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• A theoretical framework for mitigating NHQ decline via MFULU was developed. • A multi-scenario simulation framework was presented to analyze the mitigation. • Two ways of the mitigating effects of MFULU on NHQ decline were verified. • Three implications were provided for formulating land-sharing policies. Urban expansion threatens natural habitat quality (NHQ) and hinders the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Whether and how multifunctional urban land use (MFULU) can mitigate NHQ decline under future urban expansion remains unclear. This study developed a theoretical framework for mitigating NHQ decline via MFULU, and examined the mitigation based on a multi-scenario simulation using the Patch-generating Land use Simulation model and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model. Three future scenarios, each including MFULU and non-MFULU modes, were considered in the simulation: Business as Usual, Economic Development, and Ecological Priority. Urban expansion led to less encroachment into natural habitats in MFULU modes than in non-MFULU modes. Additionally, natural habitats were less aggregated, and more irregular than in non-MFULU modes under all scenarios, especially those with moderate and higher NHQ levels. Natural habitats were more aggregated and regular in MFULU modes than in non-MFULU modes under all scenarios. These results verified MFULU's positive contributions in preserving natural habitats under the conservation effect of MFULU and improving the landscape patterns of natural habitats under the agglomeration effect of MFULU. The findings have implications for formulating land-sharing policies that realize win−win situations between sustainable urban development and a resilient ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We characterize decisions under different charging stations construction modes. • We discuss the condition of introducing (battery) swapping mode EV s. • We explore the optimal choice of charging stations construction modes. • The optimal government subsidy level is analysed. Using electric vehicles (EV s) is considered as an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. In practice, (self) charging-mode EV s (CEV s) require a long charging time, which has led to the emergence of (battery) swapping-mode EV s (SEV s). This study first discusses whether the manufacturer should introduce SEV s and identifies the introduction conditions. Further, it investigates the impact of two construction modes (manufacturer-construction mode and commission-construction mode) of energy replenishment stations on pricing decisions, EV s demand, and profits. Finally, we optimize the government subsidy level to minimize the total capital expenditure for a specific EV s adoption target. The results reveal that introducing SEV s can bring more stations, higher retail price and charging service fee for CEV s, as well as greater demand for EV s when the unit production cost of CEV s is high. If the consumers' preference for SEV s is low, introducing SEV s can increase profits in most cases; if the consumers' preference for SEV s is high, introducing SEV s is detrimental to the EV s manufacturer only when the government subsidy is not too high. Comparing to the commission-construction mode, the manufacturer-construction mode can bring more stations, higher total demand for EV s, and higher total profits; meanwhile, it can lower the optimal subsidy level of the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]