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Numerous studies have highlighted the correlation between metal intake and deteriorated pulmonary function, emphasizing its pivotal role in the progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, the efficacy of traditional models is often compromised due to overfitting and high bias in datasets with low-level exposure, rendering them ineffective in delineating the contemporary risk trends associated with pulmonary diseases. To address these limitations, we embarked on developing advanced, interpretable models, crucial for elucidating the intricate mechanisms of metal toxicity and enriching the domain knowledge embedded in toxicity models. In this endeavor, we scrutinized extensive, long-term metal exposure datasets from NHANES to explore the interplay between metal and pulmonary functionality. Employing a variety of machine-learning approaches, we opted for the "Mixer of Experts" model for its proficiency in identifying a myriad of toxicological trends and sensitivities. We conceptualized and illustrated the TSAP (Toxicity Score at Population-level), a metal interpretable scoring system offering performance nearly equivalent to the amalgamation of standard interpretable methods addressing the "black box" conundrum. This streamlined, bifurcated procedural analysis proved instrumental in discerning established risk factors, thereby uncovering Tungsten as a novel contributor to COPD risk. TSAP achieved satisfied performance with transparent interpretability, suggesting tungsten intake need further action for COPD prevention. [Display omitted] • Our study first linked tungsten exposure at the population level with pulmonary dysfunction contributes to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. • We evaluated the participant's multi-pulmonary index, including F257, FEV1, and FVC. • Specific urinary tungsten level is the priority risk factor correlated with pulmonary dysfunction in participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bemisia tabaci is one of the most destructive agricultural insect pests around the world, and it has developed high levels of resistance to most pesticides. Dimpropyridaz, a novel insecticide developed by BASF, displays excellent activity against piercing-sucking insect pests. In this study, baseline of susceptibility showed all tested field populations of B. tabaci are susceptible to dimpropyridaz. After continuous selection with dimpropyridaz in the lab, a B. tabaci strain (F12) developed 2.2-fold higher level of resistance compared with a susceptible MED-S strain, and the realized heritability (h 2) was estimated as 0.0518. The F12 strain displayed little cross-resistance to afidopyropen, cyantraniliprole, sulfoxaflor, or abamectin, and significantly increased activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450). The fitness cost of dimpropyridaz resistance was evident in F12 strain, which had a relative fitness of 0.95 and significantly lower fecundity per female compared with MED-S strain. Taken together, B. tabaci displays high susceptibility to dimpropyridaz in the field, and low risk of developing resistance to dimpropyridaz under successive selection pressure. Little cross-resistance to popular insecticides was found, and fitness cost associated dimpropyridaz resistance was observed. Higher activity of cytochrome P450 in the F12 strain, may be involved in the process of detoxifying dimpropyridaz in whitefly. [Display omitted] • All tested field populations of Bemisia tabaci are highly susceptible to dimpropyridaz. • B. tabaci displays low risk to dimpropyridaz after continuous selections. • Dimpropyridaz showed little cross-resistance to the selected popular insecticides. • Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase could be involved in detoxification of dimpropyridaz. • Dimpropyridaz-resistance conferred fitness cost in the F12 strain of B. tabaci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhaling microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in the air can damage lung function. Xenobiotics in the body can cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activation alleviates ER stress. Degradation of unfolded or misfolded proteins is an important pathway for recovering cellular homeostasis. The UPR and protein degradation induced by MPs/NPs in lung tissues are not well understood. Here, we investigated the UPR and protein ubiquitination in the lungs of mice exposed to polystyrene (PS)-NPs and their possible molecular mechanisms leading to protein ubiquitination. Mice were intratracheally administered with 5.6, 17, and 51 mg/kg PS-NPs once for 24 h. Exposure to PS-NPs elevated protein ubiquitination in the lungs of mice in a dose-dependent manner. PS-NPs activated three branches of UPR including inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), eukaryotic translation initiator factor 2α (eIF2α), and activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) in the lungs of mice. However, activated IRE1α did not trigger X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA splicing. Exposure to PS-NPs induced an increase in the levels of E3 ubiquitin ligase hydroxymethyl glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1) and carboxy terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein (CHIP) in the lungs of mice and BEAS-2B cells. ATF6α siRNA inhibited the levels of HRD1 and CHIP proteins induced by PS-NPs in BEAS-2B cells. These results suggest that ATF6α plays a critical role in increasing ubiquitination of unfolded or misfolded proteins by alleviating PS-NPs induced ER stress through UPR to achieve ER homeostasis in the lungs of mice. [Display omitted] • Acute exposure to PS-NPs induces UPR in lungs of mice and BEAS-2B cells. • PS-NPs increase ubiquitination of proteins in lungs of mice and BEAS-2B cells. • ATF6α plays a key role in the ubiquitination of proteins induced by PS-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bemisia tabaci is a formidable insect pest worldwide, and it exhibits significant resistance to various insecticides. Dimpropyridaz is a novel pyridazine pyrazolecarboxamide insecticide used against sucking insect pests, but there is little information regarding its metabolic detoxification in arthropods or cross-resistance with other insecticides. In this study, we found that dimpropyridaz shows no cross-resistance with three other popular insecticides, namely abamectin, cyantraniliprole, and flupyradifurone. After treatment of B. tabaci adults with a high dose of dimpropyridaz, higher cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) activity was detected in the survivors, and the expression of the P450 gene CYP6DW4 was highly induced. Cloning and characterization of the full-length amino acid sequence of CYP6DW4 indicated that it contains conserved domains typical of P450 genes, phylogenetic analysis revealed that it was closely related to a B. tabaci protein, CYP6DW3 , known to be involved in detoxification of imidacloprid. Silencing of CYP6DW4 by feeding insects with dsRNA significantly increased the susceptibility of B. tabaci to dimpropyridaz. In addition, homology modeling and molecular docking analyses showed the stable binding of dimpropyridaz to CYP6DW4 , with binding free energy of −6.65 kcal/mol. Our findings indicate that CYP6DW4 plays an important role in detoxification of dimpropyridaz and possibly promotes development of resistance in B. tabaci. [Display omitted] • Dimpropyridaz showed no cross-resistance to abamectin, cyantraniliprole, flupyradifurone. • High-dose selection of dimpropyridaz highly induced activity of P450 monooxygenase. • Knockdown of CYP6DW4 greatly increased mortality of B. tabaci to dimpropyridaz. • Dimpropyridaz could stably bind to CYP6DW4 in molecular docking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing production and prevalence of antimony (Sb)-related products raise concerns regarding its potential hazards to reproductive health. Upon environmental exposure, Sb reportedly induces testicular toxicity during spermatogenesis; moreover, it is known to affect various testicular cell populations, particularly germline stem cell populations. However, the cell-cell communication resulting from Sb exposure within the testicular niche remains poorly understood. To address this gap, herein we analyzed testicular single-cell RNA sequencing data from Sb-exposed Drosophila. Our findings revealed that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and WNT signaling pathways were associated with the stem cell niche in Drosophila testes, which may disrupt the homeostasis of the testicular niche in Drosophila. Furthermore, we identified several ligand-receptor pairs, facilitating the elucidation of intercellular crosstalk involved in Sb-mediated reproductive toxicology. We employed scRNA-seq analysis and conducted functional verification to investigate the expression patterns of core downstream factors associated with EGFR and WNT signatures in the testes under the influence of Sb exposure. Altogether, our results shed light on the potential mechanisms of Sb exposure-mediated testicular cell-lineage communications. [Display omitted] • Antimony exposure altered intercellular communication networks in Drosophila. • Number of enriched ligand-receptor pairs was reduced among germline stem cell niche. • EGFR signaling was weakened, affecting soma-soma and soma-germline interactions. • WNT signaling was inhibited, causing germline stem cell niche disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of nucleic acid sequences of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in Avipoxvirus（APV） has become commonplace. In this study, 4 strains of suspected Fowlpox virus (FPV) and 1 strain of suspected Pigeonpox virus (PPV) collected in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province were cultured in chicken embryos, and the 4b core protein gene was amplified by PCR, and the identity and genome similarity were determined by sequence analysis. The sequences between the end of ORF201 and the beginning of ORF203 of FPV and PPV were then amplified, sequenced, and subjected to sequence comparison to determine genome similarity. The results showed that the isolates were 4 strains of FPV and 1 strain of PPV. The 4 isolated strains of FPV belong to type A1 virus, with 100 % identity to each other and to the FWPV-09-Jilin strain isolated in Jilin, China, and the lowest identity to the type B2 virus TNPV5/NZL/2009, which is only 74 %. PPV belongs to type A2 virus, and its identity with local strain of fowlpox virus was 90.1 %, with the highest identity of 100 % with PPLH and ROPI/W370/ON/2012 and ow_2017_3 strains, which also belong to type A2 pigeonpox virus, and the lowest identity of 73.7 % with TNPV5/NZL/2009, a type B2 virus. The complete genome of REV sequences integrated into FPV and PPV were amplified, and 5 REV nucleic acid sequences were obtained after sequencing and concatenation, with lengths ranging from 7942 to 8005 bp. The identity analysis results indicate that it has high identity with isolates from Northeast China, Guangdong, and Guangxi regions in China. Based on its gp90 protein gene, the REV integrated into the poxvirus belong to type III, with the highest identity of 99.9% with strains such as APC-566 and CY1111, and the lowest identity with REV-Anhui1, at 95.4 %. The length of the pol gene varies among different strains of REV, and its encoded amino acid changes significantly after position 675, with deletions and alterations. This study indicates that all fowlpox viruses isolated in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province have integrated the entire REV gene sequence, with high identity between them. At the same time, it indicates that the pigeonpox virus isolate has also integrated the entire REV gene sequence, and has the highest identity with the integrated REV gene sequence in fowlpox virus. • The type of fowlpox virus isolated from Shanxi is A1, and the pigeonpox virus is A2. • We found that reticuloendotheliosis virus is integrated in pigeonpox viruses. • The length of the pol gene sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus varies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using traditional technology to prepare rice noodles with low starch digestibility and good edible quality is still a great challenge. Pretreated high amylose corn starch (P-HACS) was used to modulate the internal structure and digestive properties of rice noodles and maintain the texture properties of rice noodles. With the addition of P-HACS increased to 20%, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the rice noodles decreased by 48.10%, 52.98%, and 67.02%, respectively. Notably, at an addition ratio of 20% P-HACS, the rice noodles were difficult to form, which may be attributed to their weakening network structure. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that replacing rice flour with P-HACS enhanced the B-type crystal and short-range ordered structure of rice noodles. With an addition ratio of 5%–20% P-HACS, the resistant starch (RS) content of rice noodles increased by 30.56%–79.17%, respectively, which mainly resulted from B-type crystals assembled by P-HACS starch chains. Interestingly, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the RS content of rice noodles between 20% and 15% P-HACS. Therefore, the addition of 15% P-HACS was found to be the optimal approach for preparing rice noodles with low starch digestibility. • P-HACS reduced the hardness of rice noodles and weakens the molding properties of rice noodles. • P-HACS improved the ordered structure of starch and the resistant starch content of rice noodles. • The B-type crystal of rice noodles was significantly related to its digestibility and texture. • 15%P-HACS was proposed to prepare rice noodles with low starch digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]