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In the present scenario, the world has a greatest interest in moving from petroleum products to non-conventional energy sources. The non-conventional energy is very popular in these days because it is cost effective solution for providing energy to the rural area where it is difficult to provide electricity. Generation of electricity through non-conventional sources is pollution free, contamination free energy, limit carbon impression and nursery outflows and guarantee energy security. This paper describes the stability study of distribution generation system under varying loading condition. This study work describe that how to maintain stable output of hybrid system by using FACT devices [2]. Firstly the capacity to meet the heap necessities from solar standalone system is dissected after that hydro standalone system is analyzed. Following this the feasibility examination of a hybrid system (solar and hydro) energy sources has been completed [8]. The important objective work of this paper is to investigate, how maximum and stable power is achieve by using latest techniques in hybrid (solar and hydro) system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrification of 1723 underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost villages (3T villages) using renewable energy-based microgrid is vital role in improving electricity access and socio-economic activities in the regions. This development strategy in line with the government of Indonesia's program to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions by 29% in 2030 and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) point 7. The challenges of 3T villages electrification are the location of villages that are spread out, varied renewable energy potential and low economic value. To answer those challenges, this study aims to cluster the villages based on renewable energy resource and electricity demand and to assess techno-economic viability of microgrid. The clustering the villages using Clara method and design the microgrid system by optimization model of Homer Pro, and also financial analysis is carried out using several incentive scenarios. The result shows that there are 4 cluster centers: Sari Tani (Gorontalo), Kubang Kondang (Banten), Tuno Jaya (Maluku), and Sungai Pisau (Kalimantan Barat) with microgrid configurations PV capacity 173 – 607 kWp, WTG capacity 12 kW, and BESS capacity 254 – 946 kWh. For 4 cluster villages, the base-case tariff of EPC business model is 3066 - 4115 Rp/kWh, Public Private Patnership (PPP) business model is 3362 – 4525 Rp/kWh, and Resco business model is 4051 – 5478 Rp/kWh. The most effective incentive scenario is the combination of tax allowances, carbon emissions reduction, and interest subsidy minimum 3% or grant 25% capex which can reduce base-case tariffs by 51–59 %. Hence it becomes below 85% regional cost of generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical power plays a vital role in our lives. We need electricity for industry, agriculture, transport, communication, etc. The fundamental relationship between energy and economics is more people with more income, means a rise in production and hence more consumption of energy. Electric power demand is increasing day by day in all sectors along with the population. Population and income growth are the most powerful driving forces behind electrical power demand globally. To deal with the situation power engineers continuously focus on the increase in the utilization of new and renewable energy. Till date, only wind generator and the solar PV are the two energy sources which give promising results and the mobility to utilize the energy generated through them. Due to technical limitations, the size of the wind generator or solar PV is more than that of the generating electric power. After so many years of research, researchers said that the power utilization generated through solar PV and wind turbine can be easily possible for less load rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is a vital source of fresh water throughout the world. It is a fundamental constituent of the water assets for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. But the quality assessment of groundwater in rural parts is not as often as in urban areas. The present paper focuses on the evaluation of groundwater quality in rural parts near Ellenabad city of Haryana state. A total of 30 representative groundwater samples have been collected from some of the villages in the vicinity of Ellenabad city in the pre monsoon period of 2018 and analyzed for various chemical parameters. Based upon the results of analysis, the groundwater quality has been assessed for both domestic and agricultural activities. The analytical results have been compared with Indian and WHO standards. Hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples has been evaluated by using Chloro-alkaline indices (CAIs) and Gibb's plots. Piper diagram has been used to determine water type. Based upon our results, the present research recommends the proper treatment of groundwater before human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current efforts to implement renewable sources for community-driven solutions for energy supply in traditional population settlements having limited access to energy distribution networks are mainly based on systems devoted to fulfilling the electricity demands. However, in addition to the above, many productive activities located at those settlements could also benefit from the current advances in solar thermal energy collectors' designs aimed at providing modular and reliable heat sources for micro-industries. Accordingly, this work describes the results of a study for the integration of solar heat in five small-scale productive activities in isolated settlements from Spain, Mexico, and Chile. The study has been carried out in the framework of the MICROPROD-SOLAR project, which intends to promote and support the use of solar heat for productive processes in small-scale micro-factories, farms and other productive centers located in areas where, due to geographical, economic or environmental constraints, the access to energy is limited. The analyzed cases correspond to the following sectors: traditional beverages, milk and cheese processing and greenhouse heating. They were selected as a first reference for a techno-economic assessment to support stakeholders and end-users' specific initiatives. Simulations with a specific tool have been carried out to evaluate both the reachable solar fraction and the payback period, in each of the case studies showing favorable results in almost all the cases for the possible integration of a solar heat system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain areas suffer frequent energy shortages due to their limited access to the power grid. With this notion, it is very recommended that these areas utilize alternative forms of producing electric energy. The Solar Home System (SHS) has helped millions of families gain access to electricity in Asia and requires the simplest form of a panel and battery. This setup provides a household with sufficient power for their basic needs, particularly the electrification of essential lightings and appliances. The Swarm Solar Household System (SSHS) is one of the potential ways of enjoying energy for every household for in this process, the households that need more power can connect to the interconnected households and use their energy. This research establishes a proof-of-concept for the idea of swarm solar household systems (SSHS) as an additional but beneficial feature for existing solar home systems (SHS). The IoT-based information and control system will be used to utilize SSHS powerfully. SSHS has been installed readily by each of these modeled households. Every household includes a swarm solar household system wireless connection. Monitoring the mutual power and cost process associated with this SSHS can determine the owner's total payment. In this study, an IoT-based swarm solar household system was successfully obtained using sensors, controllers, Wi-Fi modules, and software applications via Blynk with a built-in cloud server for monitoring and controlling the connection between households; energy sharing is enabled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic sustainability is an integral aspect of sustainability, meaning that humans utilise, protect and conserve human- and material-based services in order to create renewable long-term assets by an optimal utilisation, recycle and recovery. Building investments and running costs are fiscal metrics utilised in economic sustainability indices. Capital costs are accumulated expenditures when the process starts. Capital expenditures rely largely on the type and process of treating waste water. Usually, these costs involve planning, construction, equipment and facilities, electrification, induction, training, start-up, substitute components, cost of reservations, etc. This paper explores some of the instruments for calculating economic sustainability. That include exposure analysis (SA), particulate matter analysis (PCA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the international trend to promote renewable energy, as part of energy security as well as greenhouse gas emission reduction. Wind and solar energies can be used to supplement the conventional energy sources predominantly in remote coastal localities of Bangladesh. Feasibility study of renewable resources of Maheshkhali, an off-grid remote island, is presented in this paper. Purpose of this study is to design, simulation, and economic analysis of a stand-alone optimal mini-grid Solar-Diesel hybrid power generation system in a remote island of Bangladesh to satisfy the energy demands in a sustainable way by HOMER ENERGY software. Two diesel generator are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the intermittent nature of renewable resources. Optimum size of different components, electrical load with a certain random variability, fraction of renewable energy, excess electricity, performance of its different components, environmental impacts, cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC), annualized cost are analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrification is one of the driving factors for improving the life quality of a country. Currently, Indonesia electrification is borne solely by Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), which aren't sustainable and eco-friendly due to its main energy source is fossil fuel. Gorontalo, which is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources has installed many renewable power plant energies, but some of them have stopped operating due to an inability to maintain the operation. In South Dulamayo Village, which its energy supply has already dominated by PLN, there is still a renewable energy power plant. The microhydro power plant project (MHPP) in South Dulamayo has operated for more than seven years old. It currently struggles to maintain its sustainability. This study focused on capturing how the microhydro power plant in South Dulamayo maintains its sustainability. It is possible to keep The MHPP South Dulamayo working together (hybrid) with PLN for several customers, mainly manage by the intervention of UNG researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breastshot waterwheel is one solution for increasing the electrification ratio in remote areas. However, a feasibility study of the breastshot waterwheel in river conditions has not been conducted. This study tested the performance of the breastshot waterwheel in river conditions, which has a head of 0.26 m and discharge rate of 0.09708 m³ /s. Mechanical and electrical testing was conducted to determine the maximum efficiency that can be produced by this turbine. The mechanical test found the following results: a maximum power level of 112.6 W (45.5% efficiency), torque of 77.9 Nm and rotation of 13.8 rpm. The electrical test produced 11.38 W of electric power (4.6% efficiency) with a voltage of 34.48 V and current of 0.33 A. Based on the test results, the breastshot waterwheel may be used as an independent power plant in remote areas due to its efficiency. In addition, the study results reveal that this turbine is not significantly affected by the garbage (household waste) in the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As reported in the report of the European Commission, Directorate General for Communication, Information for Citizens on Transport Policy [1], the solutions to reduce non renewable primary energy resources consumption and global emissions in the automotive sector are the use of alternative fuels (in particular the use of more clean fossil fuels and biofuels), and new traction systems. The short, medium and long term solutions go towards a progressive electrification of the vehicle towards fully electric vehicles, type BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle). In this context, the hybrid powertrain (HEV - Hybrid Electric Vehicle) represents an evolution of conventional traction systems destined to become increasingly electric. The work presents, through a WTW (Well To Wheel) analysis, the comparison between powertrains with increasing electrification levels: from conventional to pure electric through hybrid. For the type of powertrains considered, the consumption of non-renewable primary energy and CO2 emissions are calculated and compared, based on experimental data on consumption and efficiency of the following vehicles: Toyota Yaris 1500 Petrol, Toyota Auris Diesel (conventional), Toyota Yaris Hybrid, Toyota Prius (HEV) and Nissan Leaf (BEV). Non-renewable primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions have been calculated under real usage conditions; the data were acquired in a road acquisition campaign in Rome on urban, extra-urban and highway routes for a total of 5,400 km and 197 hours of road acquisitions. The results show how the hybrid powertrain achieves significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions compared to the conventional powertrain (petrol and diesel). On urban traffic-intensive routes (average speed up to 30 km/h) consumption and emissions are reduced by more than half and are still relevant even on extra-urban routes with average speeds of up to 80 km/h. For higher average speeds (highway, over 100 km/h) consumption and yields tend to be similar. Consumption and emissions of electric powertrains, potentially for consumption and zero emissions, are closely linked to the methods of production and distribution of electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to satisfy the increasingly restrictive EU norms on air pollutant emissions, most of the world-leading passenger car manufacturers are currently forced to apply different engine electrification solutions to a large part of their model portfolio, ranging from Mild-Hybrid Electric Vehicles (MEHVs) to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Nonetheless, the effcient design of the thermal engine part still plays a fundamental role in the overall fuel consumption and polluting emissions reduction. Both gasoline-fueled and diesel-fueled modern engines rely on finely tuned direct fuel injection strategies, in order to simultaneously optimize primary energy consumption and particulate matter and/or gaseous emissions. Therefore, it is of foremost importance to develop robust and reliable multidimensional numerical tools, to support engineers during the injection system design and testing processes. In that sense, turbulence modeling is a key point for the accurate description of fuel spray evolution and mixture formation, due to the very high injection pressures (in diesel-fueled engines) or the complex spray patterns and severe flow cyclic variability (in downsized, turbocharged, gasoline-fueled engines). In the present paper, we evaluate the usage of hybrid URANS/LES turbulence modeling techniques for fuel spray simulation, based on the current scientific literature on this topic and on some recent computational studies from the authors. Aspects such as the comparison with URANS and standard LES models are discussed, and strengths and weaknessess of the analyzed hybrid approaches are pointed out. The authors assume that this work could pave the way for further debates on the potential vs. actual benefits of mixing statistically-derived (URANS) and scale-resolving (LES) turbulence modeling options for engine flow simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the world is in the historical transformation period of global cooperation, sharing and integration, and driving a new era of electrification level. The energy structure is accelerating to evolve toward low carbon and the level of cleanliness of energy supply and consumption has increased significantly. Energy efficiency continues to increase. As is known to all that energy transformation is a social system engineering, whose fundamental task is to build a clean, low-carbon new energy system. The fundamental way is re-electrification. As a new concept, re-electrification has not yet obtained a lot of research results, and has not received extensive attention from foreign scholars. In this paper, electrification-related technologies were identified and screened, a re-electrification technology selection model was built based on DEMATEL method, which has certain significance for the subsequent advancement of re-electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-power single-phase induction generator is one type of generator that suitable for power generation in rural areas. Single-phase induction generator has two windings, the main winding and auxiliary winding. The main winding usually has a larger cross-sectional area, while the auxiliary winding has a smaller crosssectional area. In this paper, the effect of excitation capacitors connected to the main or auxiliary winding was investigated. The capacitors were used as an exciter for self-excited induction generator. The induction generator used in this investigation has been built using a machine originally designed as a motor. The specification of this motor is 220 volt, 1 HP, 50 Hz, and 6 poles. It was intended for low-power applications such as in rural electrification. The no-load test results showed that the higher voltage would be generated when the capacitors were connected to the main winding. The no-load voltage changed from 211.4 to 220 volt when the capacitors were connected to the main winding. The voltage of 156.4 to 159.7 volt would be generated when the generator was excited on auxiliary winding. When it was loaded, the voltage and frequency of induction generator decrease linearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the integration of three renewable resources: biogas, wind energy and solar energy, utilizing solar PV panels, a biogas generator, and a wind turbine, respectively, to analyze the technical and economic challenges of a hybrid micro-gird. The integration of these sources have been analyzed to find out the optimized combination based on the efficiency and the minimum cost of electricity (COE). Wind and solar energy are considered as the primary sources of power generation during off-peak hours, and any excess power is used to charge a battery bank. During peak hours, biogas generators produce power to support the additional demand. A business strategy to implement the integrated optimized system in rural areas is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid depletion of fossil fuel has forced mankind to look into alternative fuel resources. In this context, biomass based power generation employing gas turbine appears to be a popular choice. Bio-gasification based combined cycle provides a feasible solution as far as grid-independent power generation is concerned for rural electrification projects. Indirectly heated gas turbine cycles are promising alternatives as they avoid downstream gas cleaning systems. Advanced thermodynamic cycles have become an interesting area of study to improve plant efficiency. Water injected system is one of the most attractive options in this field of applications. This paper presents a theoretical model of a biomass gasification based combined cycle that employs an indirectly heated humid air turbine (HAT) in the topping cycle. Maximum overall electrical efficiency is found to be around 41%. Gas turbine specific air consumption by mass is minimum when pressure ratio is 6. The study reveals that, incorporation of the humidification process helps to improve the overall performance of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable and sustainable energy is increasingly gaining interest in current research circles due to the debates on renewable energy resources. It is essential for scientists and researchers to search for solutions in renewable energy resources, with effective technologies, and low cost in operation and maintenance. Hydro resources can be considered a potential renewable energy resource. The traditional water wheel with simple construction coupled with a basic concept of technology can be utilised as a renewable and sustainable rural energy system. This paper discusses the case of the water wheel as a renewable energy system employed in Padang, Indonesia. The Padang water wheel is constructed from hardwood material with a diameter of 300 cm and width of 40 cm. It is built on a river using water flow to generate the movement of the wheel. The water wheel application in the area showed that it is suitable to be utilised to elevate and distribute water to rice fields located at a higher level than the water level of the river. The water wheel capacity is about 100–120 liters/min. It could continuously irrigate ±5 ha. of the rice fields. One of the advantages of this water wheel type is to function as a green technology concept promising no negative effect on the environment. The traditional water wheel has also a big economic impact on the rural economy, increasing the productivity of the rice fields. The people of Padang live in a water landscape encompassing the water wheel as an ubiquitous part of their lives, hence they relate to it and the technology of fabrication as well as the utilisation, making it an amenable and effective technology, finding relevance in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 50 and 90 percent of the total population of rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces respectively have no access to electricity and meet lighting requirements through kerosene and LPG. The population density in rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces is about 100–150 and 10–50 persons per km2 respectively. Extension of existing centralized grid system to rural areas with very low population density and small-scattered loads is economically and technically unfeasible. In this situation, decentralized renewable electricity especially wind power appears to be one of the viable option. This paper presents the assessment of potential of wind home systems (WHS) for rural electrification in coastal areas of Pakistan using the wind speed data recorded by Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD) and power curve of a reference wind turbine. Pakistan has 1050 km long coastline, of which, 250 km is falling in Sindh and 800 km in Balochistan. A 150 Wp wind turbine could generate about 345 kWh and 250 kWh of electricity per year in coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan respectively, which would be sufficient for meeting the electricity demand of a rural household. The average theoretical potential of WHS in the coastal area of Sindh and Balochistan is about 2245 and 1800 FLH respectively. The total installed capacity and technical potential of WHS in the coastal area of the country has been estimated as 63.75 MW and 135 GWh/year respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]