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Indonesia, renowned for its biodiversity with over 30,000 higher plant species, holds a pivotal position as a natural resource crucial to various societal levels. The abundant tropical ketapang plant (Terminalia Catappa L) in Indonesia produces therapeutic secondary metabolite compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids, offering potential treatments for various human diseases. Ketapang, thriving in tropical and subtropical regions, is easily accessible, making it a valuable resource. This study focuses on extracting ketapang leaves using maceration with organic solvents such as acetone, methanol, and n-hexane for three days, incorporating daily shaking for homogenization. The resulting samples undergo evaporation to obtain a concentrated extract, subsequently characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). FTIR characterization revealed the highest wave numbers for acetone at 3444.84 cm−1, methanol at 3491.27 cm−1, and n-hexane at 2956.97 cm−1. Within the wave number range of 3750-3000 cm−1 for acetone and methanol, hydroxyl and ether compounds (O-H and N-H groups) are identified, associated with alcohols. In the wave number range of 3000-2700 cm−1 for n-hexane, aldehyde groups (-CH3, -CH2, CH, C-H bonds) were detected. GC-MS analysis highlights prominent secondary metabolite compounds in ketapang leaf extracts with acetone, including tetracontane (21.62%), 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene (16.05%), and vitamin E (10.05%). Methanol extractions featured nonacosanal (16.51%), 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene (8.83%), and 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-(6.27%). N-hexane extractions showcase hexatriacontane (33.68%), 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene (14.80%), and nonacosane (10.28%) as major components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article described the developed technology for the phased removal of asphalt, resin and paraffin deposits in tubing using physical and chemical effects on the gas-liquid flow by pumping a mixture of organic acid, organic amine and organic solvents and a mixture of polyvinyl acetate, organic solvents and an activator into the bottomhole formation zone. The use of these mixtures can increase the technological and economic efficiency of gas-lift wells. As a result of industrial testing of the technology for the phased removal of asphalt, resin and paraffin deposits in tubing by the thermochemical method and inhibition of the formation of paraffin deposits by pumping reagents into the bottomhole formation zone with their subsequent gradual removal, a 100% effect was achieved in two wells of the White Tiger field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-surgical endodontic retreatment is the first choice when previous endodontic treatment fails. Complete gutta-percha and sealer removal are required for successful retreatment. This study aims to present a review articles of the different techniques of gutta-percha removal associated with organic and non-organic solvents, to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, and investigate the third area of the root canal system that leaves the largest amount of remaining obturation material. The descriptors used were "gutta-percha removal", "retreatment," and "endodontic" in the following databases: ScienceDirect and PubMed. Publications of in vitro/ex vivo and in vivo experiments with English between 2011 and 2021 were selected. None of the retreatment techniques cleaned the root canal system completely. There was no significant difference between the manual and automated methods, even though the manual method requires a longer working time. Hereafter, solvent use did not statistically improve the removal of the obturation material. Furthermore, this review confirmed that the apical third of the root was the area with a greater accumulation of remnants of endodontic filling material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus have been reported to have various bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. Extraction of the bioactive compounds can be done via methods such as maceration and Soxhlet extraction. The main issue is the effect of the extraction methods on the quality and quantity of the final product. This present work aimed to optimize the two processes by investigating the effects of varying parameters such as extraction time, solvent type and concentration, feed solvent ratio, and moisture content on the extraction of O. stamineus leaves. The resulting extracts were analyzed and characterized using GC-MS and UV-VIS. Soxhlet extraction yielded an overall higher yield as compared to maceration. O. stamineus extraction with higher yield at ethanol solvent (12.38%), extraction time (6 h=23.39%), concentration (25%=26.41%) and solvent feed ratio (1:40=10.8%) compared to maceration. The study showed that Soxhlet extraction was also the best method in terms of shorter extraction time and lesser organic solvent usage. The experimental finding of O. stamineus leaves extraction fitted the second-order extraction model and the highest yield (9.58%) was achieved at moisture content below 10% at Soxhlet extraction. However, leaves extract achieved from the cold maceration method revealed significantly better bio-active compounds presence than the extract obtained from Soxhlet extraction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental issues are the most critical and urgent factor for the increasing use of biopolymers in broader applications. Research on chitosan as a bioplastic material opens vast opportunities to improve its weak mechanical properties. These include blending with biopolymer/synthetic polymers as a matrix or incorporating with nanofillers. The use of organic solvents in dissolving chitosan is also interesting for further research. In this study, we synthesized a chitosan/PVA-based biofilm composite in five different ratios (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 0/100) in acetic acid and citric acid with the addition of 10% weight glycerol to get the optimum composition of mechanical properties. This optimum film would be conducted with SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and Cellulose Nano Crystals (CNCs) to evaluate the reinforcement effects. Various properties, including surface morphology, functional, mechanical properties, and thermal behavior, were characterized. The experimental result showed that the tensile strength of the composite film in acetic acid was higher than in citric acid. With the addition of 2.5% w/w of SiO2 NPs, the tensile strength of the composite film got its maximum value, 21.01 MPa, and the maximum of 25.77 MPa with 10% w/w of CNCs, which was 115,7% higher than with of the pure chitosan/PVA film in the ratio of 80/20 which was the optimum. The effect of adding CNC and SiO2 NPS has the opposite effect. The addition of filler CNCs will improve mechanical properties, while SiO2 NPs tend to decrease mechanical properties. All film characterizations demonstrated that the physicochemical interaction between CNCs and chitosan/PVA molecules improved their mechanical and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanesol is mainly used as an intermediate compound to form Q10 co-enzyme and vitamin K2. Several extraction methods such as Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) have been developed to extract solanesol. However, existing MAE methods require long extraction times and complex equipment with low yield. This study objective is to obtain the most efficient solanesol extraction method. Different ratios of Hexane: Ethanol or Petroleum Ether: Ethanol as organic solvents were tested. Tobacco leaves collected from East Java were oven-dried and ground until 80 mesh. The extract obtained was further purified through rotary and column chromatography. Silica gel was used in the column as the stationary phase and PE: Ethanol as the mobile phase. The results show that the optimum MAE method to extract solanesol from tobacco leaves is using the ratio of tobacco weight per volume of water was 0.25 gr/ml, microwave power at 200 Watts, and extraction time of 1.5 minutes. The optimum maceration condition to extract solanesol from tobacco leaves was using PE: Ethanol with the ratio of 3:2 for 4 hours by using a column with a D/L ratio of 1:5. Analysis with HPLC shows the highest solanesol obtained from the optimum condition was 1.3% (w/w) with microwave operating conditions at 1.5 minutes and 200 watts. This operating condition varies from the existing research. It also held a longer microwave duration with lower power usage. The process of MAE helps lysis molecular walls, with additional NaOH helping release solanesol from other compounds inside the tobacco. Solanesol is then extracted with non-polar solvents with the same solubility as solanesol. The extract then goes through a separation process by column chromatography which separates solanesol based on differences in polarity, and capabilities of the stationary and mobile phases. Previous studies show that the maximum solanesol content can be obtained is at 0.91% (w/w) while this work obtains more solanesol with less time and simpler equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organic solvents in the extraction process may harm health and the environment. An alternative that can be done is to use safe and environmentally friendly solvents such as enzymes. The purpose of this study was to compare the secondary metabolites profile and total flavonoid and phenolic content of Sargassum polycystum extracted using 70% ethanol solvent and crude cellulase enzymes. Sargassum polycystum was collected from the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) region. Sargassum polycystum was extracted by sonication method using two solvents, namely 70% ethanol and crude cellulase enzymes. Crude extracts of the two solvents were then tested for phytochemical screening using the tube test, while determination of total flavonoid and phenolic content of the extract was conducted by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Crude Cellulase Enzyme produces extract yield65.5% higher than ethanol. Both crude extracts contain the same secondary metabolites, namely flavonoid, phenolic, tannin, saponin, and steroid compounds. The total flavonoid content of ethanol extract and cellulase enzyme extract was 36.327 ± 0.278 mg EQ/g extract and 43.296 ± 0.151 mg EQ/g extract, respectively. These two results are significantly different. While total phenolic content of the two extracts was not significantly different, which are 2.1207 ± 0.0219 mg GAE/gextract and 2.1600 ± 0.0381 mg GAE/g extract respectively for ethanol and cellulase enzymes. Cellulase enzyme is more effective in extracting flavonoid and phenolic compounds, so it can be used as an alternative solvent for extracting Sargassum polycystum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoid compound is known to have good biological activity against human health. Flavonoids exist in natural resources, such as medicinal plants. One of the medicinal plants grown in Indonesia is Elaeocarpus mastersii King which has traditionally been used to treat diabetic disease. The E. mastersii King leaves were used in this research to explore its chemical constituent, especially the flavonoid compound. The leaves were macerated by methanol solvent to extract the organic components yielding the methanol crude extract. Then, the crude extract was fractionated by the liquid-liquid extraction method using hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate solvents, respectively. The isolation process was conducted by separating the dichloromethane crude extract from the impurities through several repetitions of Silica gel column chromatography combined with the Sephadex-LH 20 column technique to obtain the pure compound. Then, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to control the isolation process. The purification process led to isolating a single spot on TLC with the specific color of yellow that gave the brown fluorescence under UV light at 254 nm. The isolated compound was characterized by UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The UV spectrum of the compound revealed several peaks at the wavelength of 230, 268, and 335 nm in methanol solvent. These peaks were an indication of flavonoid type. The UV, IR, and NMR analysis showed that the pure compound was apigenin (5,7,4' trihydroxyflavone). The isolated compound was evaluated for biological activity as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. The α-glucosidase assay gave the estimated IC50 value of 6.04±0.42 mmol/L. Our findings provide valuable information to further studies on E. mastersii King as a potential source for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radial distribution functions for several organic solutions (acetone, acetonitrile, cyclopentane, propylene carbonate) were obtained by two methods: molecular dynamics simulation and numerical solution of the RISM (reference interaction site model) equation. The results of these two approaches are compared and analyzed. The application to the simulation of polymer swelling in organic solvents is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene is a natural bright red carotenoid. It is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like methanol and Dichloromethane (DCM). It is a natural antioxidant hence used treatment of various cardiovascular diseases and in the treatment of various cancers. In the present study, Lycopene nano-elastic vesicles for topical use were prepared and optimized for entrapment efficiency, particle size, and PDI. Vesicles were prepared using soy lecithin (phospholipids) and span 60 as edge activator. Chloroform and methanol were used as a solvent to dissolve lipids and surfactants. Vesicles were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The vesicle size and entrapment efficiency were optimized using the amount of solvent. The optimized formulation was prepared had particle size 311.1 nm and entrapment efficiency of 41.25%, which shows 100% drug release within 7 hours of the release study. An antioxidant study was carried out using the DPPH assay method and found out that 1 Mole of lycopene can neutralize 2.2063 moles of DPPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been developed as the green solvent in chemical industry because of their exceptional properties like low vapor pressure, non-flammable in nature, low melting point, and high decomposition temperature in place of organic solvent such as CCl4 which is toxic in nature. But recently various ILs which are petroleum derived are found to be toxic in nature and release toxic byproducts when decomposed. To replace these ILs, there is need to synthesize ILs obtained from renewable sources or Biomass like amino acid, carbohydrates, cellulose etc. as these bio derived ILs are less toxic, inexpensive in nature and these ILs are known as BIO-BASED IONIC LIQUIDS. The utilization of such ionic liquids in lignocellulose preparing, as a reaction solvent, organ catalyst or as metal extraction medium has been expanding step by step. This review paper reports on the synthesis of Ionic liquids from renewable sources such as amino acid, cellulose, carbohydrates and choline and also their application in various processes of chemical industry and also various biotechnological process such as enhance the activity of enzymes and also as solvents in various biological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contamination by oils, hazardous organic solvents, and heavy metal ions is a severe environmental problem. Adsorption is considered an efficient method due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reusability. Cellulose-based cryogels are green and effective adsorbents that are used to eliminate such harmful chemicals. The cellulose cryogels are also a kind of flexible material that is easily functionalized to enhance their adsorption capacity because of the many hydroxyl groups in the cellulose chains. In this study, a novel fabrication has been developed for the first time to obtain cellulose cryogels functionalized by tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). First of all, a cellulose sol was prepared by dissolving microcrystalline cellulose in an alkaline-urea solvent system at a low temperature. Then, the sol was cured at 70 °C and gelated by ethanol exchange to form a stable cellulose gel rapidly. Finally, the gel was functionalized by soaking in TEPA solution before freeze-drying to create amine-modified cellulose cryogel, followed by surface modification with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) to get the hydrophobic cryogel. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized cryogels were characterized by advanced methods such as infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area analyses. The adsorption capacities of the prepared cryogels towards heavy metal ions, oils, and organic solvents are also studied. The results showed that the as-fabricated cryogels have low density (0.07-0.12 g/cm3) and high porosity (87.90-94.75%). The presence of TEPA helps to improve the Chromium ions (Cr3+) adsorption of the cryogels with the adsorption capacity of up to 167.63 mg/g. Compared with the previous works, the TEPA-modified cellulose cryogels have better Cr3+ adsorption capacity than chitosan-based composite cryogels (0.85 mg/g) and silica aerogels (86.84 mg/g). Moreover, TEPA significantly strengthens the texture and reduces the shrinkage of the functionalized cryogels after drying compared with the un-functionalized samples. The hydrophobic MTMS-modified cryogels can adsorb various types of organic solvents, such as kerosene (6.85 g/g), engine oil (3.98 g/g), ethanol (5.85 g/g), and hexane (4.87 g/g). Consequently, the analytical results have demonstrated the effectiveness of in situ coating of TEPA with the gels to generate the TEPA-functionalized cryogels, followed by modification with MTMS, indicating that it is an advanced fabrication of a novel adsorbent for the removal of metal ions and organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazardous mycotoxins such as Ochratoxin A (OTA) can cause negative impacts on both human and animal health and may lead to chronic diseases. Therefore, detection of OTA is important to reduce foodborne disease occurrence. The conventional methods for detection of Ochratoxins has some drawbacks such as time-consuming procedure, high cost and sophisticated equipment. Currently, biosensor with the integration of nanomaterials has becomes a promising tool to overcome the limitations of the previous methods and Graphene is broadly explored due to its high electrical conductivity, expansive surface region and has unique heterogeneous electron transfer rate. Herein, the Water based Graphene paste which is free from harmful organic solvents with good conductivity, and good adhesion with Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) was prepared for Ochratoxin A biosensor. The graphene film is then coated with chemical linkers and biorecognition element. The performance of the stepwise modification of the bioelectrodes was carried out by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared peak shifts clearly shows the successful functionalization of the graphene film. A linear increment trend is observed as the Rct value rises in response to interactions with increasing concentrations of OTA mycotoxin ranging from 1 fg ml−1 to 1 ng ml−1. Overall, this biosensor offers a quick, low-cost, and a simple approach to determine OTA in food and feed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant activity of Betel (Piper betle L.) leaf extract was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Dried leaves of betel were extracted using different organic solvents, namely hexane (C6), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) by maceration technique. The EtOAc extract had a higher antioxidant potential (IC50=12.24 mg/mL) than the MeOH (IC50=17.19 mg/mL) and C6 extracts (IC50=47.99 mg/mL). Analysis of UV-Vis and FT-IR spectral data on phytochemical compounds isolated from the EtOAc extract showed that these compounds were derivatives of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a tropical plant species mostly utilized for its fruits. The plant species is also documented to be implemented in the traditional herbal medicines to treat several health disorders, majorly prepared from the leaf parts. The present study aimed to obtain the antibacterial properties of A. altilis leaf extracts against human pathogenic bacteria. Extraction of dried leaf parts or powder were performed using three different organic solvents (ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol). Antibacterial potency of each extract was evaluated using disc diffusion method at concentrations of 1%, 5% and 10%. The results showed that antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of A. altilis possessed a wide range of inhibition against both gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica) bacteria. The maximum growth inhibition was obtained in the ethyl acetate extracts against Sa. enterica while gram negative bacteria was found as the most sensitive group. The optimum concentration of A. altilis leaf extracts was found at concentration of 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoid and phenolic contents present in plant leaves play a vital role in different therapeutic applications. They are also known as the most obstinate groups of plant phenolic (bioactive compounds). The leaves of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) contain different bioactive constituents that are valuable for remedial purposes. This study aimed to quantitatively identify and assess bioactive compounds in M. oleifera leaves extract that were discovered from different crude solvents using a maceration method. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. It was noticed that by using the maceration method, 58% percentage yield was recorded in the methanolic leaves extract. The TPC (3.57±0.12 mg GAE/g) and TFC (10.83±2.73 mg QE/g) results showed, the methanolic leaves extract has attained significant maximum concentration of phenolic bioactive compounds (p≤0.05) in comparison to the ethanol and acetone leaves extract. Two important tangible aspects that have influenced the quantified results of bioactive compounds in this study were the selection of its characterization and extraction methods. Therefore, it can be concluded that methanol is a suitable solvent choice for the extraction of bioactive compounds from M. oleifera leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaranth is an ancient culture widely used in America, prized for its nutritional properties and ancient religious significance. The article provides an overview of methods for the extraction of biologically active substances from amaranth seeds. Extraction of squalene, a powerful natural antioxidant, from A. hypochondriacus seeds was performed by supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE); and, for comparison, extraction was also performed by the Soxhlet method using organic solvents (hexane). The proximal chemical composition and morphology of the seeds were determined in raw, swollen and SCFE extracted seeds. The extracts were obtained using an industrial supercritical extractor with a capacity of 500 ml and were carried out at a pressure from 10 to 30 MPa at 313, 323 and 333 K with a constant CO2 flow of 0.18 kg CO2 / h for 8 hours. The squalene content was determined and the fatty acids present in the extracts were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract obtained by the SCFE method from puffed amaranth seeds reached 460±28.1 g/kg squalene in the oil extract at 313 K / 20 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma viridae has the potential to be developed to control pathogens infecting plant parts above the soil surface by utilizing its anti-microbial secondary metabolites. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best concentration of secondary metabolites of T. viridae extracted with ethyl acetate organic solvent (ethyl acetate extract) in suppressing the growth of C. gloeosporoides in vitro. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications. The treatment was the concentration of ethyl acetate extract, consisting of 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and control (sterile distilled water). The variables observed were colony area, colony diameter, the number of conidia, conidia germination, and the number of propagules. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and LSD test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the 10% concentration was the best in suppressing the growth of C. gloeosporoides with lower colony growth, number of conidia, number of propagules, and germination compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pineapple fruit are widely cultivated in Indonesia. Besides containing vitamins and minerals, pineapple also contains bromelain enzyme. The bromelain enzyme in pineapple can also be found in the flesh of fruit, hump, and skin of pineapple. The purpose of this study was to isolate bromelain enzyme from flesh of fruit, hump, and skin of pineapple by precipitation method using ethanol, then compare the yield and activity of the bromelain enzyme based on each part of the pineapple, and compare the activity of bromelain enzyme with the quality standard of bromelain enzyme. The parameters used were flesh of fruit, hump, and skin of ripe pineapple varieties of Subang (smooth cayenne), the organic solvent used 80% concentration of ethanol with the ratio of feed volume to solvent volume is 1:1. The isolation process has been done for one night at 0°C - 4°C temperature. Then deposition process using centrifugation at a speed of 6000 rpm for 8 minutes. Drying temperature at 55°C. The enzyme activity analysis was carried out using the GDU (Gelatin Digestion Unit) analysis. Based on the result of the study, the highest yield was obtanined in the pineapple flesh, which is 0.504%, and the best activity of bromelain enzyme is in the hump, which is 1680 GDU/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bixa orellana seeds (Annatto) have been used in food coloring and cosmetics. The main commercial processes to extract the pigment from annatto seeds were direct extraction into oil or aqueous alkali and indirect extraction using organic solvents. This research was held to determine the color and physicochemical properties of annatto extracts using aqua dest as a solvent. The extraction was carried out by maceration at various pH of aqua dest (4, 7, and 9) at 80oC for 10 minutes. Color property of brightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) was determined using a color reader. Physicochemical characterization was conducted by observing pH value, total titrated acid, total dissolved solids, and total solids. The results showed that the color and physicochemical properties of annatto extract were influenced by the pH of aqua dest influences. The highest brightness (43.8), redness (9.37), yellowness (42.5), and total soluble solid (1.67o Brix) was produced by extraction using pH 7 of aqua dest, while the highest of total titrated acid (4.2%) of extract produced in pH 4. The lowest pH of the extract (4.83) was resulted in extraction using aqua dest pH 4. The higher the pH of the solvent, the higher the pH of the extract. The different pH of aqua dest used to extract annatto seeds resulted in various color intensities and physicochemical property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid mixtures can be separated into their rich fraction of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. In this work, the separation method is proposed based on a combination of melting temperature and organic solvent crystallization. Firstly, to understand the behaviour of fatty acid mixtures and the interaction between different acyl chains, stearic acid (SA) and oleic acid (OA) were selected to represent saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, respectively. The analytical technique of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was employed to figure the solid-liquid phase boundary of SA/OA. Subsequently, its result was then used to determine the separation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in hydrolyzed palm oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, huge attention has been focused to replacing the conventional petrochemical solvents by green solvents i.e. deep eutectic solvents (DES). The main goal of this work is to eliminate the toxic and volatile solvents like hexane in the extraction process. Hexane is usually used for extraction, where the extract of final product may carry traces of organic solvent. DESs are eco-friendly solvents for the extraction of plant pigments when compared to petrochemical solvents like hexane. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) considered as an alternative green approach as it maintains ionic liquids merits on tunability, sustainable character and also overcomes the ionic liquids by its shortcomings. The 30-40% production of marigold flowers are wasted and dumped into waterbodies, which can be utilized in various ways and can get wealth out of it, by producing natural dye, Vitamin tablets, capsules from its petals which consists of flavonoid lutein and carotenoid-lutein. The present study focuses on extraction of plant metabolites (Lutein) through green methods, using Marigold is a source to extract Lutein. Different combination of DES used in the lutein extraction are choline chloride+ glucose (ChCl+glucose), choline chloride+glycerol (ChCl+glycerol), and choline chloride+ethanol (ChCl+ethanol) and were compared with commercial solvents (ethyl acetate and hexane). The combination of ChCl+glucose gives the highest yield of lutein oleoresin as 368.64 g/kg, which is higher than the conventional solvents. The analysis of lutein using HPLC have resulted in the highest area percent of lutein was 79.87%, at 474nm in the combination of ChCl+glucose. Results indicated that DES is a more viable and environment-friendly solvent for extraction of pigments from Targetus erecta.L. The present study focuses on extraction of plant metabolites (lutein) through deep eutectic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenolic compounds in the extract of Keji Beling leaves (Strobilanthes crispus L.) are beneficial for human health. It can be an antioxidant, be used as cancer prevention, and be an anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anti-hyper cholesterol. Several methods of extraction that are commonly used are maceration, soxhlet, reflux, and percolation. However, these methods have several disadvantages such as low selectivity, low yield, and also causing environmental and safety problems. Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic – Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction (UAE-ATPE) is one of the green extraction methods used to extract, which could minimize the various shortcomings of the conventional method. In this study, the Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) used, which is a two-phase solvent between salt and organic solvent, will increase the purity of the TPC (Total Phenolic Content) extract. In this research, cellulase enzyme with an enzyme concentration of 70 mg/gr of leaves powder, the 0.0885 mm size of leaf powder with a ratio of 1:20 w/v, and a solution consisting of ethanol-ammonium sulfate with a ratio of 33% and 14% in the total solution were used to determine the optimal condition that affects the TPC yield. The extraction was carried out for 3 hours using a sonicator with a frequency of 20 Hz and temperature variations of 30°C, 40°C , 50°C, and 60°C. The result shows that the TPC levels increase as the extraction time and temperature increase. However, at a certain temperature and time, the TPC levels tend to be constant. This research shows that the optimum TPC level in the UAE-ATPE extraction process was obtained at a temperature of 50°C with a time of 140 minutes, which was able to produce a TPC level of 4.21 mgGAE/g leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystallization occurred upon the evaporation of solvent during solution casting usually affects the physical and chemical properties of the polymers. In this study, the effect of maleic acid (MA) and acetic acid (AA) as a solvent medium to dissolve conductive chitosan/polyethylene oxide/carbonized wood fiber (CS/PEO/CWF) film was investigated on their mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. The film with CS/PEO ratio of 70/30 and 25 wt% of CWF was prepared by dissolution in organic acid and casting into glass mold after sufficient stirring at room temperature. FTIR spectra revealed that the characteristic peaks of CS for CS/PEO/CWF-AA can be clearly understood while for CS/PEO/CWF-MA, the peaks were shifted, and some were less pronounced due to overlapping with MA residue peaks. The tensile test showed that CS/PEO/CWF-AA has better tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus. We suggested that a higher crystallinity degree of CS/PEO/CWF-AA was responsible for the excellent properties. The presence of residual maleic acids after film-forming increases the brittleness of the films and lowers the tensile strength of CS/PEO/CWF-MA film. The conductivity value also favored CS/PEO/CWF-AA with the conductivity of 4.25 × 10−4 S/cm while the value for CS/PEO/CWF-MA was one order magnitude lower which is 3.46 × 10−5 S/cm. From the findings, we concluded that CS/PEO/CWF-AA formed crystalline orientation upon evaporation of AA and that promotes electron transfer resulting in higher conductivity. In conclusion, AA is a better solvent medium compared to MA for dissolution of CS/PEO/CWF to obtain conductive composite films. The difference in the structure of the organic acids has obviously affected the properties of the composite films. The conductive films have potential use as an eco-friendly material for active or intelligent packaging as well as biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim from this study is preparation of chalcone-azo reagents and studying of their applications like thermal and other applications in our paper. Chalcone is one of the starting organic compounds that enter in the preparation of many chemical compounds because its composition includes the group of carbonyl and double sphincters, which are involved in many reactions such as cyclization reactions and complex interactions with metal ions. New four reagents were prepared in this paper by using two types of reactions (azotation, chalcone reaction). There are many spectral measurements carried out to identification the prepared reagent such as (Uv-Vis, FT.IR, H.NMR) - spectra, besides to other measurements in analytical area like: (thermal studies, solubility studies, Rf,..), All of these measurements and studies proved the accuracy and correctness of the synthesis of the prepared compounds in the study, which gave good results for solubility in some known organic solvents and good results for their thermal stability towards different temperatures in thermal curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 nanoparticles (NPs) have gained tremendous attention because of their versatile potential application in optoelectronics, sensor, and energy storage devices. However, poor stability is a bottleneck for its implementation in device fabrication. This study focused on improving stability and controlling the shape of CsPbBr3 NPs synthesized at room temperature with curing time. The CsPbBr3 NPs were prepared by ligand assisted re-precipitation (LARP) using CsBr and PbBr2 as precursor materials. The as-prepared CsPbBr3 NPs were cured for 12, 24, and 48 hours. The effect of curing time on the shape and stability of NPs in humidity and organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, and dichlorobenzene) was studied. TEM and SAED analysis show that a perfect cubic shape of CsPbBr3 NPs obtained after 48 hours curing. XRD and DLS measurement indicate the NPs underwent 48 hours curing have excellent morphological stability. No significant changes in crystal pattern and particle size were observed after dispersion in organic solvents. Nevertheless, the CsPbBr3 NPs cured in less than 48 hours provide random-shaped particles and degrade morphologically in the presence of humidity and organic solvents. The results demonstrate a promising preparation method of stable CsPbBr3 NPs at room temperature that suitable for device fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have observed an immense significance for the separation of acetic acid from aqueous solution in the chemical industry. The work mainly examines the potential use of a suitable solvent for the recovery of acetic acid from an aqueous solution. Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) plays an efficient and cost-effective role in the separation process. Hence, various studies have been conducted on the LLE of this system over a range of concentrations, and temperatures. The solubility and tie-line data for the ternary systems (Water + Acetic acid + Organic solvents) were determined at a temperature, T=303K. Organic solvents such as Chloroform, Dichloromethane, and Cyclohexane were used for the study. The ternary system is observed to exhibit type-2 LLE behavior. The work also focuses on the calculation of the separation factor and distribution coefficient of the organic solvents used, thereby evaluating the extracting capability of the solvents for the separation process. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was competently confirmed using Othmer-Tobias, Hand, and Bachman correlating equations. The experimental results indicate that cyclohexane has relatively low separation factors. However, the separation factor for CHCl3 reported in this work, implies that the extraction of acetic acid by CHCl3 is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]