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For the purpose to reveal the substance as the source of offensive odor of the fish from the sea facing petroleum and petrochemical industries, analyses have been made on the sea water, industrial wastes, offensive odor fish meat and the eels kept in the sea or industrial waste for a certain period, by means of gas chromatography, infrared, and ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometries and mass-spectrometry. Observations revealed toluene as a possible main source responsible for the bad smelling of the fish. Finally, by analysing the meat extract of the fish kept in the sea water containing toluene and by the same smell as that of the offensive odor fish from the off-shore of the industries, it has been definitely confirmed that toluene is the very substance that imparts the offensive odor to fish. The activated sludge process proved to be an effective method to remove toluene from the industrial wastes. A discussion was made on the aliphatic carbohydrate as the possible source of the offensive odor of fish.

An infrared radiation-detecting system was used to measure initial heat production in bull frog sartorius muscle at 15°C. Numerous tests with the system showed that thermal artifacts were not noticeable. Many previous measurements with myothermic thermopiles were corroborated with this method. In addition, a cooling phase as large as 0.39 of peak exothermicity was found during and after relaxation. Cooling diminished with both increasing sarcomere length and increasing duration of mechanical activity. No large rapid increase in heat rate accompanied a 0.6 reactivation at the peak of twitch tension. Above rest length, initial heat rate and the heat produced up to the peak of tension decreased nearly proportionally with overlap of myofilaments, while the total twitch initial heat decreased slightly.

Images Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 1 Fig. 4

Primary cell cultures of differentiated chondrocytes were shown to produce chondroitin-4-sulfate as the predominant mucopolysaccharide, with suggestive evidence for the synthesis of keratan sulfate and possibly chondroitin-6-sulfate. Chicken embryonic cartilage was shown to be composed mainly of chondroitin-4-sulfate, with a small amount of chondroitin-6-sulfate, but essentially no keratan sulfate. These findings were compared to the data of others, and a hypothesis explaining the aging process in cartilage in terms of cellular differentiation was presented.

We have isolated and identified a unique subclass of alkyldiacylglycerols from the pink portion of the harderian gland of the New Zealand white rabbit. Using chemical, enzymic, chromatographic, and physical procedures, the lipid class has been identified as 1-alkyldiacylglycerol containing 1 mole of isovaleric acid. More than 50% of the O-alkyl moieties consist of 16:0 and 18:0 carbon chains, whereas the other major O-alkyl moieties are 15:0 and 17:0 branched chains ( approximately 30%). The long-chain acyl groups of the alkyldiacylglycerol subclass consist primarily of saturated fatty acids (60% 16:0 and 30% 18:0) and a small amount of branched-chain fatty acids ( approximately 5%), whereas the 3-position appears to be occupied by isovaleric acid.

1. A radiometer is described, which is sensitive to infrared radiation in the range 0-25 μm, and which, after calibration with a black body standard can be used as a non-contact, fast reading thermometer. 2. An example of acute joint inflammation in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is described. The temperatures over the joint measured by radiometry, followed inflammatory changes in the joint effusion. 3. Using rats, the method of measuring inflammation by radiometry was compared with measurements of increase in joint size. Changes measured by radiometry preceded changes shown by increase in joint size. 4. The radiometer method was able to demonstrate the effect of an anti-inflammatory drug, given orally, against carrageenin inflammation. 5. The procedure was found to be an accurate means of measuring inflammation and the anti-inflammatory effects of drugs. It was faster and less tedious than the other methods for the quantitative measurement of inflammation in man and animals.

1. Gliorosein was obtained in excellent yield (150mg./200ml. of Raulin-Thom medium) from surface cultures of Gliocladium roseum. Its nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectrum showed conclusively that it is 1,6-dihydro-3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyltoluquinone. 2. Sodium [2-(14)C]acetate was incorporated into gliorosein and the related products (3.3% conversion). The specific activities of these substances increased in the order gliorosein, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyltoluquinol, the related quinhydrone and quinone, indicating that gliorosein was the actual metabolite that was secreted and that the other compounds were derived from it in the medium. 3. 6-Methylsalicylic acid was not taken up by the mycelium and could be recovered unchanged. Orsellinic acid was decarboxylated by G. roseum and an equivalent amount of orcinol was secreted into the medium. The methyl esters of 6-methylsalicylic acid and orsellinic acid were both hydrolysed by an esterase present in the mycelium. Some of the 6-methylsalicylic acid thus produced was secreted into the medium and the orsellinic acid was decarboxylated. 4. Washed mycelium of G. roseum converted aurantiogliocladin and 3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyltoluquinol quantitatively into gliorosein within 18hr. More critical experiments with (14)C-labelled substrates demonstrated that 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyltoluquinol and 3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyltoluquinol, and their respective quinones, were effectively incorporated into gliorosein and related products (49, 68, 30 and 57% respectively). 5. The following sequence of reactions is proposed for the biosynthesis of gliorosein: acetyl-CoA+3 malonyl-CoA+S-adenosyl-methionine --> 5-methylorsellinic acid --> 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyltoluquinol --> 3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyltoluquinol --> gliorosein. 6. Since gliorosein is optically active (dextrorotatory), the final tautomerization reaction leading to its formation must be enzyme-catalysed.

1. When NAD(+) was present, cell extracts of Pseudomonas (A) grown with d-glucarate or galactarate converted 1mol. of either substrate into 1mol. each of 2-oxoglutarate and carbon dioxide; 70-80% of the gas originated from C-1 of the hexarate. 2. The enzyme system that liberated carbon dioxide from galactarate was inactive in air and was stabilized by galactarate or Fe(2+) ions; the system that acted on d-glucarate was more stable and was stimulated by Mg(2+) ions. 3. When NAD(+) was not added, 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde accumulated from either substrate. This compound was isolated as its bis-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, and several properties of the derivative were compared with those of the chemically synthesized material. Methods were developed for the determination of 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde. 4. Synthetic 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde was converted into 2-oxoglutarate by an enzyme that required NAD(+); the reaction rate with NADP(+) was about one-sixth of that with NAD(+). 5. For extracts of Pseudomonas (A) grown with d-glucarate or galactarate, or for those of Pseudomonas fragi grown with l-arabinose or d-xylose, specific activities of 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde-NAD oxidoreductase were much higher than for extracts of the organisms grown with (+)-tartrate and d-glucose respectively. 6. Extracts of Pseudomonas fragi grown with l-arabinose or d-xylose converted l-arabonate or d-xylonate into 2-oxoglutarate when NAD(+) was added to reaction mixtures and into 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde when NAD(+) was omitted.

1. The major metabolite of 2,4-dimethoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine (sulphadimethoxine) in urine in man is a non-reducing glucuronide, which has been isolated and characterized as its S-benzylthiouronium salt. 2. The same compound was made synthetically by standard methods from sodium sulphadimethoxine and methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromoglucuronate. 3. On hydrolysis with acid, the glucuronide yielded sulphanilic acid, glucuronic acid and barbituric acid, and with beta-glucuronidase it slowly yielded sulphadimethoxine and glucuronic acid. 4. Evidence based on infrared spectra and other data showed that the urinary and synthetic glucuronide was 1-deoxy-1-[N(1)'-(2'',4''-dimethoxypyrimidin-6'' -yl)sulphanilamido-beta-d-glucosid]uronic acid or sulphadimethoxine N(1)-glucuronide. 5. N(1)-Methyl- and N(ring)-methyl derivatives of sulphadimethoxine and 4-methoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine were prepared and their infrared and ultraviolet spectra determined for comparison.

The thiopeptins are a new group of sulfur-containing peptide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces tateyamensis . The antibiotic consists of a major component (designated as thiopeptin B) and four minor ones (thiopeptins A 1 to A 4 ). These components were isolated by solvent extraction from mycelium followed by chromatography on silica gel with various ratios of chloroform and methanol as elution solvents. Acid hydrolysis of each of the thiopeptin components yielded 1 mole of valine, 1 of threonine, 1 of cysteine, and 2 of alanine as amino acids. Each component of the thiopeptin A group has chemical and biological properties closely similar to those of thiopeptin B, but detailed characterization has established that thiopeptins A 1 , A 3 , and A 4 are new antibiotics. We could not obtain accurate data for determination of the uniqueness of A 2 because of insufficient sample. Thiopeptin has strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma , and exhibits no cross-resistance to major human-use antibiotics.

1. A polysaccharide sulphate has been isolated from the hypobranchial mucin of the whelk Buccinum undatum. 2. The molecular weight of this polysaccharide, which is a glucan carrying one ester sulphate group per monosaccharide residue, is 1.7x10(5). 3. Some investigations bearing on the location of the ester sulphate groups are reported. 4. The viscosity of the whole mucin has been shown to depend mainly on the glucan sulphate.

Addition of clindamycin to whole-cell cultures of Streptomyces coelicolor Müller resulted in the loss of in vitro activity against organisms sensitive to clindamycin. Incubation of such culture filtrates with alkaline phosphatase generated a biologically active material identified as clindamycin. Fermentation broths containing inactivated clindamycin yielded clindamycin 3-phosphate, the structure of which was established by physical-chemical and enzymatic studies. Clindamycin was phosphorylated by lysates and partially purified enzyme preparations from S. coelicolor Müller. These reactions require a ribonucleoside triphosphate and Mg(2+). The product of the cell-free reactions was identified as clindamycin 3-phosphate.

Methods for the chemical synthesis of [23− 3 H 2 ]lanosterol, [23,25− 3 H 3 ]24-methyldihydrolanosterol and [24,28− 3 H 2 ]24-methyldihydrolanosterol are described. It is shown that, in the biosynthesis of ergosterol from [26,27− 14 C 2 ,23− 3 H 2 ]lanosterol by the whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , one of the original C-23 hydrogen atoms is lost and the other is retained at C-23 of ergosterol. It is also shown that 24-methyldihydrolanosterol is converted into ergosterol in good yield and without prior conversion into a 24-methylene derivative. On the basis of these results possible pathways for the formation of the ergosterol side chain from a 24-methylene side chain are discussed.

1. Rectal temperatures, respiratory rates, arterial blood gas tensions, arterial pH and the percentage of red cells in arterial blood have been measured in the unanaesthetized ox in a cool environment (15/12 degrees C, dry bulb/wet bulb [DB/WB]), in a hot, dry environment (40/21 degrees C, DB/WB), during hyperthermia, during infra-red irradiation, and during localized heating of the anterior hypothalamus. In some experiments the gas tensions and pH of mixed venous blood, and the percentage saturation of the arterial blood with oxygen, were also measured.2. In the cool environment at a mean rectal temperature (T(r)) of 38.8 degrees C and a respiratory rate (f) of 28/min the mean values obtained from six animals were: arterial oxygen tension (P(a, O) (2)), 93 mm Hg; arterial carbon dioxide tension (P(a, CO) (2)) 42 mm Hg; arterial pH 7.49; arterial oxygen saturation (S(a, O) (2)) 94%; arterial oxygen capacity (Cap(a, O) (2)) 13.6 vol.%; arterial packed cell volume (P.C.V.) 29%.3. Exposure to the hot, dry environment resulted in a small increase in the rectal temperature and thermal polypnoea, but there were no statistically significant changes in the blood gas tensions.4. During hyperthermia statistically significant increases occurred in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, P(a, O) (2), pH and arterial haematocrit, while the P(a, CO) (2) decreased. The venous oxygen tension (P(v, O) (2)) decreased also, and the tentative conclusion was made that although the oxygenation of arterial blood remained unimpaired during hyperthermia, tissue hypoxia may supervene. At very high levels of deep body temperature, some evidence for a secondary decrease in P(a, O) (2) was obtained.5. Localized heating of the anterior hypothalamus caused an increase in respiratory rate and in P(a, O) (2). The P(v, O) (2) increased also. These changes were considered to be due to increased cardiac output and diversion of blood to the skin.6. During infra-red irradiation of three animals at an environmental temperature of 40/21 degrees C, the respiratory rate increased, but the P(a, O) (2) decreased.

A new mycotoxin, trichotoxin A, was found in a solvent extract of the mycelium of Trichoderma viride isolated from corn infected with southern leaf blight. Trichotoxin A is a cyclic peptide with the following amino acid composition: (gluN) 2 , (glu) 1 , (pro) 2 , (gly) 1 , (ala) 3 , (leu) 3 , (2-methyl alanine) 1 .

1. Two types of temperature fluctuation have been recorded from the preoptic region of the conscious pig. One, which is associated with arousal or movement, and another, which is related to rhythms in respiration and blood pressure. 2. When the pigs were subjected to infra-red irradiation at various ambient temperatures it was found that there was no precise temperature of the preoptic region at which the respiratory frequency increased. 3. Local heating of the preoptic region was effective in increasing the respiratory frequency only when the ambient temperature was above 30° C. 4. Even when both the peripheral temperature and central temperatures were increased there was a delay of several minutes before the onset of panting. 5. Cooling the preoptic region of the hypothalamus prevented the onset of panting in a hot environment, and reduced respiratory frequency in an animal which was already panting. 6. Oxygen consumption was reduced in a cold environment when the preoptic region was warmed, and increased when it was cooled. No increase in oxygen consumption occurred when the hypothalamus was cooled in a hot environment.

The “short wave” far-red absorption bands (795–825 nm) of bacteriochlorophyll in photosynthetic red bacteria are sharpened but not shifted upon cooling, the “long wave” far-red bands (840–890 nm) are sharpened less but shifted appreciably towards longer wavelengths. The fluorescence bands are shifted about as much as the corresponding “long wave” absorption bands. Warming results in changes in the opposite direction. The temperature effects are reversible. With bacteriochlorophyll dissolved in a number of polar solvents, the temperature-induced shift of the yellow band is more pronounced than that of the far-red band; with colloidal and adsorbed bacteriochlorophyll, the 840-nm red band upon cooling shifts, by a similar amount as the 850-nm band in some, though not all, measured bacterial species, while the shift of the 780 nm and yellow band is small. The possible interference of temperature effects with the interpretation of results on absorption in terms of photochemical activity is discussed.

The effect of electron irradiation on lipid layers was studied by electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis and infra-red absorption spectroscopy. By electron microscopy smaller layer spacings are found than by X-ray diffraction. This is shown to be due to the ionizing effect of the electron bombardment, which causes bond rupture, cross linking and loss of material in the molecules of the specimen. Such a disturbance of structure is unavoidable in conventional electron microscopy.

A study was made to develop a new method for the production of ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P) from uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP) by the action of nucleotide- N -ribosidase of Pseudomonas oleovorans , and a suitable medium for the formation of nucleotide- N -ribosidase was established. For the enzymatic conversion of UMP to R-5-P, a cell suspension was employed as the enzyme source. Although degradation of R-5-P, the desired product, occurred during the course of the enzyme reaction, it was prevented by the addition of an appropriate amount of zinc ion and resulted in a stoichiometric conversion of UMP to R-5-P and uracil. Accumulated R-5-P was readily isolated by ion-exchange chromatography of the bacteria-free reaction mixture. Yield of isolated R-5-P was about 60% of the theoretical recovery.

1. Two methods for the fractionation of phosphatidylinositol into molecular species were developed. In addition to preserving the fatty acid moiety of the molecule, the first method preserves the phosphorus, and the second preserves both the phosphorus and inositol ring. 2. In the first method, phosphatidylinositol was oxidized with periodate and the products reacted with diazomethane. I.r. examination showed that the main product was identical with dimethylphosphatidic acid. Fractionation to molecular species was carried out on thin layers impregnated with silver nitrate. The fatty acid composition of the species was determined by gas–liquid chromatography, and their distribution in lamb liver phosphatidylinositol was studied by a method using [3H]methanol. 3. In the second method, phosphatidylinositol was acetylated under mild reaction conditions. The major product was the triacetylated derivative of this phospholipid. This was reacted with diazomethane and the methylated–triacetylated phosphatidylinositol was fractionated into molecular species on silver nitrate-impregnated thin layers. Solvent mixtures containing acetone and distilled chloroform were found most suitable for this purpose. The fatty acid composition of the molecular species was determined by g.l.c., and their distribution in lamb liver phosphatidylinositol was studied by a method using [1-14C]acetic anhydride during the acetylation reaction. 4. Results from both methods agree fairly well. The most predominant species of lamb liver phosphatidylinositol is the monoenoic (60%) followed by the tetraenoic (17%). The di- and tri-enoic species existed as minor components.

more, syringes cannot be sterilized assembled or lubricated, and the syringe containers, whether multiple or single, must be so constructed that steam can freely penetrate to all surfaces of the syringe (Stewart, 1957; Darmady and Hughes, 1955). After sterilization a separate process is necessary to seal the containers before distribution to the user. Although syringes in their containers can be sterilized presealed in a hot air oven, a hot air

In a previous communication in this journal, a method was described for converting invisible thermal patterns of the human skin into a detailed visible picture. At that time, the question of possible toxicity of the thermographic phosphor was raised. Toxicity studies conducted on laboratory animals indicate that the probability of toxic side reactions resulting from the use of zinc-cadmium sulfide phosphor spray is very low.

Antigenic extracts of Streptococcus group E (SGE) were subjected to fractional ethanol precipitation, block (preparative) electrophoresis, and gel filtration for the purpose of separating the type antigen from the group antigen. Ethanol precipitation was ineffective in separating the substances. Block electrophoresis yielded serologically pure group antigen and a mixture of type and group antigen. Serologically pure type antigen was obtained by gel filtration. In some cases, pure group antigen was also recovered; in others, it was contaminated with type antigen. Gel filtration column effluents of antigenic extracts of SGE serotypes, I, II, III, IV, V and "untypable" isolates, collected from the region in which type antigen was eluted, were studied by paper chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry in an effort to develop a nonserological means of detecting type antigen. Hydrolysates of type antigens or suspect type antigens of serotypes I through V contained l-rhamnose, d-glucose, and several unidentified substances. d-Galactose also was present in hydrolysates of serotypes III and V. Untypable isolates and negative controls contained traces of d-glucose only. The data suggested that serotypes I through V contained a type antigen and that the untypable isolates were devoid of type antigen. Infrared absorbance spectra seemed to support the paper chromatography data.

1. Oxidation of vitamin A acetate with monoperphthalic acid gave 5,6-monoepoxyvitamin A acetate, C(22)H(32)O(3), obtained as pale-yellow crystals, m.p. 65-66 degrees . 2. Saponification of 5,6-monoepoxyvitamin A acetate yielded 5,6-monoepoxyvitamin A alcohol, which was readily oxidized with manganese dioxide to 5,6-monoepoxyvitamin A aldehyde, obtained as yellow crystals, m.p. 101-102 degrees . It was the most stable of all the epoxy compounds studied. 3. Treatment of the 5,6-epoxy compounds with ethanolic hydrochloric acid gave the corresponding 5,8-epoxy (furanoid) compounds. 5,8-Monoepoxyvitamin A aldehyde was obtained as crystals, m.p. 104-105 degrees , but was very unstable. 4. Crystalline semicarbazones and phenylhydrazones with constant melting points and characteristic spectra were prepared from 5,6- and 5,8-monoepoxyvitamin A aldehyde. 5. Reduction of 5,6- and 5,8-monoepoxyvitamin A aldehyde with lithium aluminium hydride gave the corresponding 5,6- and 5,8-monoepoxyvitamin A alcohol. 6. 5,6- and 5,8-Monoepoxyvitamin A aldehyde were fed to vitamin A-deficient rats, and the compounds obtained from the livers of rats were indistinguishable from the reduction products obtained with lithium aluminium hydride. 7. The structures of the epoxy compounds were confirmed by their chromatographic behaviour, elemental analyses, ultraviolet-, visible- and infrared-absorption spectra and nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra.

Zygorhynchus vuilleminii , a nonmelanin-containing fungus, was not lysed by mycolytic actinomycetes. Several enzymes and Streptomyces enzyme preparations digesting walls of other fungi were without appreciable activity on walls of Zygorhynchus species. A bacterium able to solubilize a portion of the Zygorhynchus wall released little or no reducing sugars from these structures. Fractions of Z. vuilleminii walls were resistant to glucanase hydrolysis, but certain fractions were digested by chitinase and microbial enzyme preparations. The walls and several wall fractions were not readily susceptible to degradation by a soil community. Walls of lysis-resistant Zygorhynchus species contained glucosamine, fucose, glucuronic acid, and galactose but little or no glucose. Resistant wall fractions were rich in uronic acid and fucose, whereas the readily degradable fractions contained abundant glucosamine. Cultural conditions affected the extent of digestion and composition of the walls. Possible reasons for the resistance of Zygorhynchus to lysis in nature are discussed.

The time course of hydrogenation of linoleic acid to trans-11-octadecenoic acid was observed in a growing culture of Treponema (Borrelia) strain B(2)5. A conjugated fatty acid, cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, was identified as an intermediate in the process. The isomerase responsible for the conversion of linoleic acid to the conjugated fatty acid was found to be associated with a particulate fraction characterized by a high protein and lipid content in a 2:1 ratio. Optimum pH for isomerase activity was found to be 7.0 in 0.05 m potassium phosphate buffer. No cofactor requirements could be demonstrated for the isomerase. The sulfhydryl inhibiting agents, iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide, and p-chloromercuribenzoate, inhibited isomerase activity. Isomerase activity was also inhibited by the metal chelators, o-phenanthroline, alpha, alpha'-bipyridyl, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Linoleic (Delta9, 12), linolenic (Delta9, 12, 15), and gamma-linolenic (Delta6, 9, 12) acids served as effective substrates for the isomerase; however, the derivatives of linoleic and linolenic acid did not.

Although a number of devices are currently in use for monitoring eye position, none is both accurate and convenient to use. Methods based on the use of contact lenses can provide high accuracy but have obvious inconveniences. Other techniques—e.g., skin-mounted electrodes, or eyeglass-mounted photoelectric pickups—are relatively convenient, but eye position can be measured to an accuracy of no better than about 0.5° to 1°. A novel eye-tracking instrument has been developed that makes use of two Purkinje images. The instrument operates in the infrared, so that it does not interfere with normal vision; it requires no attachments to the eye; it has a sensitivity and accuracy of about 1 min of arc, and operates over a two-dimensional visual field of 10° to 20° in diameter. The basic principle of the instrument is described, and operating records are shown.