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Abstract: This paper incorporates an experimental approach to the study of violence patterns in Northeastern Patagonia (Argentina) during the late Holocene. The underlying hypothesis considers a close association between socio-ecologic alterations during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA) (ca. 1150–600 years BP; , ) and a probable increase in conflict levels. In order to test this hypothesis, human skulls (n = 986) were analyzed for bone lesions, discriminating late bone lesions, such as those produced by metal tools. The experimental approach used swine (Sus scrofa domestica) skulls, as proxies for human skulls, and incorporated original sabers. From this discriminating analysis, it can be inferred that no significant increase in violence signs were recorded until the first stages of Hispanic-indigenous contact (first half of 17th century). These findings emphasize the need for a revision of the implications of the dynamics of human populations in Northeastern Patagonia during the late Holocene. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Grazing by domestic exotic herbivores on native vegetation in Patagonian steppes has led to the deterioration of forage resources, where grasses are replaced by shrubs, and preferred grasses by non-preferred ones. Therefore, attempts at breeding and regeneration should start by identifying species with potential forage capability. Two perennial high-preferred species are the focus of this paper: Hordeum comosum and Koeleria vurilochensis. For the first time, we studied their morphological traits, dormancy level, and their temperature and water germination requirements, through thermal- and hydrotime models. H. comosum seeds were solid, large and heavy, while K. vurilochensis seeds were soft, small and light. Neither light-quality nor alternating temperature affected the dormancy level in seeds of both species. Seeds of H. comosum and K. vurilochensis required, respectively, 768.74 °Ch and 2217.89 °Ch to germinate; alternatively, base temperature was higher for H. comosum than for K. vurilochensis. The hydrotime required by H. comosum was 26 MPah and 110 Mpah for K. vurilochensis but, base water potential was −0.99 MPa and −1.45 MPa, respectively. For all the conditions, H. comosum displayed a higher germination rate compared to K. vurilochensis seeds. Deeper knowledge on the morphological and germination traits of seeds is a key step toward breeding and restoration of forage potential species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The management and conservation of animal species should be based upon a long-term analysis that considers its geographical distribution and feeding patterns. The study of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes on skeletal remains provides a quantitative approach to the paleodietary reconstructions and constitutes a potent tool for comparing behavioral aspects of the fauna. In this paper we present the first set of isotopic values for modern and archaeological samples of Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) from the forests of Central-western Patagonia, Chile. Contrary to initial expectations, our analysis indicates that there is no evidence of an important incidence of the canopy effect on the δ13Ccollagen values, which we suggest is due to an ecological selection that drives the huemul to focus its predation on open sectors within the forest. On the other hand, a wide range of δ15Ncollagen values for huemul was verified. This could reflect the N impoverishment of the forest soils and provide an interesting ecological indicator. The long-term information offered by the archaeological record provides the necessary context for decision-making conducive towards the preservation of Hippocamelus bisulcus in Patagonia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In grazed semiarid ecosystems, considerable spatial variability in soil infiltration exists as a result of vegetation and soil patchiness. Despite widespread recognition that important interactions and feedbacks occur between vegetation, runoff and erosion, currently there is only limited quantitative information on the control mechanisms that lead to differences in infiltration from different vegetation types. In this paper, we determine (i) the relationship between vegetation and soil surface characteristics and (ii) the soil infiltration rate by using rainfall simulations on runoff plots (0.60 × 1.67 m) in three plant communities of northeastern Patagonia: grass (GS), degraded grass with scattered shrubs (DGS), and degraded shrub steppes (DSS). Our results clearly indicate that vegetation and soil infiltration are closely coupled. Total infiltration was significantly higher in the GS (69.6 mm) compared with the DGS and DSS (42.9 and 28.5 mm, respectively). In the GS, soil infiltration rate declined more slowly than the others communities, reaching a terminal infiltration rate significantly greater (57.7 mm) than those of DGS and DSS (25.7 and 12.9 mm, respectively). The high rate of water losses via overland-flow may limit the possibilities for grass seedling emergence and establishment and favor the persistent dominance of shrubs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In extra-Andean Patagonia, wet meadows contrast with the prevailing arid steppes, and present a gradient of water availability from the periphery to the center. The objectives of this paper are to describe the spatial and temporal variation of aerial net primary production (ANPP) of Patagonian meadows, and to obtain a model for the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ANPP. We determined ANPP in four regionally scattered meadows during 3–5 years and in three positions of the gradient of water availability. In one meadow, we correlated ANPP with NDVI during 2 years. Annual ANPP was 2–3 times larger in the center than in the periphery, and also varied 2–3 fold among the four meadows. The interannual variation of ANPP was high and similar across meadows and zones. ANPP was closely correlated with NDVI through a linear model. Within the growing season, the central zone had a more extended period of high NDVI into the summer than the peripheral and the intermediate zones. We conclude that (1) the local variation of ANPP across the gradient of water availability is strong and must be taken into account for management, and (2) the highly variable ANPP may be monitored by remote sensing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Annual growth rings are well-defined in some shrubby species distributed along the Patagonian steppe and provide useful information to identify the environmental factors that influence the radial growth of shrubs in the region. However, little is known about variations in ring width from these species and their relationships with local environment. In this paper we present 18 growth ring width chronologies covering the last 2–3 decades from the shrub Anarthrophyllum rigidum (Fabaceae) encompassing most of its natural range of distribution in Argentina. Interannual variations in growth were first analyzed collectively to identify common regional patterns. In addition, shrub growth at each site was compared with local climate records and site-specific characteristics. Based on a principal component analysis (PCA), sites were joined in four major groups related to the site proximity to the Andes (foothills versus Patagonian plateau) and latitude (north versus south Patagonia). The relatively similar percentage of PCA variance associated with each group reflects environmental differences among sites. Consistent with this observation, we noted large variability in the responses of the A. rigidum woody growth to regional climatic fluctuations. At most sites, this species is favored by abundant winter precipitation, warmer spring and autumn temperatures (controlling the duration of the growing season), cool summers, or a combination of these factors. However, deviations from these patterns are also recorded. Our study represents the first large-scale dendroclimatological analysis of a shrubby species in southern South America. The results presented here provide information on the main patterns and factors affecting the growth of A. rigidum in Patagonia, and may be useful for determining well-suited practices for management and conservation of this ubiquitous species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]