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Objective: Hope is associated with many positive outcomes. However, most research on hope has focused on its cognitive aspect, with few studies examining the affective aspect. To further clarify the nature of hope and its association with well-being, this study examined the relationship between the affective aspect of hope-namely, hopeful feelings-and various aspects of well-being., Method: A daily diary analysis was conducted with 187 Chinese adults (mean age  = 28.17 ± 5.56). Hopeful feelings and affective (positive and negative emotions), eudaimonic (meaning in life), and evaluative (life satisfaction) aspects of well-being were assessed twice per day (morning and night) for 14 consecutive days. A multilevel vector autoregressive model was used to investigate the temporal, contemporaneous, and between-person networks of hopeful feelings with positive emotion and well-being., Results: Hopeful feelings had the strongest outstrength in the temporal networks and were the most central node in the between-person networks. In addition, hopeful feelings exhibited significant cross-lagged predictive roles on all the well-being nodes except negative emotion., Conclusions: These findings revealed a close association between hopeful feelings and well-being, with hopeful feelings predicting various aspects of daily well-being. Future interventions to improve well-being should focus on the enrichment of daily hopeful feelings., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: The Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) was created as a brief clinical screening tool for identifying vestibular and ocular motor symptoms and impairments post-concussion. It was found to have predictive validity in correctly identifying concussed athletes from healthy controls. In 2018, the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation 2 (MACE2) replaced the original Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE); the most prominent change between the MACE and MACE2 was the addition of the VOMS. Despite its adoption into military medicine, it is not known if the addition of the VOMS to the MACE2 is acutely helpful, and if it provides additional information for diagnosis, prognosis, and/or management. The purposes of this systematic review were: (1) to determine the utility of the VOMS in correctly identifying concussed individuals, particularly as it pertains to military medicine; (2) to explore the extent to which the VOMS can inform concussion prognosis; and (3) to establish the value of the VOMS as a measure for monitoring the evolution of symptoms throughout a service member's course of care., Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed was performed from January 1, 2014 through August 16, 2023. Articles were included if they researched concussion or a related health condition or healthy controls and administered the VOMS. Articles were excluded if they discussed health conditions other than concussion; did not administer the VOMS; or were written in languages other than English. The tools used to assess methodological quality and risk of bias varied according to study design. Articles were classified into three primary domains: diagnosis, prognosis, and/or rehabilitation/recovery over time., Results: A total of 231 articles were retrieved and 3 were duplicates, leaving 228 articles for review. Of the 228 articles screened, 100 relevant full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-nine articles met our inclusion and exclusion criteria while the other 41 articles were rejected. Thirty-two articles helped to inform diagnosis, 15 prognosis, and 16 rehabilitation/recovery over time., Conclusions: The VOMS had excellent internal consistency and moderate to good test-retest reliability; however, a false-positive rate of 21.9% was found. Most studies indicated that a positive VOMS was associated with a delayed recovery. Several studies indicated that VOMS scores improved with targeted, active interventions and/or a symptom-guided progressive return to activity. The greatest limitation was the paucity of published evidence in the military population. More research is needed on the use of the VOMS in service members., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2024. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)

Background: Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells are antitumor immune effector cells that can detect metabolic dysregulation in cancer cells through phosphoantigen-induced conformational changes in the butyrophilin (BTN) 2A1/3A1 complex. In order to clinically exploit the anticancer properties of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, various approaches have been studied including phosphoantigen stimulation, agonistic BTN3A-specific antibodies, adoptive transfer of expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, and more recently bispecific antibodies. While Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells constitute a sizeable population, typically making up ~1-10% of the total T cell population, lower numbers have been observed with increasing age and in the context of disease., Methods: We evaluated whether bivalent single domain antibodies (VHHs) that link Vδ2-TCR specific VHHs with different affinities could support Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell expansion and could be incorporated in a bispecific engager format when additionally linked to a tumor antigen specific VHH., Results: Bivalent VHHs that link a high and low affinity Vδ2-TCR specific VHH can support Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell expansion. The majority of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells that expanded following exposure to these bivalent VHHs had an effector or central memory phenotype and expressed relatively low levels of PD-1. Bispecific engagers that incorporated the bivalent Vδ2-TCR specific VHH as well as a tumor antigen specific VHH triggered antitumor effector functions and supported expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in vitro and in an in vivo model in NOG-hIL-15 mice., Conclusion: By enhancing the number of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells available to exert antitumor effector functions, these novel Vδ2-bivalent bispecific T cell engagers may promote the overall efficacy of bispecific Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell engagement, particularly in patients with relatively low levels of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells., Competing Interests: NV. TG and HV own LAVA Therapeutics NV shares. DH, PY, VI-G, PH and HV are/were employed by LAVA Therapeutics NV. TG is scientific advisor to LAVA Therapeutics NV. The authors declare that this study received funding from Lava Therapeutics NV. LK, MJ and MV were funded by LAVA Therapeutics NV., (Copyright © 2024 King, de Jong, Veth, Lutje Hulsik, Yousefi, Iglesias-Guimarais, van Helden, de Gruijl and van der Vliet.)

Sharpe (2024) draws attention to the role that editors may play in perpetuating bias in the published psychological literature. While Sharpe focuses on perspective-related diversity in reducing such bias, I argue that identity-related diversity is paramount. Editors play an important role in diversifying the scholarly conversation by recruiting diverse reviewers and providing clear and encouraging feedback on submissions. Further, enhancing the identities represented in the scholarly conversation is crucial to ensuring that editorial decisions are well-informed, that published science is of high quality, and that published literature is less biased. In addition to bringing scholarly expertise, editors must embrace a compassionate, humble, and courageous stance in their role as gatekeepers for our science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Importance: To evaluate and consider how prescribing practices have changed in relation to high-risk overactive bladder (OAB) medications., Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate trends in the prevalence of OAB and pharmacologic treatment over time in the United States., Study Design: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001-2018, n = 30,478) and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS, 2003-2019, n = 251,330) were used to identify women with symptomatic incontinence and overactive bladder (OAB) (NHANES) as well as determine the frequency of prescription use for OAB medications (NHANES and NAMCS) using sampling-based weights. Joinpoint regression was used to determine adjusted annual percent change (APC, adjusting for race, age, body mass index, and insurance status). Trends were assessed overall and by race, age, body mass index, and insurance status., Results: The prevalence of OAB was 31.2% in the final survey year of NHANES (2017-2018). Women aged >65 years had the highest prevalence of OAB at 54% compared with other age groups. There was an overall increase in OAB (APC 1.24 [0.64, 1.84], P = 0.002) over time. Overall, only 3.5% of patients with symptoms of OAB reported pharmacologic treatment in NHANES. The NAMCS demonstrated a significant decrease in anticholinergic prescriptions from 2003 until 2019 (APC -6.44 [-9.77, -2.98], P = 0.001). However, in NHANES, there was no significant change in anticholinergic use (APC 0.62 [-20.2, 26.8], P = 0.944). There was a stable prevalence of β3-adrenergic agonist prescriptions since they were introduced to market (APC 0.65 [-2.24, 3.62], P = 0.616)., Conclusion: This study demonstrates an increasing prevalence of OAB and highlights the likely undertreatment of symptomatic patients. The high and increasing prevalence coupled with the relative undertreatment of OAB underscores the importance of screening for this condition., Competing Interests: M.E.F.-R. is a consultant for Boston Scientific. The other authors have declared they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 American Urogynecologic Society. All rights reserved.)

The experience of hope predicts a host of positive outcomes. However, to date, the psychology of hope has paid little attention to hope as an emotion, focusing instead on hope as a sense of effective goal pursuit. Seven studies ( N = 3,357) tested various manipulations intended to induce hopeful feelings distinct from general positive mood. Images of infant's faces and tree saplings were found to successfully induce hopeful feelings, even when controlling for happiness, compared with adult faces or full-grown trees, respectively. Infant objects, paintings, or puppies did not produce the same effects. We discuss the necessity of studying the emotion of hope and potential directions with such a hopeful induction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: In our investigation of an episode of clustered acute epiglottitis occurring in Vendée, western France, between October and December 2022, we described the reported cases and confirmed its unusual character at several geographic levels., Methods: The investigation relied on three data sources: hospitalization and emergency department reports; national reference centre data; and data from the French syndromic surveillance system., Results: The six patients were male, with an average age of 42 years [32-66]; all were hospitalized in an ICU, and one of them died. Documented risk factors for epiglottitis (active smoking, regular alcohol consumption, overweight) were present in the majority of cases. No causal pathogen was identified. Syndromic surveillance data confirmed increased acute epiglottitis at the local, regional and national levels., Conclusion: We not only characterized the episode of serious clustered acute epiglottitis in Vendée, but also observed a nationwide increase in this pathology occurring concomitantly with increased circulation in France of streptococcus A., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Despite considerable advancements in cancer immunotherapy, advanced melanoma still presents a substantial clinical challenge. In an effort to explore treatment options, we examined the immunotherapeutic potential of effector Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in vitro in a three-dimensional (3D) human organotypic melanoma-in-skin (Mel-RhS) model., Materials and Methods: Vγ9Vδ2-T cells were introduced into Mel-RhS via intradermal injection and cultured within the tissue microenvironment for up to 3 days., Results: Vγ9Vδ2-T cells remained viable for up to 3 days and were in close proximity to or within tumor nests. Upon Mel-RhS dissociation, a fraction was shown to be decorated by melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP), demonstrating their ability to actively navigate the tumor microenvironment and trogocytose cancer cells. Investigation into the apparent trogocytosis revealed an enhanced activated state of MCSP-decorated Vγ9Vδ2-T cells, evidenced by increased expression levels of 4-1BB, NKp44, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), compared with their MCSP - counterpart. These findings suggest that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells, upon successfully contacting melanoma cells, actively recognize and acquire MCSP from these malignant cells. Evidence of actual tumor cell elimination, although not significant, was only obtained after preincubation of Mel-RhS with pamidronate, a phosphoantigen-inducing agent, indicating the need for additional T cell receptor-mediated signaling for Vγ9Vδ2-T cells to reach their full oncolytic potential., Conclusions: This study highlights the viability and persistence of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells within the 3D microenvironment, their migratory and antitumor functionality, and the suitability of the model for testing T cell-based therapies, contributing both to the understanding of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell biology and their application in cancer immunotherapy., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Objective Vestibular/ocular deficits occur with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The vestibular/ocular motor screening (VOMS) tool is used to assess individuals post-mTBI, which primarily relies upon subjective self-reported symptoms. Instrumenting the VOMS (iVOMS) with technology may allow for more objective assessment post-mTBI, which reflects actual task performance. This study aimed to validate the iVOMS analytically and clinically in mTBI and controls. Methods Seventy-nine people with sub-acute mTBI (<12 weeks post-injury) and forty-four healthy control participants performed the VOMS whilst wearing a mobile eye-tracking on a one-off visit. People with mTBI were included if they were within 12 weeks of a physician diagnosis. Participants were excluded if they had any musculoskeletal, neurological or sensory deficits which could explain dysfunction. A series of custom-made eye tracking algorithms were used to assess recorded eye-movements. Results The iVOMS was analytically valid compared to the reference (ICC 2,1 0.85-0.99) in mTBI and controls. The iVOMS outcomes were clinically valid as there were significant differences between groups for convergence, vertical saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibular ocular reflex and visual motion sensitivity outcomes. However, there was no significant relationship between iVOMS outcomes and self-reported symptoms. Conclusion The iVOMS is analytically and clinically valid in mTBI and controls, but further work is required to examine the sensitivity of iVOMS outcomes across the mTBI spectrum. Findings also highlighted that symptom and physiological issue resolution post-mTBI may not coincide and relationships need further examination., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors confirm there are no competing interests. All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an enveloped DNA virus of the Baculoviridae family. This baculovirus is widely exploited for the biological control of insect pest species and as an expression platform to produce recombinant proteins in insect cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all cells and are involved in key roles in many biological processes through their cargo consisting of proteins, RNA or DNA. In viral infections, EVs have been found to transfer both viral and cellular cargo that can elicit either a pro- or antiviral response in recipient cells. Here, small EVs (sEVs) released by Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) insect cells were characterised for the first time. Using S. frugiperda (SfC1B5) cells stably expressing the baculovirus gp64 , the viral envelope protein GP64 was shown to be incorporated into sEVs. Sf9 cells were also transfected with a bacmid AcMNPV genome lacking p6.9 (AcΔP6.9) to prevent budded virus production. The protein content of sEVs from both mock- and AcΔP6.9-transfected cells were analysed by mass spectrometry. In addition to GP64, viral proteins Ac-F, ME-53 and viral ubiquitin were identified, as well as many host proteins including TSG101-which may be useful as a protein marker for sEVs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Extracellular Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.)

The design and development of supported catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a promising pathway to reducing iridium loading in proton exchange membrane water electrolysers. However, supported catalysts often suffer from poor activity and durability, particularly when deployed in membrane electrode assemblies. In this work, we deploy iridium coated hollow titanium dioxide particles as OER catalysts to achieve higher Ir mass activities than the leading commercial catalysts. Critically, we demonstrate state-of-the-art durabilities for supported iridium catalysts when compared against the previously reported values for analogous device architectures, operating conditions and accelerated stress test profiles. Through extensive materials characterisations alongside rotating disk electrode measurements, we investigate the role of conductivity, morphology, oxidation state and crystallinity on the OER electrochemical performance. Our work highlights a new supported catalyst design that unlocks high-performance OER activity and durability in commercially relevant testing configurations., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Although supervised and real-time telerehabilitation by videoconferencing is now becoming common for people with Parkinson's disease (PD), its efficacy for balance and gait is still unclear. This paper uses a scoping approach to review the current evidence on the effects of telerehabilitation by videoconferencing on balance and gait for patients with PD. We also explored whether studies have used wearable technology during telerehabilitation to assess and treat balance and gait via videoconferencing. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, ISI's Web of Knowledge, Cochrane's Library, and Embase. The data were extracted for study design, treatment, and outcomes. Fourteen studies were included in this review. Of these, seven studies investigated the effects of telerehabilitation (e.g., tele-yoga and adapted physiotherapy exercises) on balance and gait measures (e.g., self-reported balance, balance scale, walking speed, mobility, and motor symptoms) using videoconferencing in both assessment and treatment. The telerehabilitation programs by videoconferencing were feasible and safe for people with PD; however, the efficacy still needs to be determined, as only four studies had a parallel group. In addition, no study used wearable technology. Robust evidence of the effects of telerehabilitation by videoconferencing on balance and gait for patients with PD was not found, suggesting that future powered, prospective, and robust clinical trials are needed.

The quest to identify precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts has received unprecedented attention in the past decade. In this Review, we focus our attention to recent developments in precious metal free hydrogen evolution reactions in acidic and alkaline electrolyte owing to their relevance to commercial and near-commercial low-temperature electrolyzers. We provide a detailed review and critical analysis of catalyst activity and stability performance measurements and metrics commonly deployed in the literature, as well as review best practices for experimental measurements (both in half-cell three-electrode configurations and in two-electrode device testing). In particular, we discuss the transition from laboratory-scale hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst measurements to those in single cells, which is a critical aspect crucial for scaling up from laboratory to industrial settings but often overlooked. Furthermore, we review the numerous catalyst design strategies deployed across the precious metal free HER literature. Subsequently, we showcase some of the most commonly investigated families of precious metal free HER catalysts; molybdenum disulfide-based, transition metal phosphides, and transition metal carbides for acidic electrolyte; nickel molybdenum and transition metal phosphides for alkaline. This includes a comprehensive analysis comparing the HER activity between several families of materials highlighting the recent stagnation with regards to enhancing the intrinsic activity of precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. Finally, we summarize future directions and provide recommendations for the field in this area of electrocatalysis.

Objectives: To investigate the relation between cognitive and motor performance in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and examine differences in both cognitive and motor performance between adults after mTBI and healthy controls., Design: Multi-center, cross-sectional study., Setting: Three institutional sites (Courage Kenny Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT)., Participants: Data were collected from 110 participants (N=110), including those with mTBI and healthy controls, who completed cognitive and physical performance assessments., Interventions: Not applicable., Outcome Measures: Cognitive assessments involved the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics to evaluate domains of attention, memory, reaction time, processing speed, and executive function. Physical performance was evaluated through clinical performance assessments, such as the 1-min walk test, the modified Illinois Agility Test, the Functional Gait Assessment Tool, the High-Level Mobility Assessment Tool, a complex turning course, and a 4-Item Hybrid Assessment of Mobility for mTBI. Participants also completed additional trials of the 1-min walk test, modified Illinois Agility Test, and complex turning course with a simultaneous cognitive task., Results: Individuals with mTBI performed worse on cognitive assessments, as well as several of the physical performance assessments compared with healthy controls. Complex tasks were more strongly related to cognitive assessments compared with simple walking tasks., Conclusions: Combining complex motor tasks with cognitive demands may better demonstrate functional performance in individuals recovering from mTBI. By understanding the relation between cognitive and physical performance in individuals recovering from mTBI, clinicians may be able to improve clinical care and assist in return to activity decision-making., (Copyright © 2023 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Concussions result in transient symptoms stemming from a cortical metabolic energy crisis. Though this metabolic energy crisis typically resolves in a month, symptoms can persist for years. The symptomatic period is associated with gait dysfunction, the cortical underpinnings of which are poorly understood. Quantifying prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during gait may provide insight into post-concussion gait dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of persisting concussion symptoms on PFC activity during gait. We hypothesized that adults with persisting concussion symptoms would have greater PFC activity during gait than controls. Within the concussed group, we hypothesized that worse symptoms would relate to increased PFC activity during gait, and that increased PFC activity would relate to worse gait characteristics., Methods: The Neurobehavior Symptom Inventory (NSI) characterized concussion symptoms. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy quantified PFC activity (relative concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin [HbO 2 ]) in 14 people with a concussion and 25 controls. Gait was assessed using six inertial sensors in the concussion group., Results: Average NSI total score was 26.4 (13.2). HbO 2 was significantly higher ( P = .007) for the concussed group (0.058 [0.108]) compared to the control group (-0.016 [0.057]). Within the concussion group, HbO 2 correlated with NSI total symptom score (ρ = .62; P = .02), sagittal range of motion ( r = .79; P = .001), and stride time variability ( r = -.54; P = .046)., Conclusion: These data suggest PFC activity relates to symptom severity and some gait characteristics in people with persistent concussion symptoms. Identifying the neurophysiological underpinnings to gait deficits post-concussion expands our knowledge of motor behavior deficits in people with persistent concussion symptoms., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Five experiments (combined N = 4,915) tested the prediction that the moral boost of happiness would persist for social targets with moral failings. In Studies 1 and 2, White and Black participants, respectively, judged happy (versus unhappy) racist targets more morally good. In Study 3, happy (versus unhappy) racist targets were judged more morally good and less (more) likely to engage in racist (good) behavior. Behavioral expectations explained the link between happiness and moral evaluations. Study 4 replicated Studies 1 to 3 in the context of sexism. In Study 5, happy (versus unhappy) targets who engaged in racially biased behavior were evaluated as more morally good, and this effect was explained by behavioral forecasts. Happiness boosts attributions of moral goodness for prejudiced people and does so via expectations for future behavior. Future directions are discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Thematically grouped symptom clusters are present during the acute timeline of post-mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), representing clinical profiles called subtypes. Exercise intolerance has not been evaluated within the subtype classifications and, because guidelines support early submaximal aerobic exercise, further knowledge is required in regard to the exercise capabilities among the concussion subtypes. This cross-sectional study ( n  = 78) aimed to characterize the presence of exercise intolerance within the clinical subtypes and to explore performance on the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) in the adult subacute (2-12 weeks post-injury) mTBI population. All participants were evaluated using the BCTT to determine exercise tolerance. We first used the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) questionnaire to assign each participant a primary subtype(s). To further explore all five subtypes (headache, cognitive, vestibular, ocular motor, and mood), participants were assessed using a multitude of thematically grouped assessments including self-reported questionnaires, clinical tests of vestibular and ocular motor function, balance function, and computerized cognitive testing. Thirty-seven (47%) subjects were exercise tolerant and 41 (53%) were exercise intolerant. There was no difference in the distribution of primary subtypes between the exercise tolerant and exercise intolerant groups. In addition, no significant differences were found between the exercise tolerant and exercise intolerant groups on other thematically grouped subtype assessments. The exercise intolerant group had a significantly higher resting heart rate (HR), lower percentage of age-predicted maximum HR achieved, lower Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and could walk on the treadmill for less time (lower duration) compared with the exercise tolerant group. The current findings suggest that exercise intolerance is common and pervasive across all five mTBI subtypes. A comprehensive mTBI assessment should include evaluation for exercise intolerance regardless of the primary clustering of symptoms and across patient populations. Therefore, early referral to physical therapists, athletic trainers, or medical clinics that can perform the BCTT may be helpful to initiate appropriate exercise prescriptions for patients with mTBI.

Background: Navigating your environment requires both straight-line gait as well as turning. Gait speed normative values are well established and utilized in determining a person's functional status, however, it has limitations. This study sought to examine whether turning speed declines with age and how it compared to gait speed age-related decline., Methods: A secondary analysis was performed on 275 community dwelling adults between the ages of 18-88 that performed a timed walking test with an inertial measurement unit on their lumbar spine. Turning speed and walking speed were extracted for each participant. A series of mixed models were compared, and Akaike's Information Criterion was used to determine the best fit model between age and turning speed and age and gait speed., Findings: Turning speed and gait speed normative values were reported for each age decade. A linear model with a random intercept of "Condition" was used to assess the relationship between age and turning speed. The results indicated a significant negative relationship between age and turning speed (B = -0.66, p < 0.001). A spline-fit model determined a significant negative relationship between age and gait speed after the age of 65 (B = -0.0097, p = 0.002). The effect of age on gait speed before age 65 was not significant., Interpretation: Turning speed significantly declines with age in a linear fashion while gait speed begins to decline after age 65. Turning speed may be more responsive to age than gait speed. More research is needed to determine if the decline in turning speed with age is associated with a decline in function., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Introduction: Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) is often part of a comprehensive evaluation to identify acute mild traumatic brain injury. Most of the reports describe the use of the VOMS in adolescents/young adults and not in older adults or military service members. The purpose of this study was to describe VOMS findings in healthy civilians and active duty military service members up to the age of 50 years., Materials and Methods: Seventy-seven healthy civilians between 18 and 50 years of age (22 males, age 31.8 [9.0] years) participated across three sites in addition to 40 healthy active duty service members (25 males, age 27.5 [4.9] years) from one site. Demographics, Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory scores, mean near point convergence (NPC) distance, and Total Symptom Change (TSS) scores from the VOMS were evaluated., Results: For civilians, the group mean NPC distance was 4.98 (3.8) cm. For military service members, the group mean NPC distance was 6.17 (4.57) cm. For civilians, the mean TSS was 1.2 (2.3) with 53.2% reporting 0 TSS, 27.3% reporting one TSS, and 19.5% reporting two or more TSS. For military service members, the mean TSS was 0.20 (0.72) with 92.5% reporting 0 TSS, 0% reporting one TSS, and 7.5% reporting two or more TSS. Age did not correlate with the mean NPC distance and TSS in healthy civilians and active duty military service members., Conclusions: Reconsideration of the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation, Version 2 cutoff value for abnormal mean NPC distance may be warranted to improve diagnostic accuracy in both civilian and military adult populations. Similarly, re-evaluating criteria for interpreting the TSS results of the VOMS, specifically in civilians, may be warranted., (© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2023. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

γδ T cells are important components of the immune system due to their ability to elicit a fast and strong response against infected and transformed cells. Because they can specifically and effectively kill target cells in an MHC independent fashion, there is great interest to utilize these cells in anti-tumor therapies where antigen presentation may be hampered. Since only a small fraction of T cells in the blood or tumor tissue are γδ T cells, they require extensive expansion to allow for fundamental, preclinical and ex vivo research. Although expansion protocols can be successful, most are based on depletion of other cell types rather than γδ T cell specific isolation, resulting in unpredictable purity of the isolated fraction. Moreover, the primary focus only lies with expansion of Vδ2 + T cells, while Vδ1 + T cells likewise have anti-tumor potential. Here, we investigated whether γδ T cells directly isolated from blood could be efficiently expanded while maintaining function. γδ T cell subsets were isolated using MACS separation, followed by FACS sorting, yielding >99% pure γδ T cells. Isolated Vδ1 + and Vδ2 + T cells could effectively expand immediately after isolation or upon freeze/thawing and reached expansion ratios between 200 to 2000-fold starting from varying numbers using cytokine supported feeder stimulations. MACS/FACS isolated and PHA stimulated γδ T cells expanded as good as immobilized antibody mediated stimulated cells in PBMCs, but delivered purer cells. After expansion, potential effector functions of γδ T cells were demonstrated by IFN-γ, TNF-α and granzyme B production upon PMA/ionomycin stimulation and effective killing capacity of multiple tumor cell lines was confirmed in killing assays. In conclusion, pure γδ T cells can productively be expanded while maintaining their anti-tumor effector functions against tumor cells. Moreover, γδ T cells could be expanded from low starting numbers suggesting that this protocol may even allow for expansion of cells extracted from tumor biopsies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Verkerk, Pappot, Jorritsma, King, Duurland, Spaapen and van Ham.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the test-retest reliability of metrics obtained from wearable inertial sensors that reflect turning performance during tasks designed to imitate various turns in daily activity., Methods: Seventy-one adults who were healthy completed 3 turning tasks: a 1-minute walk along a 6-m walkway, a modified Illinois Agility Test (mIAT), and a complex turning course (CTC). Peak axial turning and rotational velocity (yaw angular velocity) were extracted from wearable inertial sensors on the head, trunk, and lumbar spine. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were established to assess the test-retest reliability of average peak turning speed for each task. Lap time was collected for reliability analysis as well., Results: Turning speed across all tasks demonstrated good to excellent reliability, with the highest reliability noted for the CTC (45-degree turns: ICC = 0.73-0.81; 90-degree turns: ICC = 0.71-0.83; and 135-degree turns: ICC = 0.72-0.80). The reliability of turning speed during 180-degree turns from the 1-minute walk was consistent across all body segments (ICC = 0.74-0.76). mIAT reliability ranged from fair to excellent (end turns: ICC = 0.52-0.72; mid turns: ICC = 0.50-0.56; and slalom turns: ICC = 0.66-0.84). The CTC average lap time demonstrated good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.69), and the mIAT average lap time test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.91)., Conclusion: Turning speed measured by inertial sensors is a reliable outcome across a variety of ecologically valid turning tasks that can be easily tested in a clinical environment., Impact: Turning performance is a reliable and important measure that should be included in clinical assessments and clinical trials., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Physical Therapy Association. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has been widely used to produce recombinant proteins because of several advantages, such as eukaryotic post-translational modifications similar to those in mammalian cells, high expression levels and safety, and large gene capacity. Usually, insect cell culture requires 5%‒10% fetal bovine serum, which has many adverse effects, including high cost, heterogeneity between batches, complex composition, and pollution risks. Therefore, serum-free medium (SFM) is indispensable for the production of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture. Here, the most commonly used insect cell lines and three insect cell media, namely basic medium, SFM, and chemically defined medium, are summarized. The basic components of insect cell SFM are similar to those of other cells but contain special components. The components, functions, and issues of different SFM used for insect cell culture are reviewed. In recent years, some special additives have been demonstrated to increase recombinant protein expression yield and quality in BEVS, and the functions and possible mechanisms of small-molecule additives are reviewed herein. Finally, future perspectives of SFM used in BEVS for recombinant protein production are discussed., (© 2024 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Background: Concussions most commonly affect the vestibular and ocular systems. Clinical measures used in the assessment of vestibular and ocular deficits should contain strong psychometric properties so that clinicians can accurately detect abnormality to guide treatment interventions., Objectives: The aim of this scoping review was: (1) to identify the measures used to evaluate the vestibular and ocular domains postconcussion and (2) to document the psychometric properties of the measures., Methods: Two databases (Medline (Ovid) and Embase) were searched from inception to May 2023. An updated search was completed in January 2024 using the same databases and search terms. Studies were screened and data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers. Measures were categorized into vestibular, ocular, or both (vestibular and ocular) domains, and relevant psychometric properties were documented., Results: Fifty-two studies were included in this review. 28 studies explored the use of vestibular measures, 12 explored ocular measures, and 12 explored both vestibular and ocular measures or explored the use of vestibulo-ocular reflex measures. Most studies explored the properties associated with balance measures, particularly the balance error scoring system. Diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity metrics) of the associated measures was the most frequently documented characteristic in the literature., Conclusion: Identification of clinical measures used to evaluate vestibular and ocular deficits postconcussion is needed to understand the evidence supporting their use in practice. Documenting the psychometric properties will allow clinicians and researchers to understand the status of the current literature and support for the use of certain measures in practice in terms of their ability to appropriately detect deficits in people with concussion when deficits are truly present., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The acute psychoactive, autonomic, and endocrine effects of the new psychoactive substance (NPS) 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI; 3.0 mg/kg, range 180-228 mg) were investigated in six healthy volunteers (four males, two females) in a non-blinded fashion without placebo. Subjective, cardiovascular, and endocrine responses were compared with two different doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (75 mg and 125 mg) described in previously published placebo-controlled studies, which used identical outcome measures including Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), the Adjective Mood Rating Scale (AMRS), and the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) scale. MDAI was well tolerated and produced subjective effects comparable with those of 125 mg MDMA. MDAI increased blood pressure similar to 125 mg MDMA but did not increase heart rate or body temperature. MDAI increased cortisol and prolactin levels and could be detected in serum about 20 min post ingestion and remained detectable at least for 4 days. In urine, MDAI was detectable over a period of at least 6 days. Further clinical investigations are warranted to assess whether MDAI could serve as drug with medicinal properties., (© 2023 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Among several established indicators that are used to monitor the illicit drug scene, drug-related deaths and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) stand out for population-level coverage. In this study, we aimed to compare temporal trends with respect to amphetamine, methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) revealed by these indicators and explore the differences in fatal toxicity between the stimulants. All deaths in which poisoning caused by amphetamine, methamphetamine or MDMA was either the underlying or contributing cause of death in Finland in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020 were included in the study. Consumption of the studied drugs was measured by WBE in the same years. There was a significant correlation between poisoning and drug consumption for all three stimulants, and for amphetamine and MDMA, these figures increased over the study period. The highest fatal toxicity, as expressed by the number of deaths per million doses, was obtained for methamphetamine at an estimated dose of 50 mg, followed by MDMA (100 mg dose) and with amphetamine (50 mg dose). The fatal toxicity found here for the stimulants was close to that previously reported for many prescription opioids and tricyclic antidepressants. Our study is the first to quantitatively investigate the fatal toxicity of amphetamine-type stimulants by comparing deaths with consumption estimates derived from WBE. It shows that amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA possess a quite similar capacity to cause death. This new approach adds to the earlier methods of estimating drug-related harm., (© 2023 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Abstract: The associations between social support and stress with internalizing symptoms (depressive symptoms and hopelessness) and hazardous drinking were tested in an inpatient sample of suicidal military personnel. Baseline data from a randomized clinical trial were analyzed. Different sources of support and stressors in the social context of military personnel were differentially linked to internalizing symptoms and hazardous drinking. In the full sample ( n = 192), family and nonfamily support were both inversely associated with internalizing symptoms but not hazardous drinking. Family stress was positively associated with internalizing symptoms. In a subsample of service members who had a history of deployment ( n = 98), postdeployment social support was protective against internalizing symptoms, whereas deployment harassment was associated with increased odds of hazardous drinking. Results underscore the need for assessment of various dimensions of social support and stress to guide case formulation and optimize strategies to support patients' mental well-being and adaptive coping., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Baculovirus-mediated gene expression in mammalian cells, BacMam, is a useful alternative to transient transfection for recombinant protein production in various types of mammalian cell lines. We decided to establish BacMam in our lab in order to streamline our workflows for gene expression in insect and mammalian cells, as it is straightforward to parallelize the baculovirus generation for both types of eukaryotic cells. This chapter provides a step-by-step description of the protocols we use for the generation of the recombinant BacMam viruses, the transduction of mammalian cell cultures, and optimization of the protein production conditions through small-scale expression and purification tests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Mycoplasma pneumonia (MPS), caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), is a chronic, airborne respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. The P97 and P46 proteins are major antigens of Mhp, with the R1 region of P97 possessing full adhesive capability. Studies have shown that the main antigenic regions of Mhp P42 and P65 proteins exhibit strong immunogenicity. In this study, we first linked the genes encoding P97R1 and P46 proteins to form the P97R1P65 gene and subsequently constructed three shuttle plasmids: pFBD-P97R1P46, pFBD-P97R1P46-p65, and pFBD-P65-P42. These proteins were expressed using the Bac to Bac system and formulated into subunit vaccines for mouse immunization. Mouse experiments indicated that the P97R1P46 + P65-P42 protein combination elicited higher levels of specific antibodies, IL-2, IL-4, and CD8+ T cells compared to other subunit vaccine groups, a finding further validated in subsequent mouse challenge protection experiments. Therefore, we utilized the MultiBac expression system to co-express P97R1P46, P65, and P42 proteins in the pFastMultibacDual vector for immunization experiments in piglets. The piglet immunization experiments demonstrated that the Mhp subunit vaccine prepared in this study could induce specific antibodies against Mhp, with the combination of P97R1P46, P65, and P42 proteins inducing the highest level of humoral immunity. This study provides valuable insights for the development of Mhp subunit vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating emissions and removals from forest degradation is important, yet challenging, for many countries. This paper reports results from analysis of country reporting (to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and also to several climate finance initiatives) and key take-aways from a south-south exchange workshop among 17 countries with forest mitigation programmes. During the workshop discussions it became clear that, where forest degradation is a major source of emissions, governments want to include it when reporting on their mitigation efforts. However, challenges to accurately estimating emissions from degradation relate to defining forest degradation and setting the scope for estimating carbon stock changes; to detecting and monitoring degradation using earth observation data; and to estimating associated emissions and removals from field observation results. The paper concludes that recent and ongoing investments into data and analysis methods have helped improve forest degradation estimation, but further methodological work and continued effort will be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) induces progressive deficits in motor and cognitive functions as well as impaired dual-task performance requiring both motor and cognitive functions. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on dual-task performance in patients with PD. Methods: 11 studies met the following inclusion criteria: (a) patients with PD, (b) NIBS intervention, (c) comparison with the sham stimulation group, (d) motor and cognitive performance outcomes during dual tasks, and (e) randomized controlled trials with parallel or crossover designs. Individual effect size (i.e., comparison) was quantified by comparing motor and cognitive performances changes during dual tasks between active NIBS and sham stimulation conditions. Thus, higher values of the overall effect size indicate more improvements in either motor or cognitive performances after NIBS. Moreover, moderator variable analyses determined whether NIBS effects on dual-task performances differed depending on targeted brain regions. Finally, meta-regression analyses determined whether NIBS effects on dual-task performances were associated with demographic characteristics. Results: The random-effects model meta-analysis revealed that NIBS significantly improved motor (73 comparisons from 11 studies) and cognitive (12 comparisons from four studies) performances during dual tasks in patients with PD. Specifically, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation protocols on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were effective. Moreover, greater improvements in motor performance during dual tasks significantly correlated with decreased age and increased proportion of females, respectively. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that excitatory stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be effective for improving dual-task performance in patients with PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the pervasive influence of humor in society, comprehensive quantitative studies exploring its dimensions and societal reception are scarce. This study advances the field by analyzing stand-up comedy specials, linking linguistic elements to humor theories and audience ratings, using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC-22). The analysis explored the presence and association of Affect, Social, and Cognitive dimensions with ratings of standup comedy shows. Statistical analyses entailed using linear mixed models, incorporating comedians as random effects. Female comedians consistently received lower ratings than males, reflecting historical gender biases, while recent shows received lower ratings than older ones, suggesting the challenge of surpassing pioneering works. Negative emotion positively influenced ratings, while negative mood words had a detrimental effect, highlighting the delicate balance in comedic narratives. Social markers significantly predicted ratings, with moralization negatively impacting them, while the use of social referents, particularly female pronouns, improved ratings. These findings offer valuable insights into the linguistic dynamics of stand-up comedy, informing future research and practice in the comedy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This scoping review aimed to map existing research on adverse events encountered during telerehabilitation delivery, across rehabilitation populations. This includes identifying characteristics of adverse events (frequency/physical/non-physical, relatedness, severity) and examining adverse events by different modes of telerehabilitation delivery and disease states. Introduction: Telerehabilitation, a subset of telemedicine, has gained traction during the COVID-19 pandemic for remote service delivery. However, no prior scoping review, systematic review, or meta-analysis has identified and summarized the current primary research on adverse events in telerehabilitation. Understanding adverse events, such as falls during physiotherapy or aspiration pneumonia during speech therapy, is crucial for identifying limitations and optimizing delivery through risk mitigation and quality indicators. This understanding could also help to improve the uptake of telerehabilitation among clinicians and patients. This review addresses this gap by summarizing published literature on adverse events during telerehabilitation. Methods: The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute framework and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. The review protocol was registered and published on Open Science Framework. A comprehensive search across multiple databases (MEDLINE ALL/EMBASE/APA PsycINFO/CENTRAL/CINAHL) was conducted. Screening, extraction, and synthesis were performed in duplicate and independently. Data extraction followed the Template for Intervention Description and Replication framework and also involved extraction on authors, publication year (pre- or post-COVID), population, sample size, and modes of telerehabilitation delivery (asynchronous, synchronous, hybrid). For synthesis, data were summarized quantitatively using numerical counts and qualitatively via content analysis. The data were grouped by intervention type and by type of adverse event. Inclusion criteria: This scoping review included qualitative and quantitative studies published between 2013–2023, written in English, and conducted in any geographic area. All modes of telerehabilitation delivery were included. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, commentaries, protocols, opinion pieces, conference abstracts, and case series with fewer than five participants were excluded. Results: The search identified 11,863 references, and 81 studies were included in this review with a total of 3,057 participants (mean age:59.3 years; females:44.6%). Modes of telerehabilitation delivery (whether asynchronous, synchronous or hybrid) used in the studies included videoconferencing (52), phone calls (25), text messaging (4), email (6), mobile apps (10), and internet-based virtual reality systems (3). A total of 295 adverse events occurred during 84,534 sessions (0.3%), with the majority being physical (e.g., falls or musculoskeletal pain), non-serious/non-severe/mild, and unrelated to (i.e., not caused by) to the telerehabilitation provided. Conclusions: From the 81 included studies, telerehabilitation was delivered with related adverse events being rare, and mostly characterized as mild/non-severe. A comparable occurrence of adverse events (~30%) was found between asynchronous and synchronous telerehabilitation studies. When categorized by disease type, cardiac telerehabilitation studies had the most frequent adverse events. Detailed reporting of telerehabilitation interventions and adverse event characteristics is recommended for future studies (i.e., use of TIDieR reporting guidelines). Telerehabilitation has the potential to make rehabilitation services more accessible to patients; however, more evidence on the safety of telerehabilitation is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the formal declaration of the end of the global health emergency related to COVID-19, the disease continues to pose significant challenges worldwide. This study addresses the gap in existing literature regarding the impact of COVID-19 anxiety on university students during the peak of the pandemic. Specifically, it examined how COVID-19 anxiety influenced the meaning in life, life orientation, and academic motivation; variables that are known predictors of student success and their overall well-being. Conducted as a non-experimental quantitative cross-sectional study, data were collected from 557 participants selected through purposive sampling. The research used the Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale, Academic Motivation Scale, Revised Life Orientation Test, and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire to gather relevant data. Findings reveal that COVID-19 anxiety has a negative influence on academic motivation, presence of meaning, and life orientation. The results also indicate a positive relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and the search for meaning in life. These findings not only enhance the understanding of the pandemic's adverse impacts on university students but also provide a basis for future interventions and strategies by educational stakeholders and policymakers aimed at mitigating these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with substances like psilocybin and MDMA has shown promise for conditions including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and MDMA may become approved medicines in the coming decade. This study assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding PAT among 879 U.S. healthcare professionals via anonymous online survey. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify predictors of openness to clinical use. Most participants (71.2%) were female and White (85.8%), with a mean (SD) age of 45.5 (12.7) years. Registered nurses (25.4%) and physicians (17.7%) comprised the largest professional groups. Respondents endorsed strong belief in therapeutic promise, and moderate openness to clinical use and support for legal access to both substances, with higher overall ratings for psilocybin compared to MDMA. Objective knowledge items revealed low knowledge of therapeutic uses, risks, and pharmacology. Primary concerns were lack of trained providers, financial cost, and potential contraindications. Prior psychedelic use, self-rated knowledge, younger age, and professional role predicted openness to clinical use of psilocybin and MDMA, with physicians reporting lower openness. As psychedelics continue to garner popular and scientific interest, results indicate a pressing need for additional formal training to provide balanced, evidence-based information from trusted sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Motor imagery (MI) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for Parkinson's disease (PD). MI entails mentally rehearsing motor actions without executing them. This cognitive process has garnered attention due to its potential benefits in aiding motor function recovery in patients. The purpose of this review was to highlight the findings observed in motor symptoms, balance, gait, and quality of life. Methods: A literature search was carried out in Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), from the first publication to February 2024. Studies with at least one keyword to PD and MI in the title were included. Results: The analysis included 53 studies out of the 262 identified. These comprised 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with an average PEDro score of 6.6 out of 10, as well as 41 non-RCT studies. Notably, the majority of the RCTs focused on balance, gait, and lower limb exercises. The experimental group found an 85.2% improvement on the Timed Up and Go (TUG) with a cognitive task (p < 0.02), 5.8% improvement on the TUG (p < 0.05), and 5.1% improvement in walking speed (p < 0.05). Other variables did not show significant improvement. In descriptive and non-RCT studies, there were various tasks and outcomes for the lower and upper limbs. It has been demonstrated that there was no difference in execution time in MI between patients and healthy subjects (HS), whereas motor execution was slower in patients. Several tasks were analyzed for the upper limb, including thumb opposition, joystick movements, and writing tasks with variable results. RCTs were more focused on balance, lower limbs, and walking. There was no specific outcome regarding the upper limb or speech. Additionally, the heterogeneity of tasks and outcomes across studies is also a limitation. Conclusion: Current research on walking disorders in PD shows promise, but further investigations are crucial, particularly with an emphasis on upper limb function and speech. Studies with larger sample sizes and more precise methodologies are needed to enhance our understanding of the potential benefits of MI within the framework of comprehensive PD rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy and childbirth are uncertain experiences that become even more so when parents receive an unexpected medical diagnosis for their child. In the present study, we document sources of uncertainty and the tools used to manage uncertainty in 44 mothers' narratives about the birth and diagnosis of their child with Down syndrome (DS); we also explore variability in the sources of uncertainty and uncertainty management tools as a function of whether mothers received a prenatal or postnatal diagnosis of DS for their child. Across our sample, thematic analysis revealed four sources of uncertainty in mothers' narratives: navigating dissonance between parents and providers during diagnosis, managing disclosure of the diagnosis to others, anticipating child-centered challenges and adjusting developmental expectations, and anticipating family-centered challenges and adjusting familial expectations. Analyses also revealed four ways that uncertainty was managed: finding balance between parents and providers during diagnosis, reducing knowledge gaps by seeking information, pursuing support and building positive interpersonal relationships, and pursuing support and building positive relationships in DS communities. These findings, along with potential nuance based on whether mothers received a prenatal or postnatal diagnosis of DS for their child, have important implications for healthcare providers and medical professionals regarding how to best communicate DS diagnoses to families as a means of understanding and ultimately reducing the uncertainty they experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Depression and anxiety are common psychological issues among international medical students in universities, which have serious negative impacts on their learning and life. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of positive emotional writing in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as enhancing subjective well-being among this population. Method: This study was conducted at an international college of a comprehensive university in central China. A total of ninety-two participants who met the inclusion criteria were recruited to participate in a single-blind randomized controlled trial, in which participants were not aware that there was an experimental group and a control group. Participants in control received daily psychological care weekly for 8 weeks (n = 46). Correspondingly, participants in experimental group received the positive emotional writing intervention on the basis of daily psychological care. Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and General Well-being Scale (GWB) were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Data from 89 students who completed the entire study (experimental group, n = 44; control group, n = 45) were analyzed. Results: After the intervention, the scores of SDS and SAS in the experimental group significantly decreased, while the subjective well-being score significantly increased. Although the SAS score of the control group after intervention was significantly lower than before, the decrease in SDS and SAS scores, as well as the increase in GWB score, were significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that positive emotional writing can effectively reduce the depression and anxiety of international medical students, and significantly enhance their subjective well-being, providing ideas for management to solve the psychological problems of international medical students. Trial registration number: ChiCTR2400087815. Registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As the average global temperature increases, the effects of climate change worsen, through effects on worsening extreme events as well as exacerbating political, economic, and social turmoil (wars, conflicts, and migrations). This poses an existential risk to the survival of humans and nonhumans. These effects are visible due to the impact on people’s mental health and psychophysical well-being. This article aims to explore the growing phenomenon of psychoterratic syndromes, with focus on the effect of ecoanxiety on mental health. Furthermore, the relationship between eco-anxiety and behavior response (both individual and collective) in the climate crisis era is outlined. Methods: A research with interdisciplinary approach was carried out for recent literature and articles relating to psychoterratic syndromes and the effects of climate change on mental health. Results: The article explores the effects of climate change on mental health, including various research on the onset of new emotions in response to psychological effects to climate change, called psychoterratic syndromes (such as eco-anxiety, climate anxiety, solastalgia, eco-grief). Among these, eco-anxiety is the most popular term used for describing how people feel about climate change. However, the paradigm that described eco-anxiety only as a pathological emotion needs to be changed. Discussion: The article emphasizes the positive effect of eco-emotions and the need to stimulate people to move from a state of anxiety, which could bring apathy and resignation, toward eco-hope. Eco-hope could be an adaptive coping mechanism in people and communities, which is key to preventing, mitigating, and protecting mental and planetary health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to compare the quality of life (QoL) in two communities with different exposures to conflict and investigate the inter-relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social support, and QoL. This is a cross-sectional with 413 participants. Study instruments included the PTSD module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQoL-BREF), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The family domain of social support was protective of both PTSD and QoL. Except for the relationship between community's location and the physical subscale of the QoL, a hierarchical regression analysis showed that all the independent variables were significantly associated with the QoL domains. Direct exposure to crises impaired QoL more than areas indirectly exposed. PTSD and the family domain of social support play a significant role in the QoL outcome. This suggests that therapeutic intervention to improve QoL should target these key variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food marketing restrictions often apply nutrient profile models (NPM) to distinguish unhealthy products that should not be advertised, however brand-only marketing remains largely unaddressed. We sought to test a threshold method for classifying packaged food, beverage, or fast-food brands as (non)permitted for marketing, based on the nutrient profile of their product-lines. Methods: We retrieved nutrient information from the Nutritrack databases for all products sold by the top 51 packaged food, beverage and fast-food brands in New Zealand, selected by market share. All products under each brand were classified as permitted (or not) to be marketed to children, using the NPM for WHO Western Pacific. The 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% threshold of brands' products permitted to market were compared. The 50% and 75% thresholds were compared to the WHO CLICK method, which is based on assessment of the brand's leading product. Results: The 90% threshold permitted 13% of the brands to be marketed to children. The 25% threshold permitted the marketing of 62% of brands. The 50% and 75% thresholds remained highly sensitive in identifying brands that should not be marketed to children. Comparison to the WHO CLICK method identified that a threshold method is more comprehensive and less arbitrary. Conclusions: A threshold model based on product-line nutrient profiling provides a robust and option for brand classification. The 50% and 75% thresholds may be the most politically preferred options for use in regulation, while remaining highly effective. Practitioner points: Brand marketing (e.g. sponsorship) remains largely unaddressed in existing restrictions on unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children. An established Nutrient Profile Model can be applied to a brand's entire product line, allowing calculation of the proportion of products that would not be permitted to be advertised to children. Restricting brand marketing for food and beverage brands with less than 50% or 75% of their products classified as 'permitted to be marketed to children' is a robust and evidence-based method that can be applied in regulation, with potential to mitigate industry challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]