ,FOOD ,WORKING hours ,MEAT ,MENTAL health services ,MOTION pictures ,OBESITY ,PRESS ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,WORLD health ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,HOSPITAL mortality ,EARLY detection of cancer ,DIAGNOSIS ,PREVENTION ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
This section offers news briefs concerning British medicine during the week of October 24-30, 2015. Topics discussed include detentions under the Mental Health Act in England rising in 2014-2015, a survey showing that more than 50 percent of respondents support a proposed levy on sugary drinks and food and England's health secretary Jeremy Hunt asserting that more than 11,000 deaths per year are associated with poor staffing at hospitals during the weekends.
- Published
- 2015
32. 'Food deserts'--evidence and assumption in health policy making
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Steven Cummins and Sally Macintyre
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Parliament ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Nutrition Policy ,Education and Debate ,RA0421 ,Reading (process) ,Poverty Areas ,Food desert ,Medicine ,Humans ,Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Health policy ,General Environmental Science ,media_common ,Social policy ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Public economics ,business.industry ,Factoid ,General Engineering ,Urban Health ,General Medicine ,Evidence-based medicine ,United Kingdom ,Food ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,business ,Health policy making - Abstract
Assertions can be reported so often that they are considered true (“factoids”). They may sometimes even be used to determine health policy when empirical information is lacking. Steven Cummins and Sally Macintyre use the claimed existence of “food deserts”—poor urban areas where residents cannot buy affordable, healthy food—to illustrate why policy makers need to look more critically at the facts In December 2001 a cross party motion on food poverty signed by 198 UK MPs gained its first reading in parliament. The Food Poverty (Eradication) Bill is now waiting to be read for a second time.1 Though this bill is a laudable attempt to introduce a policy designed to improve the nutrition of those with the lowest incomes and in the poorest places, it is an example of how some ideas become accepted as fact though they may not be true. They become “factoids”: assumptions or speculations reported and repeated so often that they are popularly considered true; they are simulated or imagined facts.2 This paper illustrates how, if the social climate is right, facts about the social world can be assumed and hence used as the basis for health policy in the absence of much empirical information. ### Summary points Factoids are assumptions or speculations reported and repeated until they are considered true They are sometimes used to determine health policy when empirical information is lacking The assumption that in the United Kingdom there are poor urban areas where residents cannot buy affordable, healthy food (“food deserts”) is a factoid Policy strategies to combat the existence of food deserts exemplify how factoids can influence health and social policy The burden of proof, or demand for evidence, may vary according to a policy's perceived fit within current collective world views Policy makers need to move away from unquestioning acceptance and should …
- Published
- 2002
33. Flies and Heilcobacter pylori infection.
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Allen, S. J., Thomas, J. E., Alexander, N. D. E., Bailey, R., and Emerson, P. M.
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INFECTION ,DISEASES ,CHILDREN ,FLIES ,HUMAN beings ,FOOD - Abstract
This article focuses on matters related to Heilcobacter pylori infection. Helkohacter pylori is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease but the precise modes of transmission are unknown. There is no confirmed environmental reservoir other than man, suggesting that transmission is from person to person and faecal-oral, oral-oral, and gastro-oral routes have been implicated. H. pylori infection is common in young children living in poor socioeconomic circumstances. Domestic flies are ubiquitous in these settings and have a close affinity with human faeces and food.
- Published
- 2004
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34. Studying the historical role of food in health and in war: a case of undernourishment?
- Author
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Mayhew, Emily
- Subjects
FOOD ,COOKBOOKS ,WAR ,HEALTH - Abstract
The author reflects on studying the historical role of food in war and in health. He cites the availability of books about the history of food. He also mentions that these books can be found not in the history section of a bookshop or library but in the cookery section, along with sport and leisure. He asserts that food and history are not considered as quite worthy of intellectual analysis.
- Published
- 2010
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35. Lucina.
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JUVENILE diseases ,BIRTH weight ,CORONARY disease ,RESPIRATORY infections ,DOPAMINE ,SEROTONIN ,FOOD ,ALCOHOL drinking - Abstract
The article discusses topics relating to childhood diseases. Study shows that low birthweight can increase the risk of later coronary disease. Report reveals that lower respiratory tract infections with respiratory synctial virus will increase the possibility of subsequent problems among infants born before 32 weeks gestation. The pleasure linked with food, alcohol, and recreational drugs will cause pleasure molecules like dopamine and serotonin to be release in brain and peripheral tissues.
- Published
- 2006
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