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Background: Human communities suffered a vast socioeconomic burden in dealing with the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally. Real-word data about these burdens can inform governments about evidence-based resource allocation and prioritization. The aim of this scoping review was to map the cost-of-illness (CoI) studies associated with COVID-19. Methods: This scoping review was conducted from January 2019 to December 2021. We searched cost-of-illness papers published in English within Web of Sciences, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct and ProQuest. For each eligible study, extracted data included country, publication year, study period, study design, epidemiological approach, costing method, cost type, cost identification, sensitivity analysis, estimated unit cost and national burden. All of the analyses were applied in Excel software. Results: 2352 records were found after the search strategy application, finally 28 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Most of the studies were done in the United States, Turkey, and China. The prevalence-based approach was the most common in the studies, and most of studies also used Hospital Information System data (HIS). There were noticeable differences in the costing methods and the cost identification. The average cost of hospitalization per patient per day ranged from 101$ in Turkey to 2,364$ in the United States. Among the studies, 82.1% estimated particularly direct medical costs, 3.6% only indirect costs, and 14.3% both direct and indirect costs. Conclusion: The economic burden of COVID-19 varies from country to country. The majority of CoI studies estimated direct medical costs associated with COVID-19 and there is a paucity of evidence for direct non-medical, indirect, and intangible costs, which we recommend for future studies. To create homogeneity in CoI studies, we suggest researchers follow a conceptual framework and critical appraisal checklist of cost-of-illness (CoI) studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION The study aims to understand the facilitators and barriers associated with enforcing and complying with Türkiye's smoke-free policy from the perspective of hospitality venue owners and employees. METHODS A qualitative open-ended survey was conducted in Istanbul and Ankara in 2021 with 58 respondents from 3 different districts in each city from four types of venues: restaurants, traditional coffee and waterpipe houses, and European-style cafés. The open-ended survey included questions to understand the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of respondents about Türkiye's smoke-free policy and their perceptions of the facilitators and/or barriers to smoke-free policy implementation and changes after COVID-19. The data were analyzed using an inductive approach to identify patterns and categorize the data into themes. RESULTS The respondents expressed that the smoke-free policy aimed to protect employees and customers from secondhand smoke (SHS), respect human health, and improve air quality. Findings suggest that the positive attitude of venue owners and staff toward the smoke-free policy serves as a facilitator. However, fear of financial impact, customers' negative attitudes, difficulties in meeting physical requirements, and insufficient enforcement were found to be barriers to implementing the smoke-free policy. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were reported as an initial increase in compliance and awareness among customers and staff, but some respondents noted negative changes due to the emotional and financial effects of prolonged restrictions. These challenges have led to decreased attention on the smoke-free policy among venue owners, staff and customers. Respondents' suggested improvements were related to building infrastructure, such as the ventilation systems and educating the public on the harmful health effects of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Despite the general understanding of the dangers of secondhand smoke and the smoke-free policy, this study highlights the challenges in implementing smoke-free policy measures and the continued need to raise awareness about the importance of a 100% smoke-free venue. A comprehensive approach to addressing the tobacco epidemic as a multifaceted public health issue is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Most women experience breastfeeding problems and need changes due to postpartum physical symptoms and low breastfeeding self-efficacy. Methods Postpartum home care and e-mobile training/consultancy has been introduced to address this issue. This study was conducted as a randomized controlled interventional study. The sample of the study consisted of 75 (home care group = 25, control group = 25, e-mobile training/consultancy group = 25) women who met the sample selection criteria, agreed to participate in the study, and were hospitalized in the postpartum ward of a City Hospital. Data were collected through the Personal Information Form, the Postpartum Physical Symptom Severity Scale and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES). Results In all postpartum stages, a statistically significant difference was detected between the home care, e-mobile training/consultancy and control group women in terms of the Postpartum Physical Symptoms Severity Scale and BSES total mean scores (P  < .05). Interviews showed that the home care group had the lowest Postpartum Physical Symptom Severity Scale total mean scores and the highest BSES total mean scores (P  < .05). Postpartum home visits and e-mobile training/consultancy should be considered a routine part of postpartum care. It is effective in reducing postpartum physical symptoms and increasing breastfeeding self-efficacy. Conclusıon In line with the results of this study, the use of home care and e-mobile training/consultancy is recommended to decrease physical symptoms and increase breastfeeding self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study explores the connection between Behçet's disease (BD), characterized by persistent oral and genital ulcers alongside iritis, and periodontal disease. It examines the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva. Methods: Forty Behçet's patients with gingivitis or periodontitis and 47 patients with either gingivitis or periodontitis but without BD were studied. Periodontal status was recorded with standard clinical indexes. GCF and saliva samples were obtained. NO, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were analysed. Current Behçet's symptoms and medications usage were recorded. Results: Mean salivary IL-1β was elevated (p =.045), and mean NO level was decreased in BD patients with gingivitis compared to patients without BD (p =.000). In contrast, mean NO level in crevicular fluid was higher in Behçet's patients with periodontitis than in patients without BD (p =.009). Furthermore, among Behçet's patients, those with vascular involvement had lower salivary NO level compared to patients without vascular involvement (p =.000). Conclusions: Based on our findings, the elevated levels of IL-1β in the saliva of Behçet's patients with gingivitis, along with the decreased NO level, indicate an altered inflammatory response in the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate nursing/midwifery students, Clinical Mentors, Link Teachers and Head Nurses experiences within "Dedicated Education Unit" model in 6 European clinical placements and analyse the necessary elements for a powerful clinical learning environment. Design: A multi‐country, phenomenological, qualitative study. Methods: Focus group interviews were performed to identify the personal and organizational factors of importance for students and nurses/midwives. Results: Data analysis produced 4 main themes (1) Clinical placement organization, (2) students' clinical knowledge and skill acquisition, (3) students, and nurses/midwives' experiences within the DEU model and (4) factors for creating an effective learning environment. Conclusions: A close educational‐service collaboration, a realistic clinical placement planning, a focus on student learning process and an investment in professionals' education and development among others, are elements to set up a powerful clinical learning environment. Implications for the profession: It is considered advisable and urgent to improve the working conditions of nurses/midwives and the learning environments of students as a strategy to alleviate the global shortage of nurses and respond to the increasingly demanding health needs of the population. Impact: Due to the close relationship between students' learning and features of the clinical environment nurse educators seek innovative models which allow students to manage patient care and their transition to professional practice. To implement new learning strategies, identifying students, nurses and midwives perceptions and suggestions is a powerful information to evaluate implementation process and outcomes. Public Contribution: Our findings could help academic and clinical managers to meet the human and organizational requirements to create a successful learning environment in every student placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the rapid improvement in healthcare technologies, the security and privacy of the most sensitive data are at risk. Patient privacy has many components, even when data are in electronic format. Although patient privacy has extensively been discussed in the literature, there is no study that has presented all components of patient privacy. Methods: This study presents a complete assessment framework, develops an inventory as an assessment tool, and examines the reliability and validity of the inventory. The study was carried out in three phases: conceptual framework development, inventory development, and an evaluation case study. Fuzzy conjoint analysis was used in the evaluation to deal with subjectivity and ambiguity. As a result of the evaluation, the case study institution was given a patient privacy maturity level between 1 and 5, where 1 is the worst and 5 is the best. Results: The case study evaluated the largest hospital in Turkey, which employs 800 nurses. Half of the nurses, 400, participated in the study. According to the literature, healthcare institutions do not invest enough in protecting patients' privacy, and the results of the study support this finding. The institution's maturity level was 2, which is poor. Conclusions: This study measured privacy maturity with many assessment components. The result of the assessment explains to patients and the public whether their data are secure or not. With the implementation of this maturity level, patients have an idea about which institution to choose, and the public can infer the reliability of institutions in terms of patient privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve expertise, transplant surgeons in Turkiye undergo rigorous training, including medical school, residency, compulsory service, and extensive training in transplant surgery. Despite their high academic and clinical knowledge level, success in transplant surgery heavily depends on cultural competency. Through semi-structured interviews with 21 transplant surgeons specializing in kidney and liver transplants in Ankara, this study reveals how health illiteracy, culture, and folklore create significant barriers. Surgeons navigate these challenges while enduring harsh working conditions. This research highlights the critical role of cultural competency in transplant surgery, emphasizing the necessity for surgeons to understand and address the diverse cultural needs of their patients. Key findings indicate that surgeons must balance medical expertise with cultural sensitivity to deliver effective care. This study identifies four main cultural barriers: spiritual trust, family politics, health illiteracy, and subcultural incompetency. Effective transplant surgery requires a combination of theoretical proficiency and cultural awareness to meet a patient's needs and improve surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family caregivers can be overwhelmed by the care they provide within the family without external support. The development of self-management skills and the associated ability to actively and responsibly manage one's own health or illness situation therefore plays a vital role in the home care of people living with dementia. As part of an individualized intervention for family caregivers of people of Turkish origin with dementia, existing self-management skills were examined through qualitative interviews to gain insight into health literacy and empowerment in caregiving and in interviewees' own practices to maintain their health. Ten caregivers of Turkish origin who were responsible for family members living with dementia were interviewed using problem-centered interviews. We found that the target group has very heterogeneous self-management competencies, which are based, on the one hand, on existing supportive resources and, on the other hand, on diverse care-specific, psychosocial and life-world challenges in intrafamily care that have not been overcome. Self-management skills in family caregivers are influenced by a complex interplay of both available resources that support these skills and challenging caregiving situations. This dynamic combination of resources and challenges results in varying levels of self-management ability among family caregivers. Strengthening resources can help caregivers to meet the challenges resulting from caregiving and to expand their self-management competencies. There is great need for action in promoting self-management skills among Turkish caregivers of people living with dementia in home care. Interventions to promote self-management skills must take into account the individual resources of those affected as well as their social and cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim was to evaluate the effect of metabolic control on bone biomarkers in children with type I diabetes. Materials and methods: The children were divided into two groups according to their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) levels: a group with HbA1c levels < 8% (n = 16) and: a group with HbA1c levels > 8% (n = 18). The serum total oxidative status (TOS) (µmol/L), total antioxidant status (TAS) (mmol/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (IU/L), osteocalcin (OC) (ng/ml), procollagen type-1-N-terminal peptide (P1NP) (ng/ml), and vitamin D (IU) levels and food consumption frequencies were determined. Results: When patients were classified according to HbA1c (%) levels, those with HbA1c levels < 8% were found to have lower TOS (µmol/L) values (8.7 ± 6.16, 9.5 ± 5.60) and higher serum OC (ng/mL) (24.2 ± 16.92, 22.0 ± 6.21) levels than those with HbA1c levels > 8% (p < 0.05). Regardless of the level of metabolic control, there was a statistically significant association between serum TOS (µmol/L) and P1NP (ng/ml) (p < 0.05) levels, with no group-specific relationship (HbA1c levels <%8 or HbA1c levels >%8). Conclusion: HbA1c and serum TOS levels had an effect on bone turnover biomarkers in individuals with type I diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As in many other countries, baseline data concerning the linguistic development of bilingual children in Sweden are lacking, and suitable methods for identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in bilinguals are lacking as well. This study presents reference data from 108 typically developing (TD) Turkish/Swedish-speaking children aged 4;0–8;1, for a range of language tasks developed specifically for the assessment of bilinguals (LITMUS test battery, COST Action IS0804). We report on different types of nonword repetition (NWR) tasks (language-specific and language-independent), receptive and expressive vocabulary (Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks, CLTs), and narrative macrostructure comprehension and production (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives, MAIN) in Turkish, the children's home language, and in Swedish, the language of schooling and society. Performance was investigated in relation to age, language exposure, type of task, and (for NWR and narratives) vocabulary size. There was a positive development with age for all tasks, but effects of language exposure and vocabulary size differed between tasks. Six bilingual Turkish/Swedish children with DLD were individually compared to the TD children. TD/DLD performance overlapped substantially, particularly for NWR, and more so for the production than the comprehension tasks. Surprisingly, the discriminatory potential was poor for both language-specific and language-independent NWR. DLD case studies underscored the importance of interpreting language scores in relation to exposure history, and the need for an increased emphasis on functional language skills as reported by parents and teachers when assessing and diagnosing DLD in bilinguals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify, describe and synthesise the views and experiences of adults living with asthma regarding shared decision‐making (SDM) in the existing qualitative literature Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of 10 databases (list databases) from inception until September 2023. Screening was performed according to inclusion criteria. Tools from the Joanna Briggs lnstitute were utilised for the purposes of data extraction and synthesis in this study. The data extraction process in this study employed the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation Model of Behaviour (COM‐B model) as a framework, and a pragmatic meta‐aggregative approach was employed to synthesise the collected results. Results: Nineteen studies were included in the metasynthesis. Three synthesised themes were identified: the capability of people living with asthma, the opportunities of people living with asthma in SDM, and the motivation of the people living with asthma in SDM. Conclusions: We have identified specific factors influencing people living with asthma engaging in SDM. The findings of this study can serve as a basis for the implementation of SDM in people living with asthma and provide insights for the development of their SDM training programs. The ConQual score for the synthesised findings was rated as low. To enhance confidence, future studies should address dependability and credibility factors. Practice Implications: This review contemplates the implementation of SDM from the perspective of people living with asthma, with the aim of providing patient‐centred services for them. The results of this review can benefit the implementation of SDM and facilitate information sharing. It offers guidance for SDM skills training among adults living with asthma, fosters a better doctor–patient relationship and facilitates consensus in treatment decisions, thereby enabling personalised and tailored medical care. Patient or Public Contribution: Three nursing graduate students participated in the data extraction and integration process, with two students having extensive clinical experience that provided valuable insights for the integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]