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Antibiotics are compounds that have a particular mode of action upon the microorganism they are targeting. However, discovering and developing new antibiotics is a challenging and timely process. Antibiotic development process can take up to 10-15 years and over $1billion to develop a single new therapeutic product. Rapid screening tools to understand the mode of action of the new antimicrobial agent are considered one of the main bottle necks in the antimicrobial agent development process. Classical approaches require multifarious microbiological methods and they do not capture important biochemical and organism therapeutic-interaction mechanisms. This work aims to provide a rapid antibiotic-antimicrobial biochemical diagnostic tool to reduce the timeframes of therapeutic development, while also generating new biochemical insight into an antimicrobial-therapeutic screening assay in a complex matrix. The work evaluates the effect of antimicrobial action through "traditional" microbiological analysis techniques with a high-throughput rapid analysis method using UV-VIS spectroscopy and chemometrics. Bacteriostatic activity from tetracycline and bactericidal activity from amoxicillin were evaluated on a system using non-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-VIS spectroscopy (high-throughput analysis). The data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) classification. The rapid diagnostic technique could easily identify differences between bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms and was considerably quicker than the "traditional" methods tested.

Background: Oral bacterial infections are difficult to treat due to emergence of resistance against antibiotic therapy. Essential oils are considered emerging alternate therapy against bacterial infections and biofilms. We investigated Citrus bergemia flower essential oil against oral pathogens. Methods: The essential oil was analsyed using Gas Chromatography(GC–MS), in silico investigations, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing assays. Results: Gas Chromatography analysis confirmed presence of 17 compounds including 1,6-Octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl, 48.17%), l-limonene (22.03%) and p-menth-1-ol, 8-ol (7.31%) as major components. In silico analysis showed compliance of all tested major components with Lipinski's rule, Bioavailability and antimicrobial activity using PASS (prediction of activity spectrum of substances). Molecular docking with transcriptional regulators 3QP5, 5OE3, 4B2O and 3Q3D revealed strong interaction of all tested compounds except 1,6-Octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl. All tested compounds presented significant inhibition of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (IC50 0.65 mg/mL), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) (63.5%) and high FRAP (ferrous reducing antioxidant power) value (239.01 µg). In antimicrobial screening a significant activity (MIC 0.125 mg/mL) against Bacillus paramycoides and Bacillus chungangensis was observed. Likewise a strong antibiofilm (52.1 – 69.5%) and anti-QS (quorum sensing) (4–16 mm) activity was recorded in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that C. bergemia essential oil posess strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against tested oral pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(+)- and (-)-Tedanine [(+)-1 and (-)-1], a pair of new enantiomeric indolone alkaloids, along with nine compounds (2–10) were isolated from the marine sponge Tedania sp. The structures of (+)-1 and (-)-1 including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculation. Compounds (+)-1 and (-)-1 were the first examples of indolone alkaloids isolated from this genus. In addition, the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of these compounds were also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new quinazoline alkaloids versicomides G–H (1 and 2), together with seven known compounds, were isolated from Aspergillus versicolor HYQZ-215 obtained from the sediment of Qarhan Salt Lake. Their structures were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, and quantum chemical ECD calculations data. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds were evaluated against seven agricultural pathogenic fungi and eight clinically drug-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six previously undescribed diterpenoid glucosides, along with four known compounds, were isolated from the aerial parts of Sigesbeckia glabrescens. The structures and absolute configurations of undescribed compounds were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic techniques, ECD calculations and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 8 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with compound 8 demonstrating significant inhibitory activity compared to positive control minocycline, boasting an IC 50 value at 14.20 μM. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the role of Mentha piperita silver nanoparticle-loaded carbopol gel for enhanced wound healing in a diabetic rat model. This research further aims to explore bioactive compounds derived from Mentha piperita obtained from high altitude. Method: Methanolic extracts of Mentha piperita (MP), Mentha spicata (MS) and Mentha longifolia (ML) were used to synthesise silver nanoparticles (AgNP). AgNP synthesis was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) assay. Antiglycation potential was determined by measuring the fluorescent advanced glycation end products. The bioactive compound identified in the Mentha piperita methanolic (MPM) fraction through electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric analysis (ESI-MS) was responsible for the highest antiglycation. The effects of MPM and MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol (Sanare Lab, India) on wound healing were compared in male, alloxan-induced, diabetic albino rats (200–250g), divided into control and treated groups. Effects on wound healing were assessed via histopathology. Results: UV-Vis and FTIR confirmed NP synthesis with peaks for flavonoids and polyphenols. SEM and XRD explored the cubical, 30–63nm crystalline NP. The maximum antioxidant and antiglycation potential was observed in order of; MP.AgNP>MS.AgNP>ML.AgNP. The highest antioxidant activity was observed by methanolic and aqueous MP.AgNPs (88.55% and 83.63%, respectively) at 2mg.ml-1, and (75.16% and 69.73%, respectively) at 1mg.ml-1, compared to ascorbic acid (acting as a positive control, 90.01%). MPM.AgNPs demonstrated the best antiglycation potential of 75.2% and 83.3% at 1mg.ml-1 and 2mg.ml-1, respectively, comparable to positive control (rutin: 88.1%) at 14 days post-incubation. A similar trend was observed for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 21mm, 21.6mm and 24.6mm. Rosmarinic acid was the active compound present in Mentha piperita, as identified by ESI-MS. MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol resulted in 100% wound closure compared with control at 20 days post-wounding. In the treatment group, re-epithelialisation was achieved by day 18, compared with 25 days for the positive control group. Conclusion: MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol demonstrated safer and more effective biological properties, hence accelerating the diabetic excision wound healing process in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspercitrininone A (1), a novel polyketide featuring an unprecedented tetracyclic 6/6/6/5 spiral skeleton, was obtained from the rice fermentation cultures of the fungus Aspergillus cristatus together with five known compounds (2 – 6). Their structures were determined by HRESIMS data, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Aspercitrininone A was revealed as a new type of C/D cycle spiral structure and an unusual addition product of o-quinoid form citrinin with 2-methylterrefuranone. Compounds 1 , 4 , and 5 exhibited potent antibacterial activities with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 13.2 to 67.3 μg/mL against four strains of human pathogenic bacteria in vitro. [Display omitted] • A novel polyketide aspercitrininone A was isolated from rice cultures of Aspergillus cristatus. • Aspercitrininone A possessed an unprecedented tetracyclic 6/6/6/5 spiral skeleton. • It could be formed by o-quinoid form citrinin with 2-methylterrefuranone through Michael addition reaction. • Aspercitrininone A exhibited antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four previously unreported diterpenoids including three ent -atisanes (1–3) and one ent -abietane (4), along with one known linear triterpenoid (5) and five known diterpenoids including four myrsinanes (6–9), and one abietane (10) have been isolated from the roots of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm. ex Prokh. The structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses including HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR and comparison of the data with those reported in the literature. Antimicrobial potential of isolated compounds were also evaluated. Guionianol B (10) showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel fungal polyketides, phometides A (1) and B (2), together with four known compounds (3–6), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Phoma sp. YUD17001 obtained from Gastrodia elata Blume. The structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses, X-ray crystal diffraction, and time-dependent density functional theory/electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT/ECD) calculations. Structurally, phometide A (1) represented the first example of C 12 polyketide characterized by an unusual tetrahydrobenzofuran-3(2 H)-one core with an α , β -unsaturated ketone functionality, while phometide B (2) was an unprecedented molecule containing a 2-pentylcycloheptan-1-one scaffold. In an antimicrobial activity assay, phometide A (1) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 4 μg/mL. Phometide B (2) showed moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an MIC value of 16 μg/mL. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities. [Display omitted] • Two novel fungal polyketides were identified from the endophytic fungus Phoma sp. YUD17001. • Phometide A possess an unusual tetrahydrobenzofuran-3(2 H)-one functionality. • Phometide B is a novel polyketone containing a 2-pentylcycloheptan-1-one scaffold. • Phometides A and B demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three undescribed compounds (1 – 3), including two butenolides and one indol alkaloids. Together with twenty-one known compounds (4 – 24) were isolated and identified from Lepidium obtusum Basin. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations. The isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, compounds 11 , 12 , 14 , 21 and 23 showed moderated antimicrobial activities against (Candida albicans , E. coli , Staphylococcus aureus). Compounds 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 17 and 18 exhibited potent antioxidant activities against ABTS and DPPH. Compound 1 exhibited moderated anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 4 – 24 were isolated from this plant for the first time. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]