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The vaginal microbiome plays an essential role in the reproductive health of human females. As infertility increases worldwide, understanding the roles that the vaginal microbiome may have in infertility and in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment outcomes is critical. To determine the vaginal microbiome composition of 1411 individuals (1255 undergoing embryo transplantation) and their associations with reproductive outcomes, clinical and biochemical features are measured, and vaginal samples are 16S rRNA sequenced. Our results suggest that both too high and too low abundance of Lactobacillus is not beneficial for pregnancy; a moderate abundance is more beneficial. A moderate abundance of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners (~80%) (with a pregnancy rate of I‐B: 54.35% and III‐B: 57.73%) is found beneficial for pregnancy outcomes compared with a higher abundance (>90%) of Lactobacillus (I‐A: 44.81% and III‐A: 51.06%, respectively). The community state type (CST) IV‐B (contains a high to moderate relative abundance of Gardnerella vaginalis) shows a similar pregnant ratio (48.09%) with I‐A and III‐A, and the pregnant women in this CST have a higher abundance of Lactobacillus species. Metagenome analysis of 71 samples shows that nonpregnant women are detected with more antibiotic‐resistance genes, and Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are the main hosts. The inherent differences within and between women in different infertility groups suggest that vaginal microbes might be used to detect infertility and potentially improve IVF outcomes. Highlights: Pregnancy rates vary among women with different vaginal microbiome communities.Too high abundances of both Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners have negative effects on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes.A moderate abundance (around 80%) of Lactobacillus is more beneficial for pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a narrative review of the progress of research on the correlation between insulin resistance and infertility. Insulin resistance (IR) is not only involved in the development of various metabolic diseases, but also affects female reproductive function, and to some extent is closely related to female infertility. IR may increase the risk of female infertility by activating oxidative stress, interfering with energy metabolism, affecting oocyte development, embryo quality and endometrial tolerance, affecting hormone secretion and embryo implantation, as well as affecting assisted conception outcomes in infertile populations and reducing the success rate of assisted reproductive technology treatment in infertile populations. In addition, IR is closely associated with spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes and other adverse pregnancies, and if not corrected in time, may increase the risk of obesity and metabolic diseases in the offspring in the long term. This article provides a review of the relationship between IR and infertility to provide new ideas for the treatment of infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]